Minions

1

The chip in the brain Michael T Deans

†

Contents 1 Abstract

1 Introduction

3 Proton ordered H-bond energy

5 The chip in the brain

7 Biological clocks

11 Particles and planes

11 Pulsars evidence nuclear fusion

12 Periodic table of the elements

13 Calculations

14 References

Abstract Most attempts at explaining and modeling human intelligence are based on binary

computers and neural networks. In 1950, Alan Turing asked, ‘Can machines think … Are

there imaginable digital computers which would do well in the imitation game?’ I would add

the question ‘Can artificial intelligence compensate for personality bias?’

To think like people, machines need to do more than answer questions ‘Yes’ or ‘No’.

I deduced the structure of the ‘minion’ nucleohistone complex by iteration. It stores

information using 9 x 63 arrays of proton-ordered hydrogen bonds, serves as a biological

clock, packs DNA on chromosomes for efficient, error-free replication and organizes

cellular metabolism. It ‘thinks’ using base-10 arithmetic, laterally and vertically.

Isolated H-bonds are weak and disorderly; en masse they’re strong. My discovery of a

ferroelectric phase transition in ice crystallized in liquid nitrogen, ice It evidenced this. Each

minion stores an 18-letter word using a 63-character alphabet. Those in one cell nucleus

could remember the Bible and Shakespeare. They intercommunicate by resonance.

Introduction

During an experiment with liquid nitrogen in February 1967, I surmised that ice

crystallizing on a silica helium thermometer bulb distorted it. I suggested it was a variant of

cubic ice1 with its molecular dipoles aligned. Its crystals contract on cooling to accommodate

their irregular shape, undergoing a ferroelectric phase transition2 at ~72 K. Latent energy is

emitted as infrared laser light, ‘ice-light’ with wavelength λ ≈ 4μ and energy matching the

free energy of the phosphodiester bond, Pi ~ Pi in ATP. As Pauling argued, the H-bonds in

hexagonal ice have residual entropy3. They retain random orientation, O•••H–O or O–H•••O

when cooled to 0 K. My mentors ridiculed these proposals for resembling ice nine,

introduced in Kurt Vonnegut’s science fiction, Cat’s Cradle.

Sixteen types of ice are now known4, in some the molecules are distributed at random,

others are orderly. Ice studies tend to focus on extreme temperatures and pressures. Nobody

has reported observations confirming mine, but I recently read: The proton-ordering

transition of ice Ic shown by librational band changes suggests partial proton ordering of

ice Ic into a ferroelectric structure between 70 and 75 K, further experiments are needed5.

2

Proton-ordered H-bond energy

Ice-light affords a simple explanation for muscle

contraction. Sarcomeres are ½ λ cavities contracting to

resonate with Pi ~ Pi energy, a more efficient process than

Adrian Huxley’s proposed cross-bridges6

making and

breaking.

Fig 4. Sarcomere

Fig 1. Diamond structure Fig 2. Ferroelectric transition

Fig 3. Two-dimensional ice model and transition temperatures

Fig 4. Sarcomere

3

During the Krebs’ cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, sugar is burnt in mitochondria, a

cascade of cytochromes, metal ion-porphyrin ring complexes, releases energy as ice-light

which photo-phosphorylates ADP to ATP, ADP + Pi → ATP. Mitchell’s chemiosmotic

hypothesis7 invokes proton gradients and presumes membranes are leaky, my account is

more efficient.

In photosynthesis, grana in chloroplasts, chlorophyll absorbs visible light, it’s passed

down the cytochrome chain, releasing ice-light at each step. Both mitochondria and grana

afford cavities accommodating the wavelengths they cater for.

Fig 5. The Krebs’ cycle and cytochrome chain release ice-light

in three steps, mitochondria afford resonant cavities for photo-

phosphorylating ADP. Grana accommodate visible light

4

In nitrogen fixation, protons

trapped in mitochondria attach

nitrogen to nicotinamide’s amide

group, forming -NH─N=NH. The

same regime in reverse accounts for

the photolysis of water releasing

oxygen. Cyanide poisons the regime.

Photochemistry features throughout

biological systems.

At cell division, ATP is

hydrolyzed in each component

of centrioles ⅓λ long,

releasing ice-light which

accumulates until all nine

send it simultaneously along

the nine H-bond chains

forming the three α-helices of

spindle proteins. The energy

accelerates protons along

channels between DNA

and protein within the chromosome. The

alternating magnetic fields created have

frequencies dependent on chromosome

length, causing their mutual repulsion.

Fig 6. Nitrogen fixation & oxygen release

Fig 7. Centrioles fire on nine barrels along nine H-bond chains

in spindle fibres consisting of three α-helices

Fig 8. Centrioles send energy along spindle

fibres, chromosome pairs mutually repel

Fig 9. H-bond chains accelerate

protons along chromosomes

5

Life originated during a primordial

ice age. Snow falling into polar pools of

liquid nitrogen caused it to boil. Water

molecules carried to the surface formed ice

It. Temperature fluctuations drove its

ferroelectric transition. Ice-light released

was multiply reflected by ice in clouds and

on the Earth’s surface. Nuclides in tropical

waters were photo-phosphorylated. A

‘noodle soup’ of DNA was created, see

Trace element nutrition.

The chip in the brain

‘Minion’ connotes mind and subservience. Minions consist of 1,701 DNA base pairs

held flat by anti-parallel β-pleated protein sheets. The DNA is uncoiled, retaining the base-

pair spacing and overlap of the B-helix. The proteins have alternate neutral (alanine, leucine,

isoleucine and valine) and basic (arginine and lysine) amino acids, proline makes an

asymmetric U-bend. The phenyalanine residues in gramicidin S8 represent nucleotides, they

have an analogous structure.

Flat DNA has the same base-pair overlap and spacing as the double helix

Fig 10. Photophosphorylation of dATP

Fig 11. The DNA B-helix uncoils. Its base-pair overlap and

spacing are retained. It binds to anti-parallel β-pleated

protein sheets of alternate neutral and basic amino acids.

6

Twenty-one units nine base-

pairs long form a coil, nine coils held

together by similar proteins complete

a minion. Super-coiled minions pack

DNA neatly into chromosomes ~½λ

in circumference. They fit better than

nucleosome core particles9 which are

probably preparative artefacts.

Ala, Leu, Ile and Val interface

with bases cytosine, guanine, adenine

and thymine (C, G, A and T) mnemonic

A LIVe CiGAreTte, ensuring the

integrity of vital DNA sequences.

Minions probably evolved to facilitate DNA replication without disrupting the base

sequence, their intellectual function is a bonus. The pattern of proton-ordered H-bonds

connecting the ω-amines of Lys and Arg with DNA phosphates is retained. One H-bond on

the inner and outer surface of each coil is reversed, storing an 18 letter word using a 63-

character alphabet.

Resonance between minions within and between cell nuclei storing similar words

accounts for memory recall. Nerve fibres serve as optic cables, their synaptic junctions act as

filters.

Fig 13. Amino acids match DNA bases

Fig 12. Gramicin S mimics

DNA-protein interface

7

Words have colour and personality, each plays a unique chord. Compromises are

achieved by allowing matches on just a few notes of a chord. Unsolved problems on one coil

may find solutions on another, equivalent to transposing between keys, lateral thinking.

Nine independent, mathematically orthogonal personality traits emerge when

neurological, psychiatric and philosophic classifications are compared. Astrologers correlate

birth time with personality, suggesting the oxygen tension change at birth establishes a

common base-line on every minion. Occult traditions afford abundant evidence for the

veracity of the minion concept. Both ‘Great Ages’ ~2000 yrs and zodiac signs correspond to

features of minion coils.

Perfect pitch recognition appears innate, Chinese tonal pronunciations assign

meanings to tones. The five lines and four spaces of the musical stave reflect the minion’s

nine. Colour enhances meaning, as illustrated by Shakespeare’s Portia offering silver, lead

and gold caskets in his play The merchant of Venice. Confusing cardinal and ordinal

numbers encourages gambling. The transposition of meanings between senses by

synaesthetes resembles that of keys in music, consistent with memory storage on minions.

Biological clocks

Results obtained from particle accelerators confirm Heisenberg’s uncertainty

principle. My anthropocentric account of its basis replaces Planck’s constant, h by the

minion’s unit of time, τ. The H-bonds between DNA phosphates and amino acid ω-amines

switch, see Figure 9, like rows of dominoes collapsing. They constitute the eighteen hands

of biological clocks as they progress round minion coils.

Fig 14. Minion coil compared with nucleosome

core particle, minions replicating

8

Using β-sheet spacing 7.37 Ẵ and velocity of light 3 x 108

gives the time taken for

light to travel thrice round the fastest coil:

τ = 3 x 189 x 7.37 x 10-10

/3 x 108 ≈ 1.39 x 10

-15 sec (femtoseconds)

the initial ‘3’ reflects Dekatron™ logic10

, ‘189’ is the number of base pairs per coil.

Other coils take 63N τ, where N = 1 to 18. N = 11, 13 and 18 yield approximate day-

length, Sun-spot cycle period and ‘age of the universe’, sophisticated analysis might yield

closer agreement. Time intervals shorter than τ or longer than 6318

τ, 0 and ∞ are

unknowable.

The minion’s nine coils underpin base-10 arithmetic, the prime factors, 3, 7 and 9 of

63, the number of DNA base-pair triplets per coil, rationalizes the allotments of seven days

per week and seven-yearly life stages:

Infants aged one to seven are good

From seven to fourteen children accept truth

From fourteen to twenty-one adolescents appreciate aesthetics

From twenty-one to twenty-eight adults respect ethics

Parents aged twenty-eight to thirty-five conform to society

Workers advance their careers between thirty-five and forty-two

Between forty-two and forty-nine they invest savings

Aged forty-nine to fifty-six they advise and publish

Aged fifty-six to sixty-three they become leaders before retiring

Retirees enter a second childhood from sixty-three to seventy

Between seventy and seventy-seven they re-enter education

Pensioners aged seventy-seven to eighty-four delight in old age

Eighty-four to ninety-one year-olds impart wisdom

After ninety-one they reach their dotage, reviving memories.

Fig 15. H-bond switching and Dekatron™ electrodes

9

Figure 16 summarizes the features of minion structure mentioned above.

Fig 16. Centriole, α-helix, minions replicating, H-bonds binding them,

comparison with nucleosome core particles, chromosome structure

10

# QUALITY PERIOD COLOUR MASS DISCIPLINE

–9 unity 8.7 fs red me/7 quantum theory

–8 justice 5.5 ps silver mp/7 physics

–7 stability 350 ps blue 2 base pairs chemistry

–6 progress 22 ns violet 8.3 ng computing

–5 love 1.4 μs bronze 0.033 pg biochemistry

–4 peace 87 μs yellow 130 pg genetics

–3 beauty 5.5 ms pied 0.51µg biology

–2 truth 350 ms gold 2 mg engineering

–1 goodness 22 s green 8.1 g psychology

+1 goodness 23 min green 32 kg psychiatry

+2 truth 1 day* gold 130 t management

+3 beauty 9 wk pied 0.5 Mt sociology

+4 peace 11 yr* yellow 2000 Mt politics

+5 love 685 yr bronze 8 Gt history

+6 progress 43,000 y violet 31 Pt archaeology

+7 stability 2.7 My blue 1.8 Moons palaeontology

+8 justice 170 My silver 84 Earths astronomy

+9 unity 11 By* red Sun cosmology

Table 1. Mental associations with minion coils

where 63Nτ calculates periods; colours feature in metaphors, are used in adverts, national

flags and by political parties; the ratio between masses is 632 (an ant can carry many times its

weight, an elephant couldn't; the square root of mass, µ = √M, may be a more natural

measure than mass M, Einstein’s E = Mc2 becoming more symmetric: E = µ

2c

2); me =

electron mass and mp = proton mass. Times flagged * are approximate.

The minion is evidenced in many fields. It has evolved to take natural intelligence

beyond computer technology. Ratios and percentages take precedence when comparing

numbers greater than nine, consistent with exponents and logarithms. Every human cell

nucleus contains 1.8 M minions. Their 18 frequency bands span the electromagnetic

spectrum. Each has associated qualities, personality types, senses etc. Their range matches a

piano spanning 103 octaves. The neural network brain model fails to account for this.

11

Particles and planes

The Greeks believed matter consisted of indivisible particles, Isaac Newton referred

to corpuscles of light and quantum mechanics invokes a zoo of fundamental entities.

Inspired by the last lines of William Blake’s poem Tyger: What immortal hand or eye dare

frame thy fearful symmetry?11

, I proposed an equation resembling hyperbolic functions sinh

and cosh, for the minion’s perception of straight line:

in polar coordinates ϴ and Ф, β = 63-9

and e = base of natural logarithms.

Plane surfaces appear to be spheres when light is warped in this way, implying everything

from fundamental particles to stars consists of planes. Although as counter-intuitive as

quantum mechanics, using the Tyger equation to reinterpret science resolves many

conundrums.

Pulsars evidence nuclear fusion

The biological clock’s oscillating H-bonds

accelerate protons along adjacent tunnels, T.

Using proton mass pm = 1.67 x 10-27

kg, their

Energy may be calculated, it’s sufficient to drive

fusion with the nuclei of molecules stuck in the

tunnel:

½ pm (c/189)2 ≈ 13,000 eV

The carbon-nitrogen cycle starts with a

proton plane joining dodecahedral carbon, 12

C to

make unstable 13

C. A 2nd

creates 14

N, an

octrahedron + cube, a 3rd

yields unstable 15

N and a

4th

evicts tetrahedral helium, 4He, leaving

dodecahedral 12

C. The reaction products recoil

along the tunnels, those from carbon dioxide, 12

CO2 and 13

CO2, nitrogen dioxide, 14

NO2 and 15

NO2, methane, 12

CH4 and 13

CH4 and

ammonia 14

NH4 and 15

NH4 emit γ-rays with ½-lives and energies varying with atomic weight

and chemical bonding.

The Tyger equation

Fig 17. Tunnels along

minion coils

12

Those ½-lives and energies also correlate with those of pulsars12

. Implicitly, nuclear

fusion in Earth life produces them, DNA diffracts their light at source and the Tyger equation

warps it.

Similarly, the cold fusion on palladium

reported by Fleischmann and Pons results from

protons accelerated along tunnels in proton-

ordered water adhering to the crystal surface13

.

Ice crystals accelerating protons also explains

neutron emission from cold fusion arising

during thunder storms and local H-bond

ordering causes its occurrence when bubbles

collapse.

Periodic table

The human race alone has ~1028 minions, ~30 M tons of chromatin, sufficient to

maintain a supply of life’s prime atomic constituents, H, C, N, O, S and P. I reinterpret s, p

and π electron orbitals and single, double, triple and hydrogen bonds (─, =, ≡ and …

) using

nested shells of planes reminiscent of Plato’s perfect solids. Minions explain Mendeleev’s

periodic table of the elements14

. All life forms deploy an atomic alphabet, the roles of trace

elements as enzyme cofactors mask the smaller requirement for membrane transport

function. The periodic table shown here indicates the essential and toxic elements.

Fig 18. 9 Plane combinations Fig 19. Carbon-nitrogen cycle

Fig 20. Channels in water on

palladium crystal surface

13

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Rh Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn

Ess Tox n/u

Fig 21. Periodic table of the elements indicating

essential and toxic elements

Calculations

H-bond length h = 1.75 Å OH-bond length b = 1.01 Å

Tetrahedral ∠ θa = 104.5º H-O-H bond ∠ θb = 109.5º

Charge cloud ∠ θc = 120º Dipole moment μ = 1.27 x 10-29

Dielectric const ε = 3.1 Space dielectric const εo = 8.85 x 10-12

Planck’s const h = 6.63 x 10-34

Avogadro number N = 6.02 x 1023

Velocity of light c = 3 x 108

Cubic and tetragonal ices have molecular coordinates:

ice Ic ice It ∆x = ∆y (b + h) sin(½ θa) = 2.255Å b sin(½ θb) + h sin(½ θc) = 2.315Å

∆z (b + h) cos(½ θa) = 1.597Å bcos(½ θb) + h cos(½ θc) = 1.495Å

The energy change per molecule, E when ice It crystals collapse involves parallel dipoles r

apart, displaced axially by z and laterally by x and y, moving together in a ferroelectric

transition:

E = μ2 = (1.27 x 10

-29)

2 _

4 π ε ε0 r3

4 π x 3.1 x 8.85 x 10-12

x r3

ΣE ≈ 22.3 kJ/mol ≈ the phosphodiester bond, Pi ~ Pi energy of ATP.

Its wavelength is λ = h x c x N / ΣE:

λ = (6.63 x 10-34

) x (3 x 108) x (6.02 x 10

23) / (2.23 x 10

4) = 5.37 μ

(I’m accustomed to using λ ≈ 4μ.)

14

References

1 Murray, B.J., Knopf, D. A., and Bertram, A. K., Formation of ice under conditions relevant

to the Earth’s atmosphere, Nature 434 7030, 202-5 (2005)

2 Zhao, H-X. et al, Transition from one-dimensional water to ferroelectric ice within a

supramolecular architecture, PNAS 108 9 3481-6 (2010)

3 Pauling, L., The structure and entropy of ice and of other crystals with some randomness of

atomic arrangement, JACS 57 12 2680-4 (1935)

4 Chaplin, M., www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_structure_science.html (2014)

5 Geiger, P. et al, Proton ordering of cubic ice Ic: spectroscopy and computer simulations, J

Phys Chem, C 118 10989-97 (2014)

6 Huxley, A. F., Muscle structure and theories of contraction, Prog. Biophys. Chem. 7 255–

318 (1957)

7 Mitchell, P., Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi-

osmotic type of mechanism, Nature 191 4784 144–8 (1961)

8 Joshi, K. et al, Gramicidin S J. Phys. Chem. B, 116 (2011)

9 Harp, J. M. et al, X-ray diffraction analysis of crystals containing twofold symmetric

nucleosome core particles, Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. , 52 2 283-8 (1996)

10 MacDougall, M. A., Using the cold-cathode tube: part 1, Electronics, Mar 22 78 (1965)

11 W. Blake, The Tyger, Songs of experience, OUP, London, (1970)

12 Hewish, A., Pulsars and high density physics, Science, Jun 13 188 4193 1079–1083

(1975)

13 Fleischmann, M., Pons, S., Hawkins, M. Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of

deuterium, J Electroanal Chem 261 2A 301–8 (1989)

14 Scerri, E., The periodic table: its story and its significance. Oxford OUP (2007)

† Michael T Deans MA Cantab MSc Lond

E: [email protected]

W: www.scienceuncoiled.co.uk