Mini-Project: Research Seminar Team: Claudia BUTRON Irsalina SUPRAPTO Joshua ODOTEYE Energy & Information Technologies January 20, 2011. Telecom Bretagne.

Mini-Project:Research Seminar

Team:Claudia BUTRONIrsalina SUPRAPTOJoshua ODOTEYE

Energy & Information Technologies

January 20, 2011. Telecom Bretagne – Rennes

Tutor:Nicolas MONTAVONT

PLAN OF PRESENTATION

1.1. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Context

2.2. SUBJECTS STUDIEDSUBJECTS STUDIED

Impact of ICT on the environment

Energy demands of ICT Infrastructure

Energy-efficiency in wireless network protocols

3.3. CONCLUSION/OPEN ISSUESCONCLUSION/OPEN ISSUES

4.4. COMMENTSCOMMENTS

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ContextContext

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IntroductionIntroductionIT and ICT often used synonymously... But IT ⊂ ICT.

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Online: //www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/backgrounders/general/pdf/5.pdf

Year

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Impact of ICT on the environmentImpact of ICT on the environment

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Positive Positive & Negative Negative impacts

Direct Direct & Indirect Indirect impacts

1st Order effectsDirectDirect

Negative ImpactsUse of ICT and environmental

impacts of production

E.g. Electronic Waste

Positive ImpactsEnvironmental ICT applications

E.g. Electronic monitoring of toxic waste

Dematerialization & structural changeE.g. Intelligent production

processes

Incomplete Substitution

E.g. Online shopping creating new transport structures

Life style changes

E.g. Green consumerism

‘Rebound Effect’

E.g. New markets for environmentallydamaging materials

2nd Order effects

3rd Order effectsIndirectIndirect

IndirectIndirect

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‘‘Invisible’ Invisible’ part – Underlying distribution networks.E.g. Electricity grid, Telecommunication networks

‘‘Visible’ Visible’ part – Machines and end-terminal equipment. E.g. PCs, mobile phones and televisions.

ICT Infrastructure

Approaches adopted in determining ICT infrastructure equipment. Supply of electricity Transformers, AC-DC converters, DC-DC converters, UPS and coolers. Inter- and Intra- Net grids

Servers, routers, repeaters, switches, hubs, capacitors Local and distant transmission networks

Wired, wireless and fibre optic networks – Involve a multiplicity of equipment above.

The mobile communication and Internet sectors. Mobile communication sector

The more recentrecent the technology, the higherhigher the energy demands within the infrastructureinfrastructure. However, mobile terminals (phone)mobile terminals (phone), consume lessless with recent technology.

Internet sectorLargestLargest energy consumers – – PCsPCs & Display unitsDisplay units, followed by hardwarehardware within the infrastructureinfrastructure.

Energy demands of ICT infrastructureEnergy demands of ICT infrastructure


Case Study – Orange (France Telecom)

Energy breakdown of Orange consumption by subsector. [Ref: (4)]

Ranking :1.Public telephone network switches (20%)2.Tertiary sector (18%)3.Data centres (16%)4.DSLAM and transmission networks (both 12%)

Energy demands of ICT infrastructureEnergy demands of ICT infrastructure


Each layer of the OSI protocol stack adopts a measure in achieving energy efficiency. Some layers adopt the following: Congestion Control Rerouting Mobility Management Link Error Control Channel Allocation Multiple Access

Major concern in wireless networks?

Increased Power Increased Power ConsumptionConsumption

RetransmissionRetransmission CollisionCollision

Energy-efficiency in wireless networksEnergy-efficiency in wireless networks


General energy conservation measures?

Preventing or reducing collision Scheduling data transmission times Aggregating packet request

Examples of some energy-aware protocols: IEEE 802.11 EC-MAC (Energy Conserving Media Access

Control) PAMAS (Power Aware Multi-Access)

Energy-efficiency in wireless networksEnergy-efficiency in wireless networks

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Conclusion/Open IssuesConclusion/Open IssuesImpact of ICT on environment is quite ‘speculative’ – Evidence base on which to draw conclusions not very strong.

A study of the energy demands of ICT requires an understanding of: Type of technology Scope of the infrastructure Energy-awareness of the protocols

Higher layer applications are becoming more powerful hence requiring more power/energy in their operations – development of power-aware protocols consequently becoming a more challenging task.



CommentsCommentsPossibility of alternative sources of electricity with renewable renewable energies.energies.E.g. solar, wind, bio-fuels etc.

Well dimensioned Well dimensioned communication networks could reasonably reduce energy consumption in ICT.E.g. Having few equipment sites as possible.

The citation of “increase in battery capacity” “increase in battery capacity” as an energy-conserving measure within the physical layer physical layer is quite inaccurate since the latter deals with hardware involved in transmissionhardware involved in transmission.

Research Research should provide more precise results more precise results in the determination of determination of the impact of ICT on the environmentthe impact of ICT on the environment. This can increase the priority stakeholders (decision-makers) attach to energy issues.E.g. A real assessment of the impact of incomplete substitution.



ReferencesReferences1. Berkhout F and Hertin J. “Impacts of Information and Communication

Technologies on Environmental Sustainability: Speculations and evidence”, Report to the OECD, May 2001.

2. Souchon L, Aebischer B, Roturier J and Flipo F. “Infrastructure of the information society and its energy demand”, ECEEE 2007 Summer Study. Panel 6. Products and appliances.

3. Jones C, Sivalingam K, Agrawal P and Chen J. C “A survey of Energy Efficient Network Protocols for Wireless Networks”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Wireless Networks 7, Pages 343-358, 2001.

4. Souchon L, Le Masson S, Flipo F and Gimenes C “Quantitative analysis and modelling of ICT energy impact in France”, IEEE conference, May 2008.

5. “Sustainable energy use in mobile communications”, Ericsson White Paper, August 2007.


THANK YOU!THANK YOU!Questions/Comments?Questions/Comments?


Supporting SlidesSupporting SlidesEnergy-efficient research areas with respect to OSI protocol stack for wireless networks:


Source: Ref(3)


Supporting SlidesSupporting Slides


Source: Ref(2)

Electricity demands of terminal and infrastructure of different technologies.


Supporting SlidesSupporting SlidesElectricity demands of terminal and infrastructure of the Internet.


Source: Ref(2)


Supporting SlidesSupporting SlidesIT devices represent 2% of global CO2 emissions worldwide.


Mobile telecom, 9%

LAN and office telecom, 7%

Fixed-line Telecom, 15%

Printers, 6%

Servers, 23%

PCs and Monitors, 39%

Source: http://friedmanpedia.pbworks.com/w/page/21517329/Green-IT


Supporting SlidesSupporting SlidesMoore’s law being exceeded as the years go by...“ “ The power consumption of computer nodes double every 18 The power consumption of computer nodes double every 18 months” months”


Source: http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs150/fa07/Documents.php

Mini-Project: Research Seminar Team: Claudia BUTRON Irsalina SUPRAPTO Joshua ODOTEYE Energy & Information Technologies January 20, 2011. Telecom Bretagne.

Documents

energy efficiency

ict infrastructure equipment

energyaware protocols

dcdc converters

acdc converters

mobile communication

recent technology

fibre optic networks