Miniscale Energy Miniscale Energy Generation Generation Peter C. Gravelle, Borce Peter C. Gravelle, Borce Gorevski, Nick Ieva Gorevski, Nick Ieva Sponsor/Advisor: Dr. S. Sponsor/Advisor: Dr. S. Lyshevski, Electrical Lyshevski, Electrical Engineering Department Engineering Department
26
Embed
Miniscale Energy Generation Peter C. Gravelle, Borce Gorevski, Nick Ieva Sponsor/Advisor: Dr. S. Lyshevski, Electrical Engineering Department.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Miniscale Energy Miniscale Energy GenerationGeneration
Peter C. Gravelle, Borce Gorevski, Peter C. Gravelle, Borce Gorevski, Nick IevaNick Ieva
Sponsor/Advisor: Dr. S. Lyshevski, Sponsor/Advisor: Dr. S. Lyshevski, Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering
DepartmentDepartment
The TeamThe Team
Left to Right:Left to Right:Nick Ieva, Peter C. Gravelle , Borce Nick Ieva, Peter C. Gravelle , Borce GorevskiGorevskiAdvisor/Sponsor: Dr. S LyshevskiAdvisor/Sponsor: Dr. S Lyshevski
ObjectiveObjective
To design and prototype a self-To design and prototype a self-sufficient mini-scale generator.sufficient mini-scale generator.
Block Diagram/RoadmapBlock Diagram/Roadmap
Velocity of Water
Angular velocity of
turbine
Velocity of magnets over
windings
Current in windings
(AC)
Rectifier (AC-DC)
Is voltage
too high?
Zener diode burns excess
energy
Yes
Store in supercapacitor
NoDC-DC
conversion (increase voltage)
Load
GoalsGoals
Sub-20 cmSub-20 cm33 volume volume At least 0.1 W/cmAt least 0.1 W/cm33
We want to exceed theseWe want to exceed these Turbine (Runner) with permanent Turbine (Runner) with permanent
Diameter of turbine: <2.5cmDiameter of turbine: <2.5cm Material: plasticMaterial: plastic
Nylon (reinforced or not?)Nylon (reinforced or not?) Magnets mounted on wheel using Magnets mounted on wheel using
water-proof epoxy.water-proof epoxy.
MagnetsMagnets
SmCoSmCo Corrosion resistantCorrosion resistant More expensiveMore expensive WeakerWeaker
NdFeBNdFeB Very highly magneticVery highly magnetic Low costLow cost Very corrodibleVery corrodible
Magnet Feasibility GraphMagnet Feasibility Graph
Humidity Resistance Field Strength Salt Environment Small Pieces Cost
T1 T2 T T4 E1 sm
NdFeB 1 3 1 3 3 11
SmCo 3 2 3 1 1 10
Feasibility Chart: Magnets
0
1
2
3T1
T2
T3T4
E1
NdFeB
SmCo
We’re using NdFeBWe’re using NdFeB
Dr. Lyshevski recommended itDr. Lyshevski recommended it CheaperCheaper StrongerStronger More easily machined into small partsMore easily machined into small parts
Small arcs required for our designSmall arcs required for our design Corrosion can be dealt with by plastic Corrosion can be dealt with by plastic
coatingcoating Right now looking at ring magnets with OD Right now looking at ring magnets with OD
= 0.625”, ID = 0.250”, and thickness of = 0.625”, ID = 0.250”, and thickness of either 0.250” or 0.375”either 0.250” or 0.375”
Field Simulation for N35 Field Simulation for N35 grade NdFeB (3mm dia, grade NdFeB (3mm dia,
Winding wire will be supplied by Dr. Winding wire will be supplied by Dr. Lyshevski Lyshevski
Axial motor winding patternAxial motor winding pattern Pattern will be made of plastic (see Pattern will be made of plastic (see
below)below)
Energy StorageEnergy Storage BatteriesBatteries
High energy densityHigh energy density Limited charge cyclesLimited charge cycles Lower voltageLower voltage Temperature sensitivityTemperature sensitivity
SupercapacitorsSupercapacitors High (but lower than batteries) energy densityHigh (but lower than batteries) energy density Unlimited charge cyclesUnlimited charge cycles Higher voltageHigher voltage Temperature insensitive ( -40C to 70C)Temperature insensitive ( -40C to 70C)
Batteries vs. Batteries vs. SupercapacitorsSupercapacitorsFeasibility Assessment: Energy Storage
0
1
2
3T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
S1
E1 Li-ion BatteriesSupercapacitors
EnergyDensity
Power Density Size
Max Voltage Life
Charging Discharging
CircuitOperating
Temp Self-DischargeH2O
Safety Cost
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 S1 E1 sum
Li-ion Batteries 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 15
Supercapacitors 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 25
We picked We picked SupercapacitorsSupercapacitors
Smaller sizeSmaller size Greater cycle lifeGreater cycle life Will not ignite in waterWill not ignite in water Greater power densityGreater power density High voltage densityHigh voltage density
Feasibility for Feasibility for SupercapacitorsSupercapacitors
Capacit
anceNom.
VoltageMax
Current Size ESR Row Total
Column Total
Row + Column
Relative Weights
Capacitance \ - \ \ 1.5 1.5 0.2
Nom. Voltage \ \ | 1 0.5 1.5 0.2
Max Current | | 0 0.5 0.5 0.066667
Size - 1 2 3 0.4
ESR 1 1 0.133333
Sum 7.5 1
Feasibility for Super Feasibility for Super CapacitorsCapacitors
Standard bridge rectifierStandard bridge rectifier Takes AC input and turns it into DC Takes AC input and turns it into DC
outputoutput We will be using a capacitor for We will be using a capacitor for
additional smoothingadditional smoothing
Harvesting Circuitry: Harvesting Circuitry: Voltage RegulationVoltage Regulation
Switched-capacitor DC-DC voltage converterSwitched-capacitor DC-DC voltage converter Efficiency: 88-96%Efficiency: 88-96% Doubles input voltageDoubles input voltage Max output current: 200mAMax output current: 200mA
Step-up (boost) converterStep-up (boost) converter Has an efficiency of 60-90%Has an efficiency of 60-90% But needs more parts (volume, cost)But needs more parts (volume, cost) Adjustable output voltage/currentAdjustable output voltage/current More robustMore robust
Voltage/thermal/current protectionsVoltage/thermal/current protections Max output current: 1AMax output current: 1A
Voltage Conversion Feasibility
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3T1
T2
T3
T4T5
T6
T7
Switched Capacitor
Boost Conversion
EaseOf
Design Efficiency Tunable RobustMax
CurrentOperating
temperature EMI Volume
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 sum
SwitchedCapacitor 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 3 17
BoostConversion 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 16
Housing DesignHousing Design
House DesignHouse Design
This This cylindrical cylindrical casing was casing was designed so designed so we can save we can save on volumeon volume
Housing DesignHousing DesignOur final design has Our final design has
the codename: the codename: Windmill -please Windmill -please note the extended note the extended shaftshaft
The idea came from a The idea came from a meeting with Dr. meeting with Dr. LyshevskiLyshevski