Mini-Project-1 Report

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AUTOMATIC

STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER

A Mini Project-1 Report

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

By Vasav Shethna (13bee110)

Tushar Shingala (13bee111)

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Manisha Shah

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

NIRMA UNIVERSITY

Ahmedabad 382 481

November 2015

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

NIRMA UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

AHMEDABAD – 382481

CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE MINI PROJECT-1 REPORT ENTITLED “ DESIGN AND

IMPLEMENTATION OF AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER ” SUBMITTED BY MR./MS.

VASAV SHETHNA (13BEE110) & TUSHAR SHINGALA (13BEE111)

TOWARDS THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE IN

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING) OF NIRMA UNIVERSITY IS

THE RECORD OF WORK CARRIED OUT BY HIM/HER UNDER MY/OUR SUPERVISION AND GUIDANCE.

THE WORK SUBMITTED HAS IN OUR OPINION REACHED A LEVEL REQUIRED FOR BEING ACCEPTED

FOR EXAMINATION.

DATE: 6/11/2015

PROF. MANISHA SHAH

NAME AND SIGNATURE OF

GUIDE

PROF. (DR.) P.N.TEKWANI

HOD(EE)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have immense pleasure in successful completion of the work titled:

“DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

CONTROLLER”. The special environment at Nirma University, Institute of

Technology, Ahmedabad that always supports educational activities,

facilitated our work on this presentation.

We greatly appreciate the motivation and understanding extended for the

presentation, by Prof. Manisha Shah and Prof. Dhiren Rathod, who

responded promptly and enthusiastically to our requests for expertise, despite

their congested schedules. We are indebted to all of them, who did their best

to bring improvements through their suggestions.

We thank our Dearest Parents, who encouraged us to extend our reach. With

their help and support, we have been able to complete this work.

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ABSTRACT

Street lights are the major requirement in today's life of transportation for

safety purposes and avoiding accidents during night. In today's busy life no

one cares to switch on/off street lights as per the requirement. This project

focuses on saving electricity by detecting the movement of the vehicle on the

road and automatically switches on/off a block of street lights ahead of

vehicle.

Initially the intensity of street light is low, but whenever a vehicle is detected

then the street light glows to its full intensity. After the passage of the

vehicle it again goes back to its initial condition.

In this report an overview of the circuit for the same is explained along with

difficulties still encountered in practical implementation.

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LIST OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Figure 1.1 LED Street Poles

Figure 2.1 LDR Circuit

Figure 3.1 Linear Power Supply

Figure 4.1 Pin Diagram of Relay

Figure 4.2 Relay Driver Circuit

Figure 5.1 Pin Diagram of IC555 Timer

Figure 5.2 Monostable Timer Circuit

Figure 6.1 IR Vehicle Detector Circuit

Figure 8.1 A future perspective of Solar powered Automatic Street Light

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NOMENCLATURE/ABBREVIATIONS

LDR – Light Dependent Resistor

BJT – Bipolar Junction Transistor

LED – Light Emitting Diode

NO – Normally Open

NC – Normally Close

IR Sensor – InfraRed Sensor

ASLC – Automatic Street Light Control

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgement (I)

Abstract (II)

List of Figures/Tables (III)

Nomenclature/Abbreviations (IV)

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction (1)

Chapter 2: LDR circuit (2)

Chapter 3: Linear Power Supply (3)

Chapter 4: Relay and Relay Driver Circuit (4)

Chapter 5: Timer Circuit

Chapter 6: IR Sensor

Chapter 7: Advantages and Disadvantages of ASLC

Chapter 8: Future Scope

Conclusion

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References (10)

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Fig1.1 LED STREET POLES

THIS PROJECT REQUIRES TWO BASIC COMPONENTS I.E. LDR AND SENSORSThe

main consideration in the present field technologies are Automation, Power

consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man

power with the help of intelligent systems.

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Chapter 2: LDR Circuit

Fig 2.1 LDR Circuit

During daytime there is no requirement of street lights so the LDR keeps the

street light off until the light level is low or the frequency of light is low the

resistance of the LDR is high. this prevents current from flowing to the base

of the transistors. thus the street lights do not glow. as soon as the light level

goes high or if light falling on the device is of high enough frequency,

photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy

to jump into the conduction band. the resulting free electron (and its hole

partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.

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Chapter 3: Linear Power Supply

Fig 3.1 Linear Power Supply

Linear Power Supply is required to supply constant DC voltage for the proper

functioning of the circuit.

Working of Linear Power Supply: First of all, the transformer step down

the normal 230V to 12V. The secondary of the transformer is connected to

the diode bridge rectifier which gives pulsating DC. The capacitor filters this

pulsating DC to nearly constant DC of 17V. Linear Voltage Regulator

LM7805 regulates this 17V DC to constant 5V output.

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Chapter 4: Relay and Relay Driver Circuit

Fig 4.1 Pin Diagram of Relay

In relay circuit a resistor has to be provided between NO and NC. In normal

condition this resistor will be an active component in the main circuit which

will be responsible for low intensity of street light. When the relay coil

energized resistor will be removed from the circuit, allowing the street light

to glow at full intensity.

Fig 4.2 Relay Driver Circuit

Relay Driver acts as an amplifier, which provides sufficient current to drive

the relay. (4)

Chapter 5: Timer Circuit

Fig 5.1 Pin Diagram of IC555

Fig 5.1 Monostable Timer Circuit

Whenever vehicle is detected, then the street light should glow at its full

intensity but the intensity of the street light should not change until the

vehicle is passed. Hence, some delay is to be provided to the street light when

glowing at full intensity. Thus, timer is required to provide this delay.

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Working of Timer Circuit: Here timer is used in monostable multivibrator

mode. When trigger pin of IC555 timer gets negative pulse output of the

timer is high upto 1.11RC sec. This time is calculated according to the speed

of the vehicle.

Chapter 6: IR Sensor (Vehicle Detector)

Fig 6.1 IR Vehicle Detector Circuit

IR Sensor is kept ahead of block of street lights (4 poles here). It will detect

the vehicle and will provide the required triggering pulse to IC555 timer

through a NOT gate.

Working of IR Sensor: IR Sensor consists of IR Transmitter and IR

Receiver. IR Transmitter will transmit infrared rays continuously. Whenever

a vehicle passes by IR rays will reflect back to IR receiver and it will start

conducting in reverse bias. Because of this current flows through IR Receiver

and voltage drops across resistor takes place which is connected in series

with IR Receiver. This voltage drop is compared with potentiometer by op-

amp LM358 and this will provide high pulse which is given to NOT gate to

invert it. Finally this pulse is given to IC555 timer.

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Chapter 7:

ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL

(1) By using automated street light control, we can reduce the energy

consumption. In manually operated street light it sometimes happen that

street lights are not switched off even though sunlight is there.

(2) Also street lights will on/off according to the sunny and rainy days. So it

reduced the dependency on manual operation.

(3) Circuit is reliable.

(4) It is fit and forget system.

(5) Complete elimination of manpower.

DISADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL

(1) Sensitive to ambient light and requires careful shielding.

(2) Initial cost of investment is high.

(3) In practical implementation the circuit turns out to be much more

complex as it contains different sub-circuits.

(4) Sometimes it may happen that due to malfunction of IR sensor the street

light may not be able to glow at its full intensity.

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Chapter 8:

FUTURE SCOPE

Solar powered LED Street Light with auto control intensity can be used

instead of using conventional power supply.

Fig 8.1 A future perspective of Solar powered Automatic Street Light

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Conclusion

This project of AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHTS is a cost effective, practical

ecofriendly and the safest way to save energy. It clearly tackles the two

problems that world is facing today, saving of energy and also disposal of

incandescent lamps, very efficiently. According to statistical data we can

save more that 40 % of electrical energy that is now consumed by the

highways. Initial cost and maintenance can be the draw backs of this project.

With the advances in technology and good resource planning the cost of the

project can be cut down and also with the use of good equipment the

maintenance can also be reduced in terms of periodic checks. The LEDs

have long life, emit cool light, donor have any toxic material and can be used

for fast switching. For these reasons this project presents far more advantages

which can over come the present limitations. Keeping in view the long term

benefits and the initial cost would never be a problem as the investment

return time is very less.

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References:

[1] Caponetto, R., Dongola, G., Fortuna, L., Riscica, N. and Zufacchi, D.

(2008), “Power consumption reduction in a remote controlled street lighting

system”, International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives,

Automation and Motion.

[2] Sensors: Advancements in Modeling, Design Issues, Fabrication and

Practical by Subhas Chandra.

[3]HTTP://MICROCONTROLLERSLAB.COM/AUTOMATIC-CONTROL-OF-STREET-

LIGHTS/

[4] HTTP://WWW.ENGINEERSGARAGE.COM/FORUMS/8051/INTELLIGENT-STREET-

LIGHTING-SYSTEM-USING-8051

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