mini-10s-5mark-2015

10 mwptpay; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; ntw;wpf;F top

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Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; muRj;Nju;tpy; Nfl;fg;glf;$ba Ie;J kjpg;ngz; Gj;jf tpdh tpilfis ,g;gFjpapy; nfhLj;Js;Nshk;. mtw;wpy; 2> 7> 10> 17 Mfpa ghlq;fspy; cs;s tpdhtpilfis ed;F gbj;Jfnfhz;lhNy 15 Kjy; 20 kjpg;ngz;fs; tiu ngw KbAk;. ghJfg;gpw;fhf 3> 4> 13> 15 Mfpa ghlq;fis rw;W NkNyhl;lkhfNt gbj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. xUNtis Gj;jfj;jpy; ,y;yhj tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gl;lhy; ,it ifnfhLf;Fk;. jpwd;ngw;w khztu;fs; ,e;j 8 ghlq;fisAk; gbj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. Gj;jf tpdhf;fisj; jtpu $Ljy; tpdhf;fisAk; ,g;ghlq;fspy; jahupj;Jitj;Jf;nfhz;L gbj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. nky;yf;fw;Fk; khztu;fs; ,q;FnfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fspy; 2> 7> 10> 17 ghl tpdhf;fis kl;Lk; ed;F gbj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf ];lhu; Fwpapl;l tpdhf;fis ed;F gbj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

capupay; muRj;Nju;tpy; vOj Ntz;baJ: tpdh vz;: 46 (Neha; jilf;fhg;G kz;lyk;) my;yJ tpdh vz;: 47 (kdpj cly; cWg;G kz;lyq;fs;)

tpdh vz;: 46f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (Neha; jilf;fhg;G kz;lyk;)

1. fyh vd;gth; Foe;ij ngw;Ws;shh;. m) gpwe;j Foe;ijf;F Kjy; MW khjq;fSf;Fs; toq;fNtz;ba Neha;j;jLg;G+rp ml;ltizia vOJf M) ,j;jLg;G+rpfs; %yk; ve;nje;j Neha;fis jLj;jpl ,aYk;. (khu;r; 2012> [{d; 2012>13> nrg; 2013> khjpup 2013> Vg; 2014> [_d; 2014)

m) jLg;g+rp ml;ltiz vz; taJ jLg;g+rp msT 1. gpwe;j Foe;ij BCG Kjy; jtiz 2. 15 ehl;fs; NghypNah nrhl;L kUe;J Kjy; jtiz

3. 6 tJ thuk; Kj;jLg;g+rp (njhz;il milg;ghd;> ff;Fthd; ,Uky;> nll;ld];)

Kjy; jtiz

4. 10 tJ thuk; Kj;jLg;g+rp kw;Wk; NghypNah 2tJ jtiz 5. 14 tJ thuk; Kj;jLg;g+rp kw;Wk; NghypNah 3tJ jtiz

M) jLg;g+rpfshy; jLf;fg;gLk; Neha;fs;: 1. BCG - fhrNeha;

2. NghypNah nrhl;L kUe;J - ,sk;gps;is thjk; 3. Kj;jLg;g+rp - njhz;il milg;ghd;> ff;Fthd; ,Uky;> nll;ld];

2. cq;fs; gFjpapy; kNyhpah gutp cs;sJ. m) ,jidf; fl;Lg;gLj;j cq;fs; gFjpapd; chpa mYtyh;fSf;Fj; jFe;j MNyhrid toq;Ff. M) kNyhpahtpd; rhpahd Neha; mwpFwpapid Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. (Fsph;, eLf;fk; kw;Wk; fLq;fha;r;ry;,Ngjp) (khu;r; 2013)

m) Rfhjhu mjpfhhpf;F MNyhrid vq;fs; FbapUg;gpy; thOk; kf;fs; kNyhpah Nehapdhy; nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

FbapUg;igr; Rw;wp ed;dPh; Fsq;fs; cs;sJ. njUf;fspy; ePh; Njq;fpAs;sJ. ,jdhy; kNyhpah nfhRf;fs;> Fsj;J ePhpYk;> njUf;fspy; cs;s ePhpYk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ.

1. khNyupahthy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fis kUj;Jtkidfspy; Nru;j;J rpfpr;ir mspj;J NkYk; guthky; ,Uf;f eltbf;if vLq;fs;.

2. vq;fs; gFjpapy; midj;J Rfhjhu eltbf;iffisAk; vLj;J nfhRf;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j cjTq;fs;.

3. njUf;fspy; cs;s Fopfis kz;zhy; ePug;gp ePh; Njq;Ftij jLq;fs;. 4. Mq;fhq;F fpUkp ehrpdp kUe;Jfis njspf;f Vw;ghL nra;Aq;fs;.



5. Fsq;fspy; mapiu vd;w fk;g+rpah kPid tsh;f;f Vw;ghL nra;Aq;fs;. ,e;j kPd;fs; nfhRtpd; ,sk; caphp yhh;thf;fis cl;nfhz;L kNyhpah nfhR ngUf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.

6. rhf;filfis Rj;jk; nra;J ePu; Njq;fhky; ,Uf;f eltbf;if vLq;fs;. rhf;filfis %bnfhz;L %bitf;f eltbf;fif vLq;fs;.

7. kNyhpah nfhR ey;y jz;zPhpy; kl;LNk guTk;. njhl;bfisAk; ePUs;s ghj;jpuq;fisAk; %b itf;f cj;jutpLq;fs;. my;yJ jpdKk; Ie;J epkplq;fs; jz;zPh; njhl;bapy; cs;s ePiu xU fk;G nfhz;L fyf;fpdhy; kNyhpah nfhR yhh;thf;fs; Rthrpf;f Mf;]p[d; fpilf;fhky; %o;fp ,we;JtpLk;.

8. kf;fs; J}q;Fk; NghJ nfhRtiy kw;Wk; nfhR tpul;Lthid gad;gLj;j tpopg;Gzu;T Vw;gLj;Jq;fs;.

9. Rfhjhu Kiwfis filgpbf;FkhW kf;fsplk; tpopg;Gzu;T nra;a Vw;ghL nra;Aq;fs;.

M) kNyhpah Nehapd; mwpFwpfs;: Fsph;> eLf;fk; kw;Wk; fLq;fha;r;ry;

3. mf;Nlhgu; 15> if fOTk; ehshff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. m) cq;fs; ez;gDf;Ff; if fOTjypd; ed;ikfisf; $Wf. M) xU ehspy; ve;nje;j Neuq;fspy; if fOTtPu;fs;?

m) if fOTjypd; ed;ikfs; 1. cs;sq;iffspy; mjpfkhd tpau;it Rug;gpfs; cs;sd. ,jdhy; tpau;it mjpfkhfp

Ez;fpUkpfSk; khRfSk; cs;sq;iffspy; ,Uf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ. cztpw;F Kd;G if fOTtjhy; ifapYs;s Ez;fpUkpfs; czNthL Nru;e;J clYf;Fs; nry;yhky; jLf;fyhk;.

2. tpuy; ,ilntspfis ed;F fOTk; NghJ nrhwp rpuq;F tUtijj;jLf;fyhk;. 3. tpuy; Edpapy; cs;s efq;fis ed;F fOtp mjpy; cs;s mOf;Ffis ePf;fpdhy; efr;

Rj;jp tUtijj; jLf;fyhk;. 4. njhw;W Neha; cs;stu;fSld; if nfhLj;j gpd;G ifia ed;F fOtpdhy; njhw;W Neha;f;

fpUkpfs; ek;ikj; jhf;FtjpypUe;J fhj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. 5. Ntjpg; nghUl;fisf; ifahz;l gpd; iffisf; fOTtjhy; cly; ghjpg;ig jLf;fyhk;.

M) if fOTk; Neuq;fs;: 1. czTf;F Kd;Gk; gpd;Gk; 2. rpWePu;> kyk; fopj;j gpd;G 3. rikay; nra;Ak; Kd;Gk; gpd;Gk; 4. tpisahl;L kw;Wk; clw;gapw;rp Kbj;j gpd;G 5. Rj;jk; nra;jy; my;yJ Ntiy nra;j gpd;G 6. Nehahspfisr; re;jpj;j gpd;G 7. Ma;tfj;jpy; Ma;T nra;j gpd;G 8. Rfhjhuf; Fiwthd nghUl;fis ifahz;l gpd;.

4. Neha;j;jLg;ghw;why; vd;why; vd;d? Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wypd; tiffisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G vOJf.

Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wy; : kdpj clypy; Neha;fSf;F vjpuhd Fwpg;gpl;l xU tif Neha; fpUkp my;yJ mjd; nghUs;fSf;F vjpuhf ekJ cly; vLf;Fk; vLf;Fk; eltbf;ifNa ‘Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wy;’.

Neha;j; jLg;ghw;whypd; tiffs;:

Neha; jLg;ghw;wy; ,U tifg;gLk;. 1) ,aw;ifahd Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy; gpwg;gpypUe;Nj ngwg;gLtJ. 2) ngwg;gl;l Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy; gpwe;j gpd; ehk; ngWtJ.

,aw;ifahd Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy;: ,J ,aw;ifahfNt gpwg;gpypUe;Nj fhzg;gLk; jLg;ghw;wy;. kuGtopahf ehk; ngw;w jLg;ghw;wYk;> nts;isaZf;fspd; %yk; ehk; ngWk; jLg;ghw;wYk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.

ngwg;gl;l Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy;: NehAw;W gpd; ngwg;gLk; jLg;ghw;wy; ,JTk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. 1) nray;kpF ngwg;gl;l Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wy; 2) ke;jkhf ngwg;gl;l Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wy;



nray;kpF ngwg;gl;l jLg;ghw;wy;: ,J vjph; Njhd;wpj;Jhz;Ljyhy; ngwg;gLtJ ,U tifg;gLk;. 1) Neha; fhuzkhf ,aw;ifahf ngwg;gLtJ. Nehapd; NghJ cUthf;fg;gLk; Mz;bghb

ePz;lfhyk; jq;fpapUe;J Neha;fSf;F vjpuhf nray;gLk;. ,J ,aw;ifahd nray;kpF ngwg;gl;l jLg;ghw;wy;.

2) fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Neha;f;fpUkpfis Neha; jLg;g+rp %yk; nraw;ifahf nrYj;jp mjd; fhuzkhf clypy; Vw;gLk; Md;bghb ePz;lfhyk; jq;fpapUe;J Neha;fSf;F vjpuhf nray;gLfpwJ. ,J nraw;ifahd nray;kpF ngwg;gl;l Neha;j;jLg;ghw;wy;. v.fh. NghypNah jLg;G+rp

ke;jkhf ngwg;gl;l jLg;ghw;wy; Neha;f;F vjpuhd vjpu;nghUl;fs; ,aw;ifahd Kiwapy; my;yJ nraw;ifahd

Kiwapy; ngwg;gLtJ. ,U tifg;gLk;: 1) jhapd; ,uj;jjpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; Md;bghb fUTf;F nry;tJk; jha;g;ghy; %yk;

Foe;ijf;F nry;tJk; ,aw;ifahd ke;jkhf ngwg;gl;l jLg;ghw;wy;. 2) Md;bghb nraw;ifahf gpw caphpfsplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;L nrYj;jg;gLtJ

nraw;ifahd ke;jkhf ngwg;gl;l jLg;ghw;wy;.

5. kdpjdpy; eilngWk; gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpia tpthpf;f. gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; mdhgpy]; ngz; nfhRtpYk; ghypyh

,dg;ngUf;fk; kdpjhpYk; eilngWfpwJ.

kdpjhpy; gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; tho;f;if Row;rp: 1) kdpjdpd; clypy; gpsh];Nkhbak; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpwJ. 2) gpsh];Nkhbaj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz; mdhgpy]; nfhR Nehaw;w kdpjh;fisf; fbf;Fk; NghJ

nfhRtpd; ckpo;ePhpy; NrfukhfpAs;s gpsh];Nkhbaj;jp;d; ];NghNuhRtha;Lfs; kdpjdpd; clYf;Fs; nry;fpwJ.

3) ,it fy;yPuy; nry;fspy; irrhz;LfshfTk; gpd; kPNuhNrhapl;LfshfTk; Row;rp Kiwapy; ngUFfpwJ.

4) gpd; kPNuhNrha;Lfs; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fis jhf;fp cl;nry;fpwJ. 5) mq;F l;Nuhg;NghNrha;LfshfTk; irrhz;LfshfTk; Row;rp Kiwapy; gd; klq;F ngUfp ,Wjpapy;

,uj;j rptg;gZf;fis ntbf;fr;nra;J Mz; ngz; Nfkpl;Nlhirl;Lfshf ntspNaWfpd;wd. 6) ,jd; tpisthf P̀NkhNrhapd; vd;w er;Rg;nghUs; ntspg;gl;L FspiuAk; fLk; fha;r;riyAk;

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. 7) ,f;fha;r;ry; 3 Kjy; 4 ehl;fs; ePbf;fyhk;.

6. rj;Jg;gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; Vw;gLk; gy;NtW Neha;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. me;Neha;fSf;fhd mwpFwpfis vOJf.

ey;y cly; eyj;jpw;F kdpjdpd; cztpy; fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;> nfhOg;G> itl;lkpd;fs;> jhJ cg;Gfs; Nghd;w rj;Jf;fs; chpa mstpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cztpy; kdpjDf;Fj; Njitahd msT rj;Jf;fs; ,y;iynadpy; Vw;gLgit rj;Jf; Fiwghl;L Neha;fs;.

Gujf;Fiwghl;L Neha;fs;: Foe;ijfspd; cztpy; fhh;Nghi`l;Nul; mjpfkhfTk; Gujr;rj;J FiwthfTk; ,Ue;jhy; kuh];k]; kw;Wk; Fth\pNahh;fu; Neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. kuh];k]; Neha; fhuzkhf Foe;ijapd; vil FiwT> fLikahd tapw;Wg;Nghf;F> vYk;G kPJ Njhy; Nghh;j;jg;gl;lJ Nghd;w clyikg;G Mfpait Vw;gLk;. Fth\pNahh;fu; Nehapdhy; Foe;ijfSf;F cg;gpa tapW> Kfk;> if> fhy;fspy; tPf;fk; fhzg;gLk;.

itl;lkpd; Fiwghl;L Neha;fs; itl;lkpd; Fiwghl;L Neha;fs; mwpFwpfs;

itl;lkpd; A epf;NlhNyhgpah khiyf;fz; itl;lkpd; D hpf;fl;]; vYk;Gfspy; fhy;rpak; FiwghL itl;lkpd; E kyl;Lj; jd;ik ,dg;ngUf;fr; nray; FiwghL itl;lkpd; K ,uj;jk; ciwahik mjpf ,uj;j ,og;G itl;lkpd; B1 nghp-nghp euk;Gr; nray;ghl;Lf; FiwT itl;lkpd; B5 ngy;yhfuh kwjp Neha;> Njhy; Neha;> tapw;Wg;Nghf;F itl;lkpd; B12 ngh;dPrpa]; mdpkpah ,uj;jr; rptg;gZr; rpijT itl;lkpd; C ];fh;tp <Wfspy; ,uj;jk; frpjy;> gy; tpOjy;



tpdh vz;: 47f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (kdpj cly; cWg;G kz;lyq;fs;;)

1. euk;G nry;ypd; mikg;igj; njspthd glj;Jld; ghfq;fisf; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

euk;Gnry; glk;

tpsf;fk;: 1) euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; mbg;gil nry; myFfs; euk;Gnry;fs; my;yJ epa+uhd;fs;. 2) euk;Gnry; %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. 1) nry; clyk; 2) nlz;l;iuLfs; 3) Mf;]hd;fs; 3) nry; clyk; irl;lhd; vdg;gLfpwJ. xOq;fw;w tbtk; nfhz;lJ. irl;Nlhgpshrk;> eprpy;

Jfs;fs; nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lit. 4) nry; clyj;jpypUe;J mLj;jj;j fpisj;jy;fSld; $ba ePl;rpfNs nlz;iul;Lfs;. ,it

nry; cliy Nehf;fp kpd;J}z;ly;fisf; flj;Jfpd;wd. 5) Mf;]hd;: nry; clyj;jpypUe;J cUthFk; ,iofspy; kpfTk; ePz;L fhzg;gLtJ

Mf;]hd;. ,jd; Kbtpy; ,isj;J fhzg;gLk; Fkpo; Nghd;w mikg;gpy; KbfpwJ. ,it euk;G nry; ,ilntspf; Fkpo; vdg;gLk;. ,it euk;G rkpf;ifis flj;Jk; Ntjpg;nghUshy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mf;]hidr; R+o;e;J ikaypd; ciwahy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; ,ilntspfs; Nud;tpah;fZf;fs; MFk;.

6) nlz;l;iuLfshy; kpd;J}z;ly;fs; ngwg;gl;L nry; clyk; kw;Wk; Mf;]hd; topahf flj;jg;gl;L euk;G nry; ,;il ntspf;Fkpopy; cs;s Ntjpg; nghUs; %ykhf mLj;jLj;j euk;G nry;Yf;Ff; flj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

2. kdpj %isapd; gy;NtW ghfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjd; gzpfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf. kdpj %is %d;W ghfq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1) Kd; %is 2) eL %is 3) gpd; %is Kd; %is: 1) ,J ngU%is> jyhk];> i`g;Nghjyhk]; Mfpa mikg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ. 2) %isapd; ngUk; gFjp ngU%isahFk;. 3) Mokhd eLg;gpsT tyJ> ,lJ %isahf gphpf;fpwJ. ,it ,uz;Lk; mbg;gFjpapy; fhh;g];

fNyhrk; vd;w euk;G jpRg;gl;ilahy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 4) ngU%isapd; ntspg;gFjp rhk;gy; epw gFjpahFk;. cl;gFjp ntz;ik epwgFjpahFk;. 5) ngU%isg;Gwzp: ,af;fg; gFjp> ,izg;G gFjp> czh;Tg; gFjp vd;w %d;W gFjpfs;. 6) czh;T> mwpTf;$h;ik> epidthw;wy;> fw;gidj;jpwd;> fhuz fhhpak; Ma;e;jwpjy;

Kjypait ngU%isapd; gzpfs;. 7) ghh;j;jy;> Nfl;ly;> Ritawpjy;> Efh;jy;> NgRjy;> Nghd;wtw;wpw;F jdpj;jdp ikaq;fs;. 8) ngU%isapd; ikaj;jpy; jyhk]; vd;w mikg;G cs;sJ. czh;T> ,af;f>

czh;tiyfisf; flj;Jjy; ,jd; gzpahFk;. 9) i`g;Ngh jyhk]; jyhk];--d; mbg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. cly; ntg;gepiy

cz;Zjy;> ePh; gUFjy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd ce;Jjy;> ghYwT elj;ijia xOq;FgLj;Jjy; fpsh;r;rp> rpdk;> gak;> J}z;Ljy; Nghd;w kd ntOr;rp ntspg;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,J fl;LgLj;JfpwJ

eL %is: 1) jyhk]pw;Fk; gpd; %isf;Fk; ,ilapy; eL%is cs;sJ. 2) ,q;F ehd;F fhh;Nghuh Fthl;hp n[kpdh vdg;gLk; ehd;F miutl;l Nfhsq;fs cs;sd. 3) ghh;j;jypd; mdpr;ir nray;fisAk; ghh;it rhh;G ,af;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jp xOq;Fg;gLj;Jjy; ,jd; Ntiy. 4) eL%is gpd;%is ,uz;Lk; Nrh;e;J %isj;jz;L vdg;gLfpwJ. gpd; %is: 1) ghd;];> rpW%is> KFsk; Mfpait gpd; %isapy; cs;sd.



2) rpW%is ngU%isf;F fPo;Gwkhf cs;sJ. ,uz;L gf;fthl;Lf; fJg;Gfs; cs;sd. 3) elj;jy; xLjy; Nghd;w ,af;F jirfspd; ,af;fj;ij xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ. 4) rpW%isapd; ,uz;L fJg;Gfis ,izf;Fk; ehhpiog; ghyk; ghd;]; MFk;. ,J

nra;jpfis ngU%isapypUe;J rpW%isf;Ff; flj;JfpwJ. cwf;fk; Rthrk; ,tw;iwf; fl;LgLj;Jk;.

5) jz;Ltlj;NjhL ,izAk; %isapd; filrpg;gFjp KFsk;. 6) ,jaj;Jbg;G> ,uj;jf;Foha;fs; RUf;fk;> %r;RtpLjy; Nghd;wtw;iw xOq;FgLj;Jk; mdpr;ir

nray;fspd; ikakhf KFsk; tpsq;FfpwJ.

3. kdpj clypy; fhzg;gLk; ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfisAk; mtw;wpd; miktplq;fisAk; ngahpLf. mtw;wpy; VNjDk; ,uz;bidg; gw;wp tphpthf vOJf.

ehskpy;yh Rug;gp miktplk; gpl;a+l;lhp jiyg;gFjpapy; %isapd; i`g;Nghjyhk]; cld; ,ize;Js;sJ. ijuha;L fOj;Jg;gFjpapy; Fuy; tisapd; ,UGwKk; mike;Js;sJ. yhq;fh; `hd;]; jpl;Lfs; tapw;Wg;gFjpapy; ,iug;igf;F fPo;Gwk; mike;Js;sJ. ml;hPdy; ,Lg;Gg; gFjpapy; KJFj;jz;il xl;b rpWePufj;jpd; Nky;Gwk;. tpe;jfk; fhy;fSf;F ,ilapy; clYf;F ntspNa mz;lfk; mbtapw;Wg;gFjpapy;

ijuha;L Rug;gp: 1) Fuy;tisapd; ,U GwKk; ,U fJg;Gfisf; nfhz;l mikg;G ijuha;L Rug;gp. 2) ,J ijuhf;]pd; vd;Dk; `hh;Nkhd; Ruf;fpwJ. 3) ijuhf;]pd; clypd; tsh;rpij khw;w tPjj;ij cah;j;jp cly; ntg;gj;ij mjpfhpf;fpwJ. 4) jpR tsh;r;rp khWghL Mfpatw;iw Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. 5) cly; tsh;r;rpia kiwKfkhf ghjpg;gjhy; ,J MSik `hh;Nkhd; vdg;gLfpwJ. 6) ,uj;jj;jpy; mNahbd; kw;Wk; rh;f;fiu msit xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ. 7) rpWePh; nray;ghL rpWePh; Nghf;if fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.

yhq;fh; `hd;]; jpl;Lfs;: 1) fizaj;jpd; yhq;fh; `hd;]; jpl;Lfspy; cs;s My;gh nry;fs; FSf;Nfhfhd; vd;Dk;

`hh;NkhidAk; gPl;lh nry;fs; ,d;Rypd; vd;Dk; `hh;NkhidAk; Ruf;fpd;wd. 2) ,d;Rypd; jpR Mf;]pfuzj;jpw;fhf nry;fs; FSf;Nfhir vLj;Jf;nfhs;tij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. 3) ,d;Rypd; FSf;Nfhir fpisf;Nfh[dhf khw;wp fy;yPuypYk; jirfspYk; Nrkpf;fpwJ. 4) FSf;Nfhfhd; ,uj;jj;jpd; rh;f;fiu msT FiwAk; NghJ nray;gl;L fpisf;Nfh[id

FSf;Nfhrhf khw;wkiltij Jhz;b ,uj;jj;jpy; rh;f;fiuapd; msit cah;j;JfpwJ. 5) ,d;Rypd; FSf;Nfhfhd; Mfpait ,uz;Lk; nray;gl;L ,uj;jj;jpy; rh;f;fiuapd; msT 80-

120 kpyp/nlrp.yp vd;w mstpy; guhkhpf;fpd;wd.

4. kpahrp]; gFg;G Vd; Fd;wy; gFg;G vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ? mjd; gy;NtW epiyfisj; Njitahd glq;fSld; tpsf;Ff. mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf. kpahrp]; nry;gFg;G %yk; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfspy; rpwg;ghd ,Uka nry;fs; ehd;F xw;iwka ,d nry;fis cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,q;F FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; vz;zpf;if ghjpahf Fiwf;fg;gLtjhy; ,jid Fd;wy; gFg;G vd;fpNwhk;.



nry;gFg;G epiyfs;: 1) kpahrp]; nry;gFg;G ,uz;L gphpTfspy; eilngWfpwJ. kpah]p]; - I kpah]p]; - II 2) kpah]p]; I - y; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; vz;zpf;if ghjpahf FiwfpwJ. kpah]p]; II ikl;lhrp]; Nghd;wNj. 3) kpah]p]; I ehd;F Jiz epiyfspy; eilngWfpwJ. GNuhepiy I nkl;lhepiy I mdh epiy I BNyhepiy I 4) GNuhepiy I - y; FNuhNkhkl;bd; tiygpd;dy; tiyaikg;ig ,oe;J jdpj;j

FNuhNkhNrhk;fshfpd;wd. cl;fU rt;T fiue;J NghfpwJ. 5) ,jid FNuhNkhNrhk; tbtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; nyg;NlhBd;> irf;NfhBd;> ghf;fpBd;>

bg;NshBd;> ilahifdrp]; vd;w Jizepiyfspy; mwpayhk;. 6) nyg;NlhBd; epiyapy; FNuhNkhNrhk; RUf;fkile;J ePsthf;fpy; gpsTWfpwJ. 7) irf;NfhBd; epiyapy; xj;jpirthd FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,izAWfpd;wd. ,e;j ,izT

rpdhg;rp]; vdg;gLk;. ,izAw;w FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; FNuhNkhNrhk;; ,ul;ilfs; vdg;gLk;. 8) ghf;fpBd; epiyapy; ehd;F FNuhNkhbl;LfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Xj;;jpirthd

FNuhNkhbl;LfSf;F ,ilNa FWf;Nf fyj;jy; %yk; ghpkhw;wk; epfOfpwJ. 9) bg;NshBd; epiyapy; xj;jpirthd FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; gphpfpd;wd. ,J Edp miljy;

vdg;gLfpwJ. 10) ilahdfdrp]; epiyapy; cl;fU> cl;fUkzp kiwe;J fjph; mikg;G irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy;

Njhd;WfpwJ. 11) nkl;lhepiy I - y; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; JUtg;gFjpfs; Nehf;fpathW mikAk;. 12) mdh epiyapy; fjph;,iofs; RUf;fkiltjhy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; JUtq;fis Nehf;fp

,Of;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;NghJ ghjp FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; kl;Lk; JUtq;fspy; ,Uf;fyhk;. 13) BNyhepiy I: xt;nthU JUtj;jpYk; FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjpfis Rw;wp cl;fUrt;T Njhd;Wk;. 14) kpahrp]; I -d; Kbtpy; fpilkl;lkhf irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; Vw;gLk; gphpjYf;F

irl;Nlhifdrp]; vd;W ngau;. 15) kpahrp]; II vd;gJ ikl;lhrp]; Nghd;wNj. 16) GNuhepiy II FNuhNkhNrhk; ,ul;ilfs; FWf;fkilfpwJ. cl;fUkzp> cl;fU rt;T

kiwfpwJ. nrd;l;hpNahy; M];lh; ,iofis cUthf;FfpwJ. 17) nkl;lhepiy II nry;ypd; ikag;gFjpapy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; te;J fjph; ,iofSld;

,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. 18) mdh epiy II -y; nrd;l;Nuhkpah; ,uz;lhf gpsTWtjhy; Nra; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; JUtj;ij

Nehf;fp efh;fpd;wd. 19) BNyh epiy JUtq;fspy; FNuhNkhl;bd; tiyg;gpd;dy; mikg;ghf khWfpwJ. cl;fU rt;T>

cl;fUkzp Njhd;WfpwJ. 20) cl;fUtpw;F Neh;Fj;jhf irl;Nlhifdrp]; epfo;thy; gphpjy; eilngw;W ehd;F Nra; nry;fs;

Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

5. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nrhw;fis itj;J gj;jpia g+h;j;jp nra;f. (kz;ilNahL> Ks;nsYk;Gj; njhlh;> igahNkl;lh;> muf;dha;L ciw> %is> jz;Ltlk;> %is

ciwfs;> ba+uhNkl;lh;) ika euk;G kz;lyj;ijr; Rw;wpAs;s %d;W ghJfhg;;G ciwfs; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf %is

ciwfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. kz;ilNahL kw;Wk; Ks;nsYk;G njhlUf;F mbapy; mike;Js;s ntspg;Gw ,ul;ilf; fbd ciw ba+uhNkl;lh; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. nky;ypaJk;> ,uj;j ehsq;fisg; ngw;wJkhd eL ciwf;F muf;dha;L ciw vd;W ngah;. %isiaAk;> jz;Ltlj;ijAk; Rw;wp neUf;fkhf mike;Js;s cl;Gw nky;ypa ciwf;F igahNkl;lh; vd;W ngah;.

6. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghfq;fis mjd; gzpAld; nghUj;Jf.

KFsk;> rpW%is> Kd;%is> jyhk];> ngU%isg;Gwzp> gpd;%is> ghd;];> i`Nghjyhk];.

m) cwf;f ikak; kw;Wk; Rthr ikak; M) ,jaj; Jbg;G. ,uj;jf; Foy;fspd; RUf;fk;> %r;RtpLjy; Nghd;w nray;fis xOq;FgLj;Jk;

gy;NtW mdpr;irr; nray;fspd; ikak; ,) ngU%is> jyhk]; kw;Wk; i`g;Nghjyhk]; nfhz;lJ. <) ,af;f kw;Wk; czh;gFjpfs;



c) czh;T kw;Wk; ,af;F czh;tiyfisf; flj;Jk; Kf;fpag; gzpfisr; nra;fpwJ - C) ghYwT elj;ijia xOq;FgLj;Jjy; v) ghd;];> rpW%is kw;Wk; KFsk; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ V) elj;jy;> xLjy; Nghd;w ,af;Fjirfspd; ,af;fq;fis xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ

m) cwf;f ikak; kw;Wk; Rthr ikak; ghd;]; M) ,jaj; Jbg;G. ,uj;jf; Foy;fspd; RUf;fk;> %r;RtpLjy;

Nghd;w nray;fis xOq;FgLj;Jk; gy;NtW mdpr;irr; nray;fspd; ikak;

KFsk;

,) ngU%is> jyhk]; kw;Wk; i`g;Nghjyhk]; nfhz;lJ. Kd;%is <) ,af;f kw;Wk; czh;gFjpfs; ngU%is Gwzp c) czh;T kw;Wk; ,af;F czh;tiyfisf; flj;Jk; Kf;fpag;

gzpfisr; nra;fpwJ jyhk];

C) ghYwT elj;ijia xOq;FgLj;Jjy; i`g;Nghjyhk]; v) ghd;];> rpW%is kw;Wk; KFsk; Mfpatw;iw

cs;slf;fpaJ gpd; %is

V) elj;jy;> xLjy; Nghd;w ,af;Fjirfspd; ,af;fq;fis xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ rpW%is

7. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s kdpj %isapy; gpd;tUk; nray;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; gFjpfis KiwNa m> M> ,> < vdf; Fwpf;f.

m) %isapd; vg;gFjpfs; czh;T> mwpTf;$h;ik> epidthw;wy;> fw;gidj;jpwd;> fhuzfhhpak;> Ma;e;jwpjy; Kjypatw;wpd; ,Ug;gplkhfj; jpfo;fpwJ - ngU %is

M) %isapd; vg;gFjp ,af;Fjirfspd; ,af;fq;fis xOq;FgLj;Jfpd;wJ - rpW %is ,) %isapd; vg;gFjp cwf;fk; kw;Wk; Rthrj;jpw;fhdit - ghd;]; <) %isapd; vg;gFjp ,jaj;Jbg;G> ,uj;jf;Foy;fspd; RUf;fk;> %r;RtpLjy; Nghd;w nray;fis

xOq;FgLj;Jk; gy;NtW mdpr;ir nray;fspd; ikakhFk; - KFsk;

muRj;Nju;tpy; vOj Ntz;baJ: tpdh vz;: 48 (jhtuq;fspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;) my;yJ tpdh vz;: 49 (Rw;Wr;R+oy; ghJfhg;G)

tpdh vz;: 48f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (jhtuq;fspy;; ,dg;ngUf;fk;)

1. m) fdp cUthFk; epfo;r;rpiaf; $Wf. M) ,e;epfo;r;rpapidr; RUf;fkhf tpthpf;f ,) me;epfo;tpidf; Fwpf;Fk; glj;jpid tiue;J ghfq;fis Fwpf;f. ([{d;2013> nrg;2013)

m) fdp cUthjy;: fdpfs; fUTWjypd; tpisthf cUthfpwJ. fUTw;w gpd; R+y;ig Kjpu;e;J fdpahfpwJ. M) fdp cUthFk; epfo;T: #y; %bapy; tpOe;j kfue;jJ}s; Kisf;f Muk;gpf;fpwJ. kfue;j J}spy; ,uz;L

nry;fs; cs;sd. nghpanry; cly;nry;. rpwpa nry; cw;gj;jpnry; (n[dNubt;). cly;nry; Kisj;J #yfj;jz;L topahf xU ePz;l Foha; Nghy; fUg;igia Nehf;fp tsh;fpwJ ,jw;F kfue;jFoy; vd;W ngah;. cw;gj;jp nry; kfue;j Fohapy; gphpe;J ,uz;L Mz;Nfkpl;Lfshf khWfpwJ. fUTWjy;:-

kfue;jf; Foha; fUg;igapy; Eioe;jTld; ntbf;fpwJ. ,jpypUe;J xU Mz; Nfkpl; xU mz;lj;JlDk; kw;NwhU Mz; Nfkpl; ,uz;lhk; epiy cl;fUTlDk; ,izfpwJ. ,jw;F fUTWjy; vd;W ngah;. KOik mile;j fUTw;w Kl;ilf;F irf;Nfhl; vd;W ngah;. ,J fUthf tsh;fpwJ.



,ul;ilf; fUTWjy;:- fUg;igapy; cs;s ,uz;lhk; epiy cl;fU ,ul;ilj; jd;ikAilaJ. ,e;j ,Uka

(2n) cl;fUTld; xUka (n) Mz; Nfkpl; ,izfpwJ. ,jw;F %tpizT (3n) vd;W ngah;. ,e;j %tpiztpd; %yk; cUthFk; cl;fU> fUT+z; vdg;gLk; ,J tsUk; fUtpw;F czT mspf;fpwJ. ,uz;L Mz; NfkPl;Lfspy; xd;W mz;lj;JlDk; kw;nwhd;W ,uz;lhk; epiy cl;fUTlDk; ,iztJ ,ul;ilf; fUTWjy; vdg;gLk;.

,)

2. G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspy; eilngWk; ghypdg; ngUf;f Kiwapy; <LgLk; ,uz;L epfo;Tfis vOJf. m) Kjy; epfo;T kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tiffis tpthpf;f. M) mjd; ed;ik jPikfis vOJf. (khu;r; 2013> fhM 2014)

g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspy; ghypdg; ngUf;fj;jpd; ,uz;L epfo;Tfs; eilngWfpwJ. 1. kfue;j Nrh;f;if 2. fUTWjy;

m) Kjy; epfo;T kfue;j Nrh;f;if: kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if vd;gJ kfue;jg;igapy; cs;s kfue;jj; Jfs;fs; #y; %bia miltjhFk;. kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if fhw;W> ePh; kw;Wk; g+r;rpfshy; eilngWfpwJ. tiffs;: 1. jd; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if 2. may; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if

1. jd; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if (Ml;Nlh Nfkp):- jd; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if vd;gJ xU kyhpd; kfue;j J}s; mNj kyhpd; cs;s #yf

Kbia miltJ my;yJ mNj jhtuj;ijr; rhh;e;j kw;nwhU kyhpd; #yfKbia milAk; epfo;;r;rpahFk;. ,jw;F Ml;NlhNfkp vd;Wk; ngah;.

2. may; kfue;j Nrh;f;if (my;NyhNfkp):- may; kfue;j Nrh;f;if vd;gJ xU kyhpd; kfue;j J}s; mNj ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;j

kw;nwhU jhtuj;jpd; #y; Kbia miltjhFk;. ,jw;F my;NyhNfkp vd;W ngah;.

M) jd; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if:-

ed;ikfs;: 1. ,Ughy; kyh;fspy; jd;kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if fl;lhakhf eilngWk;. 2. jd; kfue;j Nrh;f;iff;F Gwf; fhuzpfs; Njitapy;iy. 3. kfue;jj; Jfs;fs; tPzhtjpy;iy. jPikfs;: 1. Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; tpijfs; cUthFk;. 2. fUT+z; kpff;Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt tpijfs; kpf eyptile;j jhtuq;fisNa cUthf;Fk;. 3. Gjpatif jhtuq;fs; cUthfhJ. mjd; fhuzkhfj; jhtuq;fs; gbg;gbahf kiwa NeupLk;.

may; kfue;j Nru;f;if:- ed;ikfs;: 1. may; kfue;jr; Nru;f;ifapd; tpisthf cUthFk; tpijfs;> Kisj;J jplkhd

jhtuq;fshf tsUk; jd;ikiag; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. 2. Gjpa ufq;fs; cUthf tha;g;G ,Uf;fpwJ. 3. ed;F Kisf;Fk; jpwDila tpijfs; cUthFk;. jPikfs;: 1. Gwf; fhuzpfs; ,y;iyNay;; may; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if eilngw ,ayhJ. 2. kfue;jj; Jfs;fs; tPzhFk; tha;g;G ,Uf;fpwJ.



3. fUTWjypd; tpisthf cUthtJ fdp> fUTWjy; eilngwhky; VNjDk; fdp cUthfpwjh? fdpfs; tifg;ghl;bd; ml;ltiziaj; jUf. (khu;r; 2012)

m) fUTWjy; eilngwhky; fdp cUthFjy;: fUTWjy; eilngwhkNyNa rpy fdpfs; cUthFfpd;wd; ,jw;F fUTwhf; fdpfs; my;yJ

ghh;j;jpNdhfhh;gpf;; fdpfs; vd;W ngah;. v.fh: tpijapy;yhj; jpuhl;ir> nfha;ah. M) fdpfs; tifghl;bd; ml;ltiz:

4. jpus;fdp> $l;Lf;fdp jFe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; xg;gpLf. ([_d; 2014)

vz; jpus;fdp $l;Lf;fdp 1. Nky; kl;l #w;ig nfhz;l ,izahj gy #y;

,iyfs; cs;s jdp kyupypUe;J cUthtJ jpus; fdp MFk; v.fh.nel;bypq;fk;

gy kyu;fs; nfhz;l xU kQ;rhpapypUe;J cUthFk; xw;iwf; fdp $l;Lf;fdp MFk; v.fh. gyh

2. jdpj;j xt;nthU R+ypiyAk; rpW rpW fdpfshf tsu;r;rpailfpwJ.

kQ;rupapd; ikaj;jz;L> kly; fjpu; kQ;rupapd; kyu;fs; midj;Jk; ,ize;J $l;Lf; fdpahfpwJ.

3. ika mr;R nky;ypajhf ,Uf;Fk;. xU fhk;gpy; gy fdpfs; Nrh;e;J nfhj;jhf fhzg;gLk;.

ika mr;R jbj;J rijg; gw;Wilajhf khWfpwJ.

4. fdpj; Njhy; ,Wf;fkhf fhzg;gLk;. fdpj;Njhy; igNghd;W xUtpijAld; fhzg;gLk;. gyhtpy; g+tpjo;fs; cz;Zk; gFjpahf khWfpwJ.

5. rpy jhtuj;jpy; #ypiyfspd; tpspk;Gfs; ,ize;J KOf;fdpahfj; Njhd;Wk; v.fh. rPjhg;gok;.

i`ge;Njhbak; kQ;rhpapy; g+j;jsk; rijg;gw;Ws;s ghfkhf khwpAs;sJ. v.fh. mj;jp.

5. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu tpijapd; mikg;ig tpthpf;f. (mf; 2012> Vg; 2014) ,U tpj;jpiy tpijapd; mikg;G (mtiu):

mtiu tpij jbj;j> rpWePuf tbtk; nfhz;lJ> ePsthl;by; xU Gwk; tise;Jk;

vjph;Gwk; Fope;Jk; cs;sJ. ePs thl;lj;jpy; nkd;ikahd rw;W jbj;j mikg;G cs;sJ. ,jw;F u/Ng vd;W ngah;. u/Ngapd; Edpapy; rpwpa Jis cs;sJ. ,jw;F tsh;Jis my;yJ ikf;Nuhigy; vd;W ngah;. ePhpy; Cw itj;j tpijia nkJthf mOj;Jk; NghJ ePh; kw;Wk; fhw;W Fkpo;fs; tsh; Jisapd; topahf ntsptUfpwJ. fU tpijAiwahy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ fUtpy; xU ika mr;R cs;sJ. ,jDld; rijg;gw;Ws;s ,U tpijapiyfs; ,ize;Js;sJ.



ika mr;rpd; xU Kidapy; KisNtUk; kW Kidapy; Kisf; FUj;Jk; cs;sJ. KisNthpd; Edp tsh;Jisapd; mUfpYk; Kisf; FUj;J tpijapiyfSf;F ,ilapYk; cs;sJ. Kisf; FUj;jpy; rpwpa Fl;ilahd ikaj; jz;L> kpfr; rpwpa nkhl;L kw;Wk; Ftpe;j ,uz;L rpwpa ,iyfSk; cs;sJ.

6. xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtu tpijapd; mikg;ig tpthpf;f. 1. ney; tpij vd miof;fg;gl;lhYk; mJ xU fdpNa MFk;. ntbah tpij cila

jdpf;fdp Nfhhpahg;rp]; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 2. ney; tpijapd; ciw kpf nky;ypaJ fdp ciw nky;ypaJ. tpijAiwAld;

,ize;Js;sJ. 3. fdpahdJ nghJthf kQ;rs; epw g+tbr; nrjpyhYk; g+f;fhk;G nrjpy;fshYk;

%lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J ckp vdg;gLk;. 4. fUthdJ ];$l;nly;yk; vdg;gLk; xU tpj;jpiyiaAk; FWfpa mr;irAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 5. FWfpa mr;rpd; mb Edpapy; KisNtUk; Edp Kidapy; Kisf; FUj;Jk; cs;sJ. 6. %isNtuhdJ NfhypNahiurh vdg;gLk; KisNth; ciwapdhy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. 7. %isf;FUj;J Nfhypahg;ily; vdg;gLk; ciwahy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. 8. ney; fdpia kz;zpy; cd;wpa xhpU ehs;fspy; NfhypNahiurh ciwia fpopj;Jf;

nfhz;L KisNth; ntsptUfpwJ. gpwF KisNthpd; mbg;gFjpapypUe;J Ntw;wplNth;fs; Njhd;wp gpd;dh; mJ ry;ypNth;j;njhFg;ghf khWfpwJ.

9. Kisf;FUj;J mjd; ciwia fpopj;Jf; nfhz;L jiuf;F Nky; tsh;fpwJ.

7. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;ij cw;WNehf;Ff. m) glj;ij tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;f. M) fUTWjYf;Fg; gpd; E, F jhtuj;jpd; ve;jg;

ghfkhf khWfpd;wd.

M) #w;ig tpij ciwahfTk; #y;fs; tpijfshfTk; khWfpd;wd.

8. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glq;fis cw;WNehf;Ff. gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F tpilaspf;f: m) ,q;F fhz;fpd;w ,dg;ngUf;fKiwiag; ngahpLf. M) ve;j caphpapy; ,e;jtifahd ,dg;ngUf;fKiw

fhzg;gLfpwJ? ,) ,e;j ,dg;ngUf;fKiw caphpfspy; NtWghLfis

cUthf;Ffpd;wjh? m) ,uz;lhf gpsj;jy; my;yJ ,U rkg;gphpT. M) xU nry; caphpfshd mkPgh kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; ,k;Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ. ,) ,e;j ,dg;ngUf;fKiw NtWghLfis cz;lhf;fhJ.

9. fPNonfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jhtuq;fs; cq;fs; Njhl;lj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhff; fw;gid nra;Jnfhs;f. NjdPf;fs; Njhl;lj;ij ehbtUfpd;wd. Mdhy;> NjdPf;fs; vy;yh kyh;fisAk; ehbr;nry;fpd;wdth? NjdPf;fs; ve;nje;j kyh;fis ehbr; nry;fpd;wd? cq;fs; tpilfSf;Fj; jFe;j fhuzq;fisj; jUf. (ky;ypif> musp> nfhd;iw> Nuh[h> jhkiu> Nrhsk;> fUk;G> %q;fpy;> rhke;jp> Nlypah> Gy;> njd;id> gl;lhzp)

NjdPf;fs; vy;yh kyu;fisAk; ehbr;nry;tjpy;iy NjdPf;fs; ehbr;nry;Yk; kyu;fs;: ky;ypif> musp> nfhd;iw> Nuh[h> jhkiu> rhke;jp> Nlypah> gl;lhzp

fhuzq;fs;: m) ,it gy tz;z epw my;yp ,jo;fisf; nfhz;lit. M) ,it ey;y kzk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,) g+r;rpfs; cz;Ztjw;F Njd; Ruf;fpd;wd. <) nghJthf gytz;z my;yp ,jo;fSk;> ey;y kzKk;> NjDk; nfhz;l kyh;fis NjdPf;fs;

tpUk;gp nry;fpd;wd.



10. xU tptrhap A,B vd;w ,uz;L tay;fs; itj;Js;shh;. me;j ,uz;L tay;fspYk; gl;lhzp (igrk; gl;iltk;) tpijj;Js;shh;. tay; A gwitfSk; g+r;rpfSk; neUq;fhky; ,Uf;f> tiyfshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. tay; B tiyfshy; %lg;glhky; cs;sJ?

m) tay; A kw;wk; B fspy; ve;j tifahd kfue;jr;Nru;f;if eilngWk;? M) ve;j tay; mjpf kfR+iyj;jUk;? ,) mLj;j Kiw gapu;nra;J tpisr;riy cau;j;Jtjw;F

ve;j taypd; tpijfisj; Nju;e;njLg;ghu;? cq;fs; tpilf;F fhuzk; jUf m) tay; Aapy; jd;kfue;jNrh;f;if kl;LNk eilngWk;. tay; Bapy; may; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if eilngw tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk;. M) tay; B mjpf kf#iyj; jUk;. ,) mLj;jKiw gaph; nra;J tpisr;riy cah;j;j B taypd; tpijfisNa tptrhap

Njh;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhuzk;:

1. may; kfue;jr; Nru;f;ifapy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd jukhd tpijfs; fpilf;Fk; 2. may; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;ifapy; cUthFk; tpijfs; Kisj;J jplkhd jhtuq;fshf tsUk;

jd;ikiag;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. 3. xLq;F gz;Gfs; kiwe;J xq;F gz;Gfs; ntspg;gLk; vd;gjhy; mtw;iw mLj;j Kiw

gaph; nra;Ak; NghJ ey;y kf#iyj; jUk;.

11. kh> njd;id ,uz;LNk cs;xl;Lrijf; fdpfshFk;. khtpy; eLj;Njhy; cz;Zk; gFjpahFk;. Mdhy; njd;dq;fdpapy; eLj;Njhy; cz;Zk; gFjp my;y. mg;gbahdhy;>

m) njd;dq;fdpapy; cz;Zk; gFjp vJ? M) Vd; njd;dq;fdp ehh; Nghd;w eLj;Njhy; ngw;Ws;sJ? ,) ehh; Nghd;w eLj;Njhy; ngw;wpUg;gjhy; NtW vd;d ed;;;;ik vd cq;fshy; $w KbAkh? m) njd;dq;fdpapy; fUT+z; kw;Wk; tpij cz;Zk; gFjpahFk;. M) njd;dq;fdp ePhpy; guTtjw;Nfw;w jftikg;ig ngw;w xU fdpahFk;. ehh; Nghd;w

eLj;Njhiy ngw;wpUg;gjhy; Mw;W ePhpy; tpOe;J ntFJ}uk; nrd;W gut fhuzkhfpwJ. ,) tpijf;F ghJfhg;G fpilf;fpwJ. tpyq;Ffs; cz;z KbahJ. mOfpf; nfl;Lg;Nghtjpy;iy.

tpijKisf;Fk;NghJ tpijf;F fhw;Nwhl;lKk; Cl;lKk; mspf;fpwJ.

12. fPOs;stw;iwg; gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; tifg;gLj;Jf. m) fdp M) tpij ,) fdpAkpy;iy tpijAkpy;iy. (jf;fhsp> nts;shp> Kisj;jg;gapW> chpj;j gl;lhzp> jpuhl;;ir> rpyhp (rptfPiu)> cUisf;fpoq;F>

fUk;G> Mg;gps;> nfhbmtiu) fdp: jf;fhsp> nts;shp> Mg;gps;> nfhbmtiu> jpuhl;ir tpij: Kisj;j gaW> chpj;j gl;lhzp. fdpAkpy;iy> tpijAkpy;iy: rpyhp(rptfPiu) cUisf;fpoq;F> fUk;G.

13. uhKTf;Fk; NrhKf;Fk; fhw;wpy; kpje;Jnry;Yk; vUf;Ftpijfis cw;WNehf;f Neh;e;jJ. mit jiuia milAk; tiu> mth;fs; rpy tpijfisg; gpd;njhlu jPh;khdpj;jdh;. mth;fs; jq;fs; cw;WNehf;fiy gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; gjpTnra;jdh;.

tpijfs; gazpj;j J}uk; (kPl;lh;) vLj;Jf;nfhz;l fhyk; (epkplk;) 25 6 50 15 37 10 87 17 17 2

m) njhiytpid X–mr;rpYk; fhyj;ij Y-mr;rpYk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L xU tiuglk; tiuf. M) tpijfs; gazpj;j njhiytpw;Fk;> guTk; jpwDf;Fk; VNjDk; njhlh;G cz;lh? ,) ePtph; tiue;j tiuglj;jpypUe;J Kbtpidf; $Wf.

m)



M) njhlu;G cz;L. mjpf fhyj;jpy; mjpf njhiyT nry;tjhy; guTk;jpwd; mjpfupf;fpwJ. ,) vUf;F tpijapd; gazk; xOq;fw;w gazk;. fhw;wbf;Fk; jpirnay;yyhk; gwe;J

nry;fpwJ. vy;yh tpijfSk; xNu ,lj;jpy; tpOtjpy;iy. xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU ,lj;jpy; tpOtjhy; tpij guTjy; rpwg;ghf ele;NjWfpwJ.

14. cyh;fdpfspd; ngah;g;l;bay; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mf;fdpfis> cyh;fdpapd; tiffSf;Nfw;g tifg;gLj;Jf. (gUj;jp> biulhf;];> ney;> Mkzf;F> nfhj;jky;yp> mtiu> gl;lhzp> vUf;F> me;jpke;jhiu> Ke;jphp> fUNtyk;> ntz;il)

m)mf;fPd;> M) Nfhpahg;rp];> ,) rpg;nryh> <) nfhl;il> c) f;hpNkhfhh;g;> C) nyhnkz;lk;> v) nuf;kh> V) fhg;#y; miwntbfdp> I) fhg;#y; jLg;Gr;Rth; ntbfdp> x) xUGwntbfdp> X) ,UGwntbfdp. 1. mf;fPd; - me;jpke;jhiu 2. Nfhpahg;rp]; - ney; 3. rpg;nryh - biulhf;]; 4. nfhl;il - Ke;jphp 5. f;hpNkhfhh;g; - nfhj;jky;yp 6. Nyhnkz;lk; - fUNtyk; 7. nuf;kh - Mkzf;F 8. fhg;#y; miwntbfdp - gUj;jp 9. fhg;#y; jLg;G Rth; ntbfdp- ntz;il 10. xUGwntbfdp - vUf;F 11. ,UGwntbfdp - gl;lhzp> mtiu

15. Nkhdp\; rikayiwf;Fs; Eioa Neh;e;j nghOJ mtdpd; jha;> fjk;grhk;ghh; jahh; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs; itj;jpUe;jhh;. Nkhdp\; mg;nghUs;fisg; ghh;f;fpd;whd;. fdpfspd; tiffSf;Nfw;g> rhk;ghUf;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fisg; gphpj;Jitf;f Nkhdp\;f;F cjTq;fs;.

(gUg;G> Gsp> fj;jhpf;fha;> jf;fhsp> KUq;iff;fha;> nfhj;jky;yp> fLF> ntz;ilf;fha;> kh) 1. gUg;G - ,UGwntbfdp – ny$k; 2. Gsp - gpsTf;fdp – nyhnkz;lk; 3. fj;jhpf;fha; - KOr;rijf; fdp – ngu;up 4. jf;fhsp - KOrijf;fdp – ngu;up 5. KUq;if - miw jLg;G Rth; ntbfdp – fhg;R+y; 6. nfhj;jky;yp - gpsTf;fdp - f;hPNkhfhh;g; 7. fLF - cyu; ntbfdp 8. ntz;ilf;fha; - miwjLg;G Rth; ntbfdp – fhg;R+y; 9. kh - cs; Xl;L rijf;fdp – l;&g;

16. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fwpg;Gfspd;gb ,Utpj;jpiy tpijapd; ghfq;fisg; ngahpLf. m) Muk;gepiyNth; - Kis Nth; M) Muk;gepiyjz;L - KisFUj;J ,) fUtpw;Fj; Njitahd czT mlq;fpa rijg;gw;Ws;s gFjp-fUt+z; (tpj;jpiyfs;) <) tpijiar; Rw;wpAs;s ntspghJfhg;G ciw - tpijAiw c) tpijAiwapd; fhzg;gLk; rpwpa Jisapd; ngah; - tsh;Jis (m) ikf;Nuhigy;

17. kfue;jNrh;f;ifapd; tiffs; ahit? ve;j tif kfue;jNrh;f;if ed;ik juf;$baJ? Vd;? kfue;jNrh;f;ifapd; tiffs;: 1. jd; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if 2. may; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if

,tw;wpy; may;kfue;jr;Nrh;f;ifNa ey;yJ. fhuzk;: 1. may; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;ifapd; tpisthf cUthFk; tpijfs; Kisj;J jplkhd jhtuq;fshf

khWk;. GJ ufq;fs; cUthFk;. 2. ed;F Kisf;Fk; jpwDila tpijfs; cUthFk;.

18. jd;kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if (Ml;NlhNfkp) vd;why; vd;d? mjd; ei;ikfisAk;> jPikfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

jd;kfue;;;;jr;Nrh;f;if: ,J Ml;NlhNfkp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xU kyhpd; kfue;jj;J}s; mNj kyhpy;

cs;s #yf Kbiar; nrd;wile;jhy; (m) mNj jhtuj;jpd; kw;nwhU kyhpd; #yf Kbia nrd;wile;jhy; jd; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if vdg;gLfpwJ.



jd;kfue;jr;Nrh;f;ifapd; ed;ik: 1. ,U ghy; kyh;fspy; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if fl;lhak; eilngWk;. 2. Gwf;fhuzpfis rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; mtrpak; ,y;iy. 3. kfue;jj; J}s;fs; tPzhtjpy;iy.

jd;kfue;jr;Nrh;f;ifapd; jPik: 1. Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; tpijfs; cUthFk;. 2. fUt+z; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; kpf eyptile;j jhtuq;fisNa jUk;. 3. GJtif jhtuq;fs; cUthfhJ> me;j rpw;wpdk; gbgbahf mopAk;.

19. kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if vd;why; vd;d? kfue;jr;Nrh;f;iff;fhd gy;NtW capUs;s> capuw;w fhuzpfis tpsf;Ff.

kfue;jg;igapypUe;J kfue;jj; Jhs;fs; #yf Kbia nrd;wilAk; nraYf;F kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if vd;W ngah;.

kfue;jr; Nrh;f;iff;fhd fhuzpfs;: kfue;jJhs;fis #yf Kbf;F vLj;Jr; nry;git kfue;jr; Nrh;f;iff;fhd fhuzpfs;.

capUs;s fhuzpfs;: 1) G+r;rpfs; 2) rpW gwitfs; 3) tpyq;Ffs;.

kyu;fspd; mofpa tz;zk;> ey;y kzk;> Njd;Rug;G Nghd;wtw;why; G+r;rpfs; <u;f;fg;gl;L may; kfue;jr;Nru;f;if Vw;gl toptFf;fpd;wd. rpWgwitfSk; ,JNghyNt may; kfue;jr; Nru;f;iff;F cjTfpd;wd. tpyq;Ffs; ele;J nry;Yk;NghJ kfue;jj;Jfs;fs; mtw;wpd; clypd; Nkw;gug;gpy; xl;br;nrd;W NtW kyu;fspd; kPJ tpOtjhy; may; kfue;jr;Nru;f;if Vw;gLfpwJ.

G+r;rpfs; %yk; kfue;jr;Nru;f;if Vw;gLtjw;F vz;lNkh/gPyp vd;Wngau; gwitfs;top kfue;jr;Nru;f;iff;F Mu;epj;Njh/gPyp vd;W ngau;. tpyq;Ffs;top kfue;jr;Nru;f;iff;F R+/gPyp vd;W ngau;;.

capuw;w fhuzpfs;: 1) fhw;W 2) ePh;. rpwpa kw;Wk; kzkw;w Njd;Rug;gw;w kyu;fspy; fhw;wpd; %yk; my;yJ

ePupd; %yk; may; kfue;jr;Nru;f;if eilngWfpwJ. ,tw;wpd; kfue;jj; Jfs;fs; fhw;wpy; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLtjw;Nfw;g cyu;e;j> Nyrhd> xl;Lk; jd;ikaw;w Jfs;fshf ,it cs;sd. rpy kfue;jq;fspy; Gwtsupfs; my;yJ rpwFfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tif kyu;fs; mjpf mstpy; kfue;jq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ePu;%yk; kfue;jr;Nru;f;if eilngWk; jhtuq;fspy; kfue;jq;fs; tOtOg;Gj;jd;ik nfhz;litahf cs;sd.

fhw;Wtop kfue;jr;Nru;f;iff;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L Gw;fs;> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;. ePu;top kfue;jr;Nru;f;iff;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L i`l;upy;yh> thyp];Neupah

tpdh vz;: 49f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (Rw;Wr; #oy; ghJfhg;G)

1. m) fPOs;s nghUs;fis tifg;gLj;Jf: fl;il, fhfpjk;, gpsh];bf;, Gw;fs; M) cq;fSila tifg;ghl;bw;fhd tpsf;fj;ijj; jUf. (nrg; 2013)

m. tifg;ghL 1. fl;il> fhfpjk;> Gw;fs; - caph; rpijtilAk; fopTfs; (kl;Fk; fopTfs;) 2. gpsh];bf; - caph;-rpijtilah fopTfs; (kl;fhj fopTfs;)

M. tpsf;fk;:- 1. fl;il> fhfpjk; kw;Wk; Gw;fs; Mfpait Ez;Zaphpfspd; nray; ghLfshy;

rpijtile;JtpLk;. vdNt ,jw;F caph; rpijtilAk; fopTg; nghUs; vd;W ngah;. 2. gpsh];bf; Ez;Zaphpfspd; nray;ghLfshy; rpijtilahJ vdNt ,f;fopTf;F

caph;rpijtilahf; fopTg; nghUs; vd;W ngah;.

2. cq;fSila gFjpapy; ePh; jl;Lg;ghl;bdhy; kf;fs; my;yy;gLfpwhHfs;. vdNt, ePh;j; jl;Lg;ghl;bid jtph;f;f vd;ndd;d Kiwfisf; ifahStPh;fs;? (khu;r; 2013> [_d; 2014)

ePh; jl;Lg;ghl;bid jtph;f;f Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs;:-

1. Nkfj;jpy; (Ntjpg; nghUs;fs;) J}Tjy;:- ePh; Nfhh;j;j Nkfq;fspy; cyu; gdp my;yJ nghl;lhrpak; mNahilL Jfs;fis J}tpdhy;

rpy rkak; kiog; nghopT Vw;gLk;.

2. cg;G ePiuf; Fb ePuhf khw;Wjy;:- fly; ePupy; cg;Gj; jd;ikia ePf;FtJ ,k;Kiwapy; Kf;fpakhd fl;lkhFk;. fly; ePiu Fb

ePuhf khw;w jiyfPo; rt;T+L guty; KiwNa nghJthf gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. Mtpahf;fy; kw;Wk; kPz;Lk; Fspu;tpj;jy; KiwapYk; ,jidr; nra;ayhk;. ,J kpFe;j nryT gpbf;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;.



3. mizfs;> ePh; Njf;fq;fs;:- mizfs; kw;Wk; ePh;j;Njf;fq;fspy; mjpfkhf ePiu Nrkpj;J> Foha;fs; kw;Wk; fhy;tha;fs;

%yk; Njitg;gLk; ,lq;fSf;F ePiu mspf;fyhk;.

4. ePh; gphpKfL:- tupirahf mike;Js;s rpWrpW mizfs; my;yJ ejpePu; fpisfs; Mfpait %yk;

jz;zPu; nts;skhfg; ngUfp tPzhfhky; Njf;fp itf;fg; gLfpwJ. ,J ePh; gphpKfL vdg;gLk;. ,e;j ePh; td caph;fSf;F Gfyplkhf cs;sJ.

5. kio ePh; Nrfhpg;G:- kio ePh; Nrfhpg;G vd;gJ tPLfspd; Nkw;$iu kw;Wk; ikjhdq;fspy; tpOk; kio ePiu

epyj;jbapy; cs;s kioePu; Nrfupg;Gj; njhl;bfs; my;yJ fpzWfspy; Nrkpg;gjhFk;. ,t;thW Nrfupg;gjhy; epyj;jb ePu; kl;lk; caUk;. cgupePu; nts;s ePuhfp tPzhf flypy; fyg;gJ jtpu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ekf;F Njitg;gLk; NghJ mjid gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

6. <u epyq;fspy; Nrkpj;Jitj;jy;:- ,k;Kiwapy; epyj;jpy; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; ePuhdJ Njitahd Neuj;jpy; kw;w

,lq;fSf;F vLj;Jr;nry;y gad;gLfpwJ. 7. tPLfspy; Nrkpj;jy;:- tPLfspy; ek; tho;f;if Kiwfspy; rpwpa khWjy;fisf; nfhz;L ePiur; Nrkpf;fyhk;.

1. Fspf;f Fiwe;j msT ePiug; gad;gLj;Jjy;. 2. gad;gLj;jpa ePiu Gy;ntspfSf;F gha;r;Rjy;. 3. tPl;L Njhl;lk;> kw;Wk; Nkhl;lhh; thfdk; fOt Fiwe;j msT ePiug; gad;gLj;Jjy;. 4. Fiwe;j msT ePh; gad;gLj;Jk; tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUs;fis gad;gLj;Jjy;.

7. njhopw; rhiyfspy; Nrkpj;jy;:- ,ae;jpuq;fis Fsph;tpf;fg;gad;gLj;Jk; ePiu kW Row;rp %yk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

3. Gif, Gif vq;F Nehf;fpDk; Gif kz;lyk;. ,r;R+oy; cly; eyj;jpw;F Vw;wjh vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhah? (khu;r; 2012> [{d; 2013> Vg; 2014)

vq;F Nehf;fpYk; Gif kz;lyk; #o;e;jpUj;jy; cly; eyj;jpw;F Vw;wjy;y kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;RoYf;Fk; Vw;wjy;y. ,jdhy; gytpj Ntz;lj;jfhj tpisTfs; cz;lhFk;. kdpjdpd; Rthrj;jpwd; ghjpf;Fk;. EiuaPuy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. Gw;WNeha; Vw;glyhk;.

fhp vhpg;gjhy; vw;gLk; jPa tpisTfs;: 1. ghjurk;> a+Nudpak;> Njhupak;> Mh;rdpf; kw;Wk; fdcNyhfq;fs; fye;j fyitapypUe;J

ntspNaw;wg;gLk; nghUl;fs; kdpjDf;F jPq;F tpistpg;gNjhL> #o;epiy kz;lyj;ijAk; ghjpf;fpwJ.

2. epyf;fhpapy; cs;s fe;jf Jfs;fs; mkpy kioia cUthf;Fk;. 3. epyj;jb ePh; kw;Wk; ePh;ts Mjhuq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 4. ePh; kw;Wk; epyk; khRghL mila fhuzkhfpwJ. 5. fhp khR Jfs;fs; cUthfpwJ. 6. fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L Nghd;w gRikaf thAf;fs; mjpfkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;L Gtp ntg;g

khjYf;F fhuzkhf mikfpwJ. 7. epyf;fhpapypUe;J mjpfkhf CO2 ntspNawp thA kz;lyj;ij milfpwJ.

4. fhpia vhpg;gjpdhy; Vw;gLk; jPik gaf;Fk; nray;fis gl;baypLf

fhp vhpg;gjhy; vw;gLk; jPa tpisTfs;: 1. ghjurk;> a+Nudpak;> Njhupak;> Mh;rdpf; kw;Wk; fdcNyhfq;fs; fye;j fyitapypUe;J

ntspNaw;wg;gLk; nghUl;fs; kdpjDf;F jPq;F tpistpg;gNjhL> #o;epiy kz;lyj;ijAk; ghjpf;fpwJ.

2. epyf;fhpapy; cs;s fe;jf Jfs;fs; mkpy kioia cUthf;Fk;. 3. epyj;jb ePh; kw;Wk; ePh;ts Mjhuq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 4. ePh; kw;Wk; epyk; khRghL mila fhuzkhfpwJ. 5. fhp khR Jfs;fs; cUthfpwJ. 6. fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L Nghd;w gRikaf thAf;fs; mjpfkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;L Gtp ntg;g

khjYf;F fhuzkhf mikfpwJ. 7. epyf;fhpapypUe;J mjpfkhf CO2 ntspNawp thA kz;lyj;ij milfpwJ.



Ntjpapay; muRj;Nju;tpy; vOj Ntz;baJ: tpdh vz;: 50 (mZf;fSk; %yf;$WfSk;;) my;yJ tpdh vz;: 51 (fhu;gDk; mjd; Nru;kq;fSk;)

tpdh vz;: 50f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (mZf;fSk; %yf;$WfSk;;)

1. XH mZitg; gw;wpa njspthd tpsf;fj;ij mspf;ff;$ba etPd mZf; nfhs;ifahdJ miyf;nfhs;if, epiyapy;yh Nfhl;ghL> jw;Nghija fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L cUthdjhFk;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; etPd mZf; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfis tpthpf;f. (khur;2012> [{d;2013> [_d;2014> fhM2014)

1. mZ vd;gJ Ntjptpidapy; <LgLk; kpfr;rpwpa Jfs; MFk;. 2. mZf;fs; gpsf;fg;glf;$bait. 3. xU jdpkj;jpd; midj;J mZf;fSk; vy;yh gz;GfspYk; xj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak;

,y;iy. v.fh. INrhNlhg;Gfs; = (17C135, 17C137). 4. ntt;NtW jdpkq;fisr; Nru;e;j mZf;fs; rpy gz;Gfspy; xj;jpUf;fpd;wd.

v.fh. INrhghh;fs; = (18Ar40, 20Ca40). 5. xU %yf;$wpy; cs;s mZf;fspd; tpfpjk; KOikahdJk; epu;zapf;fg;gl;lJk; MFk;. Mdhy;

mJ vspa tpfpjkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy. v.fh C12 H22 O11 – Rf;Nuh]; 6. khw;Wj; jdpkkhf;fy; Kiwapy; xU jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fis kw;nwhU jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fshf

khw;w KbAk;. 7. xU jdpkj;jpd; epiwia Mw;wyhf khw;w KbAk;.

,J Id;];Bd; rkd;ghL E =mc2 d; gb mikAk;.

2. mtfhl;Nuh tpjpg;gb %yf;$W epiwf;Fk; Mtp mlh;j;jpf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;igf; tUtpf;f. xg;G %yf;$W epiw:

xg;G %yf;$W epiw vd;gJ thA my;yJ Mtpapy; cs;s xU %yf;$wpd; epiwf;Fk; xU i`l;u[d; mZtpd; epiwf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; MFk;.

Mtp mlh;j;jp:

Mtp mlh;j;jp vd;gJ khwh ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; khwh mOj;jj;jpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l gUkDs;s xU Mtp my;yJ thAtpd; epiwf;Fk; mjw;F rkgUkDs;s i`l;u[dpd; epiwf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjkhFk;.

mNthnfl;Nuh tpjpapd; gb

i`l;u[d; <uZ %yf;$W Mjyhy;>

2 x Mtp mlh;j;jp = Mtp my;yJ thAtpd; xg;G %yf;$W epiw

2 x Mtp mlh;j;jp = xg;G %yf;$W epiw

3. fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpw;F Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fplTk;. m) 12.046 x 1023 mZf;fisf; nfhz;l jhkpuk;. M) 27.95 fp ,Uk;G. ,) 1.51 x 1023 %yf;$Wfisf; nfhz;l CO2

m. 12.046x1023 mZf;fisf; nfhz;l jhkpuk;



M. 27.95 fp ,Uk;G

,. 1.51x10

23 %yf;$Wfisf; nfhz;l CO2

4. nfhLf;fg;gl;l juTfspypUe;J gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; fpuhk; %yf;$W epiwiaf; fzf;fpLf. m) H2O M) CO2 ,) NaOH <)NO2 c) H2SO

jdpkk; FwpaPL mZ vz; epiw vz; i`l;u[d; H 1 1

fhh;gd; C 6 12

Mf;]p[d; O 8 16

iel;u[d; N 7 14

Nrhbak; Na 11 23

fe;jfk; S 16 32

m) H2O => 2(H) + 1(O) = 2 (1) + 1 (16) = 2+16 = 18 fpuhk;

M) CO2 => 1(C) + 2 (O) = 1(12) + 2 (16) = 12 + 32 = 44 fpuhk;

,) NaOH = 1(Na) + 1(O) + 1(H) = 1(23) + 1(16) + 1(1) = 23 + 16 + 1= 40 fpuhk;

<) NO2 = 1(N) + 2 (O) = 1(14) + 2(16) = 14 + 32 = 46 fpuhk;

c) H2SO4 = 2(H) + 1(S) + 4(O) = 2(1) + 1(32)+ 4 (16) = 2+ 32+ 64 =98 fpuhk;

5. gpd;tUk; ml;ltizia epug;Gf. jdpkk; mZepiw %yf;$W epiw mZf;fl;L vz;

FNshhpd; 35.5 71 XNrhd; 48 3 ry;gh; 32 8

jdpkk; mZepiw %yf;$W epiw mZf;fl;L vz; FNshhpd; 35.5 71 2 XNrhd; 16 48 3 ry;gh; 32 256 8

FNshupd; mZf;fl;L vz; = %yf;$W epiw / mZ epiw = 71 / 35.5 = 2 XNrhd; mZ epiw = %yf;$W epiw / mZf;fl;L vz; = 48 / 3 = 16 ry;gu; %yf;$W epiw = mZepiw x mZf;fl;L vz; = 32 x 8 = 256

6. 0.18 fpuhk; epiwAs;s xU Jsp ePhpy; cs;s ePh; %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLf. ePupd; fpuhk; %yf;$wpd; epiw = 18 fpuhk; 18 fpuhk; ePupy; cs;s %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if = 6.023 x 10

23 0.18 fpuhk; ePupy; cs;s %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if

= 6.023 x 1021

7. nfhLf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fspypUe;J Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. fhy;rpak; Mf;i]bd; tha;g;ghL CaO> fhy;rpaj;jpd; mZepiw 40> Mf;]p[dpd; mZepiw 16

kw;Wk; fhh;gdpd; mZepiw 12.

m) xU Nkhy; Ca (……) kw;Wk; xU Nkhy; Mf;]p[d; mZ (……) ,ize;J …… Nkhy; CaO (……) jUfpwJ.

M) xU Nkhy; Ca (……) xU Nkhy; C (……) kw;Wk; 3 Nkhy;fs; Mf;]p[d; mZ (……) ,ize;J xU Nkhy; CaCO3 (……) cUthfpwJ.



m) xU Nkhy; Ca (40fp) kw;Wk; xU Nkhy; Mf;]p[d; mZ (16fp) ,ize;J xU Nkhy; CaO (56fp) jUfpwJ.

M) xU Nkhy; Ca (40fp) xU Nkhy; C (12fp) kw;Wk; 3 Nkhy;fs; Mf;]p[d; mZ (48fp) ,ize;J xU Nkhy; CaCO3 (100fp) cUthfpwJ.

8. gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fpuhkpy; $Wf. m) 5 Nkhy;fs; ePh; M) 2 Nkhy;fs; mk;Nkhdpah ,) 2 Nkhy;fs; FSf;Nfh];.

m) 5 Nkhy;fs; ePh; - 5 x 18 = 90fp (ePupd; %yf;$W epiw H2O 2+16=18 fp) M) 2 Nkhy;fs; mk;Nkhdpah - 17 x 2 = 34fp (mk;Nkhdpah NH3 = 14 + 3 = 17) ,) 2 Nkhy;fs; FSf;Nfh];. 1 Nkhy; FSf;Nfh]; C6H12O6 => (6 x12) + (12x1) + (6x16)

= 72 + 12 + 96 = 180 fp 2 Nkhy; FSf;Nfh]; = 2 x 180 = 360 fp 9. mk;Nkhdpah> i`l;u[d; FNshiuL thATld; tpidGhpe;J ntz;zpw thAthd mk;Nkhdpak;

FNshiuilj; jUfpwJ. fz;zhbf; Fkpo; A-y; cs;s NH3 d; gUkd; fz;zhbf; Fkpo; B-y; cs;s HCI-d; gUkidg; Nghy; %d;W klq;F cs;sJ. nfhs;ssT = 67.2 ypl;lh;

m) fz;zhbf; Fkpo; A-y; cs;s mk;Nkhdpahtpd;

Nkhy; vz;zpf;if ahJ? M) milg;ghidj; jpwe;jTld; cUthFk; NH4Cl –d;

epiwiaf; fpuhkpy; fzf;fpLf. (mZ epiw N= 14, H=1, Cl =35.5)

,) tpid epiwTw;w gpd; vQ;rpapUf;Fk; thA vJ? <) ,t;tpidf;fhd Ntjpr;rkd;ghl;il vOJf.

m) A-y; cs;s mk;Nkhdpah Nkhy; vz;zpf;if = 3 (fhuzk;: 22.4yp gUkdpy; thA 1 Nkhy;. 3 klq;F gUkdpy; cs;s thA 3 Nkhy;) M) NH4 Cl => 14 + 4 (1) + 35.5 => 53.5 fpuhk;. ,) NH3 - mk;Nkhdpah (fhuzk;: xU gq;F thA tpidGupe;jgpd; 2 gq;F vQ;rpapUf;Fk;) <) NH3 + HCl NH4 Cl

10. iel;Nuh fpsprhpd; ntbkUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. ntbj;jy; tpidf;fhd rkd;ghL C3H5(NO3)3(l) 12CO2(g) + 10 H2O(l) + 6 N2(g) + O2(g) (mZepiw C= 12, H=1, N=14, O=16)

m) ,r;rkd;ghl;by; gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ? 1) iel;Nuh fpsprhpd; 2) cUthd thA %yf;$Wfs; M) xU Nkhy; iel;Nuh fpsprhpdpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; thA %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ? ,) xU Nkhy; iel;Nuh fpsprhpdpd; epiw ahJ?

rupnra;ag;gl;L rkd;nra;ag;gl;l rkd;ghL: 4C3H5(NO3)3 (l) 12CO2 (g) + 10 H2O (g) + 6 N2 (g) + O2 (g)

m) 1. iel;Nuh fpsprupd; Nkhy; vz;zpf;if - 4 2. cUthd thA %y$Wfspd; Nkhy; vz;zpf;if CO2 (12) + H2O (10) + N2(6) + O2(1) = 29 (ntbf;Fk;NghJ ePu; MtpahfptpLk; vd;gjhy;)

H2O-I ePu;kk; vd nfhz;lhy; CO2 (12) + N2(6) + O2(1) = 19 M) xU Nkhy; iel;Nuh fpspruPdpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; thA %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if 4 Nkhy; iel;Nuh fpsprupdpypUe;J fpilg;gJ 12 +10+ 6 + 1 =29

1 Nkhy; iel;Nuh fpsprupdpypUe;J fpilg;gJ 29 / 4 = 7.25 Nkhy; ,) xU Nkhy; iel;Nuh fpsprupdpd; epiw C3H5(NO3)3 => C3H5N3O9

= (12x3) + (1x5) + (14x3) + (16x9) = 36 + 5 + 42 + 144 = 227 fp xU Nkhy; iel;Nuh fpsprupdpd; epiw 227 fp



11. Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl;il ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ gpd;tUkhW rpijtilfpwJ. 2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 m) ,r; rkd;ghl;by; vj;jid Nkhy;fs; Nrhbak; ig

fhh;gNdl; cs;sJ? M) Nrhbak; igfhh;gNdl;bd; epiw ahJ? ,) ,r; rkd;ghl;by; vj;jid Nkhy;fs; fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L cs;sJ?

m) Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl; 2 Nkhy;fs; M) Nrhbak; igfhh;gNdl;bd; epiw: Na (23) + H (1) + C(12) + O3 (3x16)

= 23 + 1 + 12 + 48 = 84 fp vdNt %yf;R$W epiw 84 fp Nrhbak; igfhh;gNdl;bd; epiw = Nkhy; vz;zpf;if x %yf;$W epiw = 2 x 84 = 168 fp. ,) fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L 1 Nkhy;

12. *100 fpuhk; fhy;rpak; 174 fpuhk; fhy;rpak; Mf;i]bypUe;J gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ? (mZepiw Ca= 40, O=16) m) 174 fpuhk; fhy;rpak; Mf;irby; cs;s Mf;]p[dpd; epiw ahJ? M) ,jpYs;s Mf;]p[dpd; mZf;fspd; Nkhy; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLf. ,) 100 fpuhk; fhy;rpaj;jpYs;s fhy;rpak; mZf;fspd; Nkhy; vz;zpf;if ahJ? <) 1000fpuhk; fhy;rpak; Mf;irbypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fhy;rpaj;jpd; epiwiaf; fzf;fpLf.

m) 174 fpuhk; fhy;rpak; Mf;irby; cs;s Mf;]p[dpd; epiw fzf;fPL fhy;rpak; Mf;irL epiw = 174 fp fhy;rpaj;jpd; epiw = 100 fp vdNt Mf;]p[dpd; epiw = 174-100 = 74 fp M) Mf;]p[dpd; mZf;fspd; Nkhy; vz;zpf;if fzf;fPL: Nkhy; vz;zpf;if = Mf;rp[dpd; epiw / Mf;rp[d; mZepiw = 74 /16 = 4.62 Nkhy;fs; ,) 100 fpuhk; fhy;rpaj;jpYs;s fhy;rpak; mZf;fspd; Nkhy; vz;zpf;if Nkhy; vz;zpf;if = Mf;rp[dpd; epiw / Mf;rp[d; mZepiw = 100 /40 = 2.5 Nkhy; <) 1000 fpuhk; fhy;rpak; Mf;irbypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fhy;rpaj;jpd; epiw: 174 fp fhy;rpak; Mf;irbypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fhy;rpak; 100 fp 1000 fp fhy;rpak; Mf;irbypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fhy;rpak;

= 574.7 fp

13. gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fpuhk; myfpy; $Wf. m) 1 Nkhy; FNshhpd; %yf;$W> Cl2 M) 4 Nkhy;fs; xNrhd; %yf;$Wfs;> O3

,) 2 Nkhy;fs; ry;gh; %yf;$Wfs;> S8 <) 2 Nkhy;fs; iel;u[d; %yf;$Wfs;> N2

m) 1 Nkhy; FNshhpd; %yf;$W> Cl2 Cl2 => 2 x 35.5 => 71 fp

M) 4 Nkhy;fs; xNrhd; %yf;$Wfs;> O3

xU Nkhy; O3 => jdpkepiw x mZ vz;zpf;if => 16 x 3 = 48

4 Nkhy; O3 => 48 x 4 = 192 fp

,) 2 Nkhy;fs; ry;gh; %yf;$Wfs;> S8

1 Nkhy; S8-d; epiw = 32 x 8 = 256 2 Nkhy; S8-d; epiw = 256 x 2 = 512 fpuhk;

<) 2 Nkhy;fs; iel;u[d; %yf;$Wfs;> N2 1 Nkhy; N2-d; epiw = 14 x 2 = 28 2 Nkhy; N2-d; epiw = 28 x 2 = 56 fpuhk;



14. gpd;tUk; mZf;fspd; Nkhy; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLf. m) 2fp iel;u[d; M) 23fp Nrhbak; ,) 40fp fhy;rpak; <) 1.4fp ypj;jpak; c) 32fp ry;gh;

m) 2fp iel;u[d; - Nkhy; vz;zpf;if = jdpk epiw / mZ epiw = 2 / 14 = 0.142 Nkhy;

M) 23fp Nrhbak; - Nkhy; vz;zpf;if = jdpk epiw / mZ epiw = 23 / 23 = 1 Nkhy;

,) 40fp fhy;rpak; - Nkhy; vz;zpf;if = jdpk epiw / mZ epiw = 40 / 40 = 1 Nkhy;

<) 1.4fp ypj;jpak; - Nkhy; vz;zpf;if = jdpk epiw / mZ epiw = 1.4 / 7 = 0.2 Nkhy;

c) 32fp ry;gh; - Nkhy; vz;zpf;if = jdpk epiw / mZ epiw = 32 / 32 = 1 Nkhy;

tpdh vz;: 51f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (fhHgDk; mjd; NrHkq;fSk;;;)

1. nfhLf;fg;gl;l ml;ltizapy; Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis jFe;j %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;lhy; epug;gTk;. ([_d;2014) vz; my;Nfd; my;fPd; my;ifd; 1. C2H6

<j;Njd; ______ <j;jPd;

C2H2 <j;ijd;

2. ___________ GNuhg;Ngd;

C3H6 GNuhg;gPd;

___________ GNuhg;igd;

3. C4H10 gpA+l;Nld;

C4 H8 gpA+l;Bd;

___________ gpA+l;ild;

vz; my;Nfd; my;fPd; my;ifd; 1. C2H6

<j;Njd; C2H4 <j;jPd;

C2H2 <j;ijd;

2. C3H8 GNuhg;Ngd;

C3H6 GNuhg;gPd;

C3H4

GNuhg;igd; 3. C4H10

gpA+l;Nld; C4 H8

gpA+l;Bd; C4H6

gpA+l;ild;

2. gbthpirahdJ xNu thpirr; Nrh;kq;fspd; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fk; jd;ikAilaJ. ,f;$w;iwg; gbthpirapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; %yk; tpsf;Ff. 1) gbthpirapYs;s mLj;jLj;j cWg;Gfspd; nghJ tpj;jpahrk; CH2. 2) mLj;jLj;j cWg;Gfspd; %yf;$W epiw tpj;jpahrk; 14 amu. 3) xU gbtupirapy; cs;s midj;Jr; Nru;kq;fSk; xNu tifj; jdpkq;fisAk;> tpidj;

njhFjpfisAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. 4) gbthpirapYs;s midj;J cWg;GfisAk; xNu nghJtha;g;ghl;lhy; Fwpf;fyhk;.

c.k;. my;Nfd; CnH2n+2 my;fPd; CnH2n my;ifd; CnH2n-2

5) %yf;$W epiw mjpfhpg;igg; nghWj;J Nru;kq;fspd; ,aw;gz;Gfs; xOq;fhd Kiwapy; khw;wkilfpd;wd.

6) vy;yh Nrh;kq;fSk;> xj;j Ntjptpidfspy; <LgLfpd;wd. 7) vy;yh Nrh;kq;fisAk; xNu nghJthd Kiwapy; jahhpf;f KbAk;.

3. gpd;tUtdtw;wpd; nghJg;ngah; kw;Wk; IUPAC ngah;fis vOJf. (khur;2013> Vg;2014)

m) CH3 CH2CHO M) CH3 COCH3 ,) <) CH3 COOH c) HCHO

Nrh;kq;fs; nghJg;ngah; IUPAC ngah; m) CH3-CH2-CHO Gnuhg;gpNahdhy;bi`L Gnuhg;gNdy; M) CH3-CO-CH3 il nkj;jpy; fPl;Nlhd; (mrpl;Nlhd;) Gnuhg;gNdhd; ,) CH3-CH-CH3

OH

INrh Gnuhg;igy; My;f`hy; 2- Gnuhg;gdhy;

<) CH3COOH mrpl;bf; mkpyk; vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; c) HCHO ghh;khy;bi`L nkj;jNdy;



4. NkYs;s glj;ijg; ghh;j;J gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f. m) ituKk; fpuhigl;Lk; vd;d tbtikg;igg; ngw;Ws;sd.? M) ituk; Vd; ntl;Lk; fUtpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ? ,) kpd; Rw;Wfspy; Vd; fpuhigl; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ? <) fpuhigl;bd; kpUJj;jd;ikf;Ff; fhuzkhd tpir vJ? c) cq;fSf;Fj; njhpe;j tpiy cah;e;j ituk; vJ? mjd; ep;iwiaf;

fpuhkpy; $Wf?

m) ituk; - ehd;Kfp mikg;G fpuhigl; - mWNfhz mikg;G M) ituk; cyfpd; kpff;fbdkhd nghUs;. fbdj;jd;ik fhuzkhf mJ fz;zhb Nghd;w

nghUl;fis ntl;Lk; fUtpahf gad;gLfpwJ. ,) fpuhigl; jd; gpizg;Gwh vyf;l;uhd;fisf; nfhz;L kpd;rhuj;ijf; flj;Jk;. ,jdhy; ,J

kpd;Rw;Wfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. <) thz;lh;thy;]; tpir c) Nfh`pD}h; ituk; - 21.68 fpuhkk; (10.5 Nful;)

5. CnH2n+2 vd;gJ i`l;Nuh fhh;gd;fspd; gb thpir Nrh;kq;fspd; nghJthd %yf;$W tha;ghlhFk;. m) ,e;j gbthpir epiwTw;wjh? my;yJ epiwTwhjjh? M) Nkw;$wpa gbthpirapd; ngaiuAk;

,uz;L fhh;gd; mZf;fisf; nfhz;l Nrh;kj;jpd; ngaiuAk;> %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilAk; vOJf. ,) ,e;j gbthpirapy; Kjy; Nrh;kj;jpd; %yf;$W mikg;ig tiuf. <) tiuaW- gbthpir

Nrh;kq;fs;. ,e;jg; gb thpirapYs;s mLj;jLj;j Nrh;kq;fs; vg;NghJ njhFjpapy; NtWgLfpd;wd? c) n- gpA+l;Nld;> n- ngd;Nld; Mfpatw;wpd; %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;il vOJf.

m) epiwTw;wJ. M) gbtupirapd; ngau; - My;Nfd; ,uz;L fhu;gd; mZf;fisf; nfhz;l Nru;kk;: <j;Njd; - CH3CH3

,) H

C

H H H <) 1) gbtupirr; Nru;kq;fs; tiuaiu: xNu nghJthd %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilAk; xj;j

Ntjpg;gz;GfisAk; nfhz;l xNu njhFjp my;yJ xNu tifapy; cs;s fupkr;Nru;kq;fs; gbtupir Nru;kq;fs; MFk;.

2) gbtupirapy; cs;s mLj;jLj;j Nru;kq;fs; CH2 vd;w njhFjpahy; NtWgLk;. c) n gpA+l;Nld; %yf;$W tha;g;ghL: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 n ngd;Nld; %yf;$W tha;g;ghL: CH3-CH2-CH2- CH2 -CH3

6. vj;jdhiy mjpfg;gbahd mlh; fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; 443 K ntg;gepiyapy; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> m) mjpy; eilngWk; tpid ahJ? M) mt;tpidf;fhd rkd;ghl;il vOJf. ,) ,t;tpidapy;

cUthFk; tpisnghUs; ahJ? ,t;thAit GNuhkpd; ePUld; nrYj;Jk;NghJ vd;d epfo;fpwJ? <) vj;jdhy; thAit GNuhkpd; ePhpy; nrYj;Jk;NghJ ve;j khw;wKk epfo;tjpy;iy Vd;?

m) vj;jdhiy mjpfg;gbahd mlu; fe;jf mkpyj;Jld; ntg;gepiyapy; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ ePh; ePf;fk; eilngw;W vj;jdhy; <j;jPd; MfpwJ.

M) mlu; H2SO4

CH3CH2OH CH2 = CH2 + H2O

(vj;jdhy;) 443K (<j;jPd;)

,) tpidapy; cUthFk; tpisnghUs;: <j;jPd; ,t;thAit GNuhkpd; ePupy; nrYj;Jk;NghJ GNuhkpd; jd; epwj;ij ,of;fpwJ. (nghJthf epiwTwh i`l;Nuh fhu;gd;fis GNuhkpdpy; nrYj;j epwk; ,of;fg;gLk;) <) vj;jdhy; xU epiwTw;w Nrh;kk;. epiwTw;w i`l;Nuhfhu;gd;fis GNuhkpd; ePu;kj;jpy;

nrYj;Jk;NghJ epwkhw;wk; Vw;glhJ.

7. ml;ltizia epug;Gf. %yf;$W tha;g;ghL nghJg;ngah; IUPAC ngah; CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

ilkPj;ijy;fPl;Nlhd; GNuhg;gNdy; HCOOH

gpA+l;lNdhd;



%yf;$W tha;g;ghL nghJg;ngah; IUPAC ngah; CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH n – gpA+l;ily; My;f`hy; 1 gpA+l;ldhy; CH3 - CO - CH3 ilkPj;ijy; fPl;Nlhd; GNuhg;gNdhd; CH3 - CH2 - CHO GNuhg;gpadhy;bi`L GNuhg;gNdy; H-COOH ghh;kpf; mkpyk; nkj;jdhapf; mkpyk; CH3 - CH2-CO-CH3 vj;jpy; nkj;jpy; fPl;Nlhd; gpA+l;lNdhd;

8. vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; vd;gJ CnH2n+1COOH vd;w nghJ tha;g;ghl;il cila gbthpir Nrh;kq;fspy; Xh; cWg;gpdH. m) ,J ve;j tifahd gbthpir Nrh;kk;? mjd; tpidnray; njhFjpia vOJf. M) vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;jpd; %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilAk; nghJg;ngaiuAk; Fwpg;gpLf. ,) ,r;Nrh;kk; vj;jdhYld; mlh; fe;jf mkpyj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; tpidGhpAk;NghJ ,dpa kzKila Nrh;kk cUthfpwJ. ,t;tpidf;fhd rkd;ghl;ilAk;> cUthFk; tpis nghUspd; ngaiuAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

<) vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; fhh;gNdl;LfSld; tpidGhpAk;NghJ ntspg;gLk; thA vJ? c) Nkw;fz;l tpidf;fhd rkd;nra;ag;gl;l rkd;ghl;il vOJf. C) khq;fha; CWfha; jahhpf;Fk; NghJ mJ ePz;l ehl;fs; nflhky; ghJfhg;gjw;F cq;fsJ ghl;b Nrh;f;Fk; Nrh;kk; vJ?

m) fhh;ghf;]pypf; mkpy gbtupir tpidnray; njhFjp - COOH M) %yf;$W tha;g;ghL CH3COOH nghJg;ngau;: mrpl;bf; mkpyk ,)

cUthFk; tpisnghUs; vj;jpy; vj;jNdhNal; my;yJ v];lu; <) fhu;gd;-il-Mf;i]L CO2

c) Nrhbak; fhu;gNdl;Lld; tpid: 2 CH3 COOH + Na2 CO3 2 CH3 COONa + CO2 + H2O Nrhbak; ig fhu;gNdl;Lld; tpid: CH3 COOH + NaHCO3 CH3 COONa + CO2 + H2O C) tpdpfh;

9. m) A kw;Wk; B iaf; fz;lwpf. M) Mw;wy; My;f`hy; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

gad; xd;W jUf. ,) vj;jdhYld; vijr; Nrh;j;jhy; ,ay;Gj;jd;ik

,oe;j My;f`hy; cUthFk;? <) ,ay;Gj;jd;ik ,oe;j My;f`hypd; gad; ahJ?

m) A - nkj;jdhy; fye;j rhuak; B - vhprhuak; M) ngl;Nuhy; kw;Wk; vj;jdhy; fye;j fyit Mw;wy; My;f`hy; vdg;gLfpwJ. Nghf;Ftuj;J thfdq;fspy; vupnghUshf ,J gad;gLfpwJ. ,) gphpbd; Nru;j;jhy; ,ay;Gj;jd;ik ,oe;j My;f`hy; cUthFk;. <) 1) fz;zhbg;nghUl;fis Rj;jk; nra;Ak; jputkhfTk; 2) efg;G+r;RfspYk; 3) kur;rhkd;fspy; ,Lk; ghyp\;fspYk; 4) ,q;f; ngapz;L fiwfis Rj;jk; nra;Ak; jputkhfTk; gad;gLfpwJ

10. gpd;tUk; NtjptpidfSf;F rhpahd %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L rkd; nra;ag;gl;l rkd;ghl;il vOJf. m) epf;fy; tpidA+f;fpapd; Kd;dpiyapy; <j;jPd; i`l;u[Dld; tpid. M) kPj;Njd; vhpjy; tpidapd; NghJ fhh;gd; il Mf;irL kw;Wk; ePiuAk; jUfpwJ. ,) vj;jdhypd; i`l;u[d; ePf;f tpid. <) vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;jpd; Nrhbak; cg;gpd; fhh;ghf;]py; ePf;f tpid.

m) epf;fy; tpidA+f;fpapd; Kd;dpiyapy; <j;jPd; i`l;u[Dld; tpid.

M) kPj;Njd; vhpjy; tpid:

,) vj;jdhypd; i`l;u[d; ePf;f tpid



<) vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;jpd; Nrhbak; cg;gpd; fhh;ghf;]py; ePf;f tpid. vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;jpd; Nrhbak; cg;ig Nrhlh Rz;zhk;NghL Nru;j;J R+lhf;f kPj;Njd;

thA cUthfpwJ.

11. glj;ijg; ghh;j;J vd;d epfo;fpwJ vdf; fz;lwpf. cq;fsJ gjpiy rhpahf tpsf;Fk; rkd;ghl;il vOJf. m) A apypUe;J B vt;thW cUthfpwJ?

M) mrpl;bf; mkpyj;ijf; fhh;gNdl; cg;Gld; tpidgLj;Jk;

NghJ vd;d epfOk;? ,t;tpidapy; cUthFk; thA vJ? mt;thAit Rz;zhk;G ePhpy; nrYj;jpdhy; vd;d epfOk;?

,) ,q;F eilngWk; tpidia tpsf;Ff.

m) vj;jdhiyf; fhuk; fye;j nghl;lhrpak; ngukhq;fNdl; my;yJ mkpyk; fye;j nghl;lhrpak; il FNuhNkl; fiuriyf;nfhz;L Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;J vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;ij jahupf;fyhk;

M) mrpl;bf; mkpyj;ij fhu;gNdl; cg;Gf;fSld; tpidGupar;nra;jhy; i) Eiuj;jy; nghq;Fk; ii) ,t;tpidapy; cUthFk; thA – fhu;gd; il Mf;irL (CO2) iii) ,t;thAit Rz;zhk;G ePupy; nrYj;jpdhy; Rz;zhk;G ePu; ghy; Nghy khWk;

eilngWk; tpid: 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + CO2↑ + H2O

,) vj;jdhy; vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;Jld; mlu; fe;jf mkpyj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; tpidGupe;J vj;jpy; vj;jNdhNal;-I jUfpwJ

12. fhpkr;Nrh;kq;fs; A kw;Wk; B Mfpait C2H6O vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l khw;wpa mikg;Gfs;. khw;wpa mikg;G A Nrhbak; cNyhfj;Jld; i`l;u[d; thAit ntspNaw;WfpwJ. Mdhy; B ,t;tpid Ghptjpy;iy. ‘A’ MdJ mrpl;bf; mkpyj;Jld; mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpidGhpe;J gor;rhwpd; kzKila C vd;w Nrh;kj;ij jUfpwJ. vdpy; khw;wpa mikg;Gfs; A,B,C Nrh;kj;ijf fz;lwpf.

‘A’ MdJ mrpl;bf; mkpyj;Jld; mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpidGhpe;J gor;rhwpd; kzKila C vd;w Nrh;kj;ij jUfpwJ. vdpy;

A vd;gJ vj;jdhy; C vd;gJ vj;jpy; vj;jNdhNal; (gor;rhw;wpd; kzk; nfhz;lJ)



A-d; khw;wpak; il nkj;jpy; <ju; (CH3-O-CH3) il nkj;jpy; <ju; Nrhbaj;Jld; tpid Guptjpy;iy.

Mdhy; vj;jdhy; Nrhbaj;Jld; tpidGupe;J i`l;u[d; thAitj; jUfpwJ.

vdNt A vd;gJ vj;jdhy; my;yJ vj;jpy; My;f`hy; : CH3-CH2-OH

B vd;gJ il-nkj;jpy; <ju; : CH3-O-CH3 C vd;gJ vj;jpy; vj;jNdhNal; : CH3-COO-C2H5

13. C2H6O vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghL cs;s fhpkr;Nrh;kq;fs; A cNyhf Nrhbaj;Jld; i`l;u[d;

thAit ntspNaw;WfpwJ.NkYk; A mlh; H2SO4 cld; 410 K ntg;gepiyapy; tpidGhpe;J C4H10O vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l Nrh;kk; B Ij; jUfpwJ. NkYk; A mlh; H2SO4 cld; 440K ntg;gepiyapy; tpidGhpe;J C2H4 vd;w tha;g;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l Nrh;kk; C Ij; jUfpwJ. Nrh;kk; C GNuhkpd; ePiu epwkw;wjhf;FfpwJ. A, B, C If; fz;lwpf.

1) Nrhbaj;Jld; tpidGupe;J i`l;u[d; thAit ntspNaw;Wk; C2H6O vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;il nfhz;l Nru;kk; vj;jdhy; (A)

2) vj;jdhy; (A) mlh; H2SO4 cld; 410 K ntg;gepiyapy; tpidGhpe;J C4H10O vd;w

%yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l Nrh;kk; il-vj;jpy; <j;ju; (B) Ij; jUfpwJ.

3) NkYk; vj;jdhy; (A) mlh; H2SO4 cld; 440K ntg;gepiyapy; tpidGhpe;J C2H4

vd;w tha;g;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l Nrh;kk; <j;jPid (C) jUfpwJ.

4) <j;jPd; (C) epiwTwh i`l;Nuh fhu;gd; vd;gjhy; GNuhkpd; ePiu epwkw;wjhf;FfpwJ.

vdNt A – vj;jdhy; C2H5OH

B – il-vj;jpy; <j;ju; C2H5OC2H5 C – <j;jPd; CH2=CH2

14. C2H4O2 vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l fhpkr;Nrh;kk; A Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl; fiurYld; Eiuj;Jg; nghq;Fjiy epfo;j;JfpwJ. A d; Nrhbak; cg;ig Nrhlh Rz;zhk;Gld;

#LgLj;Jk; NghJ %yf;$W epiw 16 nfhz;l my;Nfd; gb thpiriar; rhh;e;j Kjy; Nrh;kkhd i`l;Nuh fhh;gd; B Ij; jUfpwJ. A, B If; fz;lwpf. vj;jdhypypUe;J Ait vt;thW jahhpg;gPh;fs;?

1) Nrhbak; ig fhu;gNdl;Lld; Eiuj;Jg; nghq;;Fjiy epfo;j;Jk; Nru;kk; vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; (A) CH3 COOH + NaHCO3 CH3 COONa + CO2 + H2O

2) vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;jpd; (A) Nrhbak; cg;ig Nrhlh Rz;zhk;Gld; #LgLj;Jk; NghJ %yf;$W epiw 16 nfhz;l my;Nfd; gb thpiriar; rhh;e;j Kjy; Nrh;kkhd i`l;Nuh fhh;gd; kPj;Njd; (B) Ij; jUfpwJ.

vdNt A – vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; CH3 COOH

B – kPj;Njd; CH4



,aw;gpay; muRj;Nju;tpy; vOj Ntz;baJ: tpdh vz;: 52 (,af;f tpjpfSk;; <Hg;gpaYk;;) my;yJ tpdh vz;: 53 (kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; fhe;jtpisT)

tpdh vz;: 52f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (,af;f tpjpfSk;; <Hg;gpaYk;;)

1. m) tpz;ntsp tPuu;fs; tpz;ntsp epiyaq;fspy;> ePz;lehs; jq;Ftjhy; kdpj clypy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis Muha;tjw;fhfNt> tpz;ntsp epiyaq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;$w;wpid epahag;gLj;Jf. M) F = Gm1m2 / d

2 vd;gJ epa+l;ldpd; <u;g;gpay; tpjpapd; fzpj tbtk;. G

<u;g;gpay; khwpyp> m1m2 vd;gJ epiwfs;. d nghUs;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT vdpy;> epA+l;ldpd; <u;g;gpay; tpjpapid vOJf.

m) tpz;ntspapy; fhzg;gLk; 1) kpff;Fiwe;j kWRow;rp tPjk; 2) mjpf fjph;tPr;R> 3) Fiwe;j <h;g;G tpir Mfpait kdpj clypy; tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,J kdpjd; tpz;ntspapy; jq;Fk; fhyj;ijf; Fiwj;J> mnrsfhpaj;ijAk; ePz;l ehs; cly; ey ghjpg;igAk; jUfpd;wJ. vdNt tpz;ntspepiyaq;fs; ePz;lehs; tpz;ntspapy; jq;Ftjhy; kdpj clypy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis Muhag; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

M) mz;lj;jpYs;s xt;nthU nghUSk; kw;w nghUs;fis mtw;wpd; epiwfspd; ngUf;fw;gyDf;F Neh;jftpYk; ,ilj;njhiytpd; ,Ukbf;F vjph;jftpYk; mike;j tpirAld; <h;f;Fk;.

2. m) epA+l;ldpd; Kjy; ,af;f tpjp tpirapd; gz;ig tpsf;FfpwJ. ,f;$w;iw epahag;gLj;Jf. M) 10 fp.fp.> 20 fp.fp. epiwAs;s nghUs;fs; KiwNa 10 ms

-1,

4ms-1

Ntfj;jpy; nry;tijg; glk; fhl;LfpwJ. mit Nkhjpf;nfhs;fpd;wd. Nkhjypd; NghJ mit njhl;Lf;nfhs;Sk; Neuk; 2 tpdhbfs;. NkhjYf;fg;gpd; mit KiwNa 12ms

-1, 4ms

-1 Ntfj;jpy; nry;fpd;wd vdpy;

F1, F2 ,tw;iwf; fhz;f.

m) rkkw;w Gwtpirnahd;W nray;gl;L khw;Wk; tiu ve;j xU nghUSk; jdJ Xa;T epiyiaNah my;yJ xNu Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mike;j rPuhd ,af;f epiyiaNah khw;wpf;nfhs;shky; njhlh;e;J mNj epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;.

v.fh1: Nkirapy; cs;s Gj;jfk; tpir nray;glhjtiu Xa;Tepiyia khw;wpf;nfhs;tjpy;iy.

v.fh2: ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s nghUs; tpiria (jilia) nray;gLj;Jk; tiu ,af;fepiyapNyNa ,Uf;fpwJ. (fhw;W> GtpaPu;g;G tpir> jiuf;Fk; nghUSf;Fk; ,ilNa cuha;Ttpir Nghd;wit ,y;iy vdf; nfhs;f)

M)

m1 = 10kg m2 = 20kg

u1 = 10ms-1

u2 = 5ms-1

v1 = 12ms-1

v2 = 4ms-1

t = 2s

F1 = m2(v2− u2)

𝑡 =

20(4− 5)

2 =

20(− 1)

2 =

−20

2 = -10N

F2 = m1(v1− u1)

𝑡 =

10(12−10)

2 =

10 X 2

2 =

20

2 = 10N

F1 = -10N F2 = 10N

/ F1 = - F2 Xt;nthU tpidf;Fk; mjw;Fr; rkkhd Mdhy; vjpu;jpirapy; nray;gLtJkhd vjpu;tpid

cz;L vd;w epA+l;ldpd; %d;whk; tpjpia ,J ep&gpf;fpwJ.

3. xU 5N tpirahdJ Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s 2.5 fp.fp. epiwapd; kPJ nray;gl;L mjid Neu;f;Nfhl;by; KLf;Ftpf;fpwJ vdpy; m) epiwapd; KLf;fk; vd;d? M) me;j epiwia 20 kP efu;j;jj; Njitg;gLk; Neuk; vd;d? ,) 3 tpdhbfSf;Fg;gpd; mjd; jpirNtfj;ijf; fhz;f.



m) F = 5N m = 2.5 a = ?

F = ma my;yJ ma = F vdNt a = 𝐹

𝑚 =

5

2.5 = 2 ms

-2

M) s = 20m t =?

s = ut + ½ at2

20 = 0 x t + ½ x 2 x t2

20 = 0 + 1 t2

20 = t2 vdNt t = 20 = 4.47 tp

,) %d;W tpdhbfSf;Fg; gpwF mjd; Ntfk;: v = u + at

= 0 + 2 x 3 = 6 m/s

4. ce;j moptpd;ik tpjpia vOJ. xNu ,lj;jpypUe;J Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpd; Nky; 2 gpy;ypad; kf;fs; 4 kPtp-1 vd;w Ntfj;jpy; Fjpf;fpwhu;fs;. Gtpapd; epiw 6 x 10

24 fp.fp. xU kdpjdpd; ruhrup epiw 60 fp.fp. vdpy;> m) midj;J kf;fspd; nkhj;j ce;jk; vd;d? M) Gtpapy; ,e;epfo;tpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisT vd;d?

ce;j moptpd;ik tpjp: rkkw;w Gw tpirfs; nray;glhj tiu XH mikg;gpd; nkhj;j ce;jk; khwhJ vd;gJ ce;j moptpd;ik tpjp MFk;.

m) xU kdpjdpd; epiw 60 fpfp vdpy; 2 gpy;ypad; kf;fspd; epiw = 60 x 2000000000 = 120 x 10

9 ce;jk; = m x v = 120 x 10

9 x 4 = 480 x 10

9 kg ms

-1

M) nkhj;j kf;fspd; epiw 120 x 109 Mdhy; Gtpapd; nkhj;j epiw 6 x 10

24 fp.fp. nkhj;j kf;fspd; epiwia Gtpapd; epiwNahL xg;gpLifapy; kf;fspd; epiw kpfkpff;

FiwT. vdNt ,e;epfo;tpdhy; Gtpapy; ve;j khw;wKk; Vw;glhJ.

5. epA+l;ldpd; <u;g;Gtpjpia vOJf. Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpd; Nky; <u;g;G KLf;fj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghl;il jUf. ,uz;L thd;nghUs;fspd; <u;g;G KLf;fj;jpd; tpfpjk; 1: 4 kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; Muq;fspd; tpfpjk; 1:3 vdpy;> mtw;wpd; epiwfspd; jfT vd;d?

epA+l;ldpd; <u;g;G tpjp: “mz;lj;jpYs;s xt;nthU nghUSk; kw;w nghUs;fis mtw;wpd; epiwfspd;

ngUf;fw;gyDf;F Neu;jftpYk; mtw;Wf;F ,ilNa cs;s njhiytpd; ,Ukbf;F vjpu;jftpYk; mike;j tpirAld; <u;f;Fk;. NkYk; mt;tpirahdJ ,U nghUs;fspd; ikaq;fis ,izf;Fk; Nfhl;bd; topNa nray;gLk;.

epA+l;ld; <u;g;gpay; rkd;ghL F α 𝑚1 𝑚2

𝑑2 my;yJ F = 𝐺𝑚1𝑚2

𝑑2

(,q;F G - <u;g;gpay; khwpyp m1 m2 - ,UnghUl;fspd; epiwfs; d - ,ilNa cs;s njhiyT)

Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; GtpaPu;g;G KLf;fj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghL:

g = 𝑮𝑴

𝑹𝟐 (,q;F G - <u;g;gpay; khwpyp M - Gtpapd; epiw R - Gtpapd; Muk;)

,uz;L thd;nghUs;fs; fzf;fPL: ,uz;L nghUl;fspd; <u;g;G KLf;f tpfpjk; g1 : g2 = 1 : 4

Muq;fspd; tpfpjk; R1 : R2 = 1 : 3

g = 𝑮𝑴

𝑹𝟐 (,q;F G - <u;g;gpay; khwpyp M – thd;nghUspd; epiw R – thd;nghUspd; Muk;)

𝒈𝟏 = 𝑮𝑴𝟏

𝑹𝟏𝟐 vdNt M1 =

𝒈𝟏𝑹𝟏𝟐

𝑮

𝒈𝟐 = 𝑮𝑴𝟐

𝑹𝟐𝟐 vdNt M2 =

𝒈𝟐𝑹𝟐𝟐

𝑮

𝑀1

𝑀2 =


𝑮 /


𝑮 =



= 𝒈𝟏

𝒈𝟐 x

𝑹𝟏𝟐

𝑹𝟐𝟐

= 1

4 x

12

32 = 1

4 x

1

9 =

1

36 vdNt thd;nghUl;fspd; epiwfspd; jfT 1 : 36



6. mikjp epiyapy; cs;s> 3 fp.fp. epiwAs;s Fz;L ntbj;J 2fp.fp kw;Wk; 1fp.fp vd ,uz;L gFjpfshfr; rpjWfpwJ. 2 fp.fp epiwnfhz;l nghUs; 3 kPtp-1 vd;w jpirNtfj;jpy; nrd;why; 1fp.fp. epiw nfhz;l nghUspd; jpirNtfj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.

mikjp epiyapy; cs;sNghJ m=3 fpfp u=0 kPtp-1 ntbg;Gf;Fg; gpd; m1 = 2 fp.fp v1 = 3 kPtp-1 m2 = 1 fp.fp v2 = ?

ce;jkhwh Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb NkhjYf;F Kd;Ds;s ce;jk; NkhjYf;Fg; gpd; cs;s nkhj;j ce;jj;jpw;Fr; rkk;

mu = m1v1 + m2 v2

3 x 0 = 2 x 3 +1 x v2

0 = 6 + v2

6 + v2 = 0

v2 = - 6 ms-1

vdNt 1 fp.fp epiwAs;s nghUs; - 6 ms-1 Ntfj;jpy; nry;Yk;.

vjpu; jpirapy; nry;tjhy; vjpu;Fwp ,lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

7. 60 fp.fp kw;Wk; 50fp.fp. vilAs;s ,U gdpr;rWf;F tPuu;fs; xU fapw;wpd; ,U Kidfisg; gpbj;Js;sdu;. fapwhdJ tpiwg;ghf cs;sJ. 60 fp.fp. vilAs;s xUtd; 20N tpirapy; fapw;iw ,Of;fpwhd; vdpy;> kWgf;fj;jpy; cs;s tpisahl;L tPuu; fapw;wpdhy; czUk; tpir ahJ? ,UtUila KLf;fj;jpd; kjpg;G ahJ?

m) epA+l;ldpd; %d;whk; ,af;f tpjpg;gb 60 fp.fp. vilAs;s xUtd; 20N tpirapy; fapw;iw ,Oj;jhy; kWgf;fj;jpy; cs;s tpisahl;L tPuu; mNj 20N tpiria fapw;wpy; czUthu;.

M) ,Utupd; KLf;fj;jpw;fhd fzf;fPL: m1 = 60 mg m2 = 50 kg F1 = 20N F2 = 20N

F1 = m1 a1 my;yJ m1 a1 = F1

a1 = 𝐹1

𝑚1 =

20

60 =

20

60 =

1

3 = 0.3333

Kjyhktupd; KLf;fk; 0.333 kPtp-2

a2 = 𝐹2

𝑚2 =

20

50 =

20

50 =

2

5 = 0.4

,uz;lhktupd; KLf;fk; 0.4 kPtp-2

tpdh vz;: 53f;F gbf;f Ntz;ba tpdhf;fs; - (kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; fhe;j tpisTk; xspapaYk;;)

1

m) gLfjph; M) tpyFfjph; ,) kPs;fjph; <) tpyFNfhzk; c) jpir khw;wf; Nfhzk; C) tpLNfhzk;

i) nfhLf;fg;gl;l glj;jpid tiue;J> nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghfq;fisg; glj;jpy; Fwpf;fTk; ii) ituj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; 2.42. xspapd; jpirNtfj;ijg; nghUj;J> ,r;nrhw;nwhlhpd; nghUs; ahJ?

(khu;r;2013> [{d; 2013>14) i)

gLfjph; PE tpyFfjph; EF kPs;fjph; FS tpyFNfhzk; r jpir khw;wf; Nfhzk; d tpLNfhzk; e

ii) ituj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; µ = 2.42 fhw;wpy; xspapd; jpirNtfk; c = 3 x 10

8 kP/tp

µ = 𝑐

𝑣 vdNt v =

𝑐

µ =

3 𝑥 108

2.42 = 1.24 x 10

8 kP/tp



ituj;jpy; xspapd; jpir Ntfk; 2.04 x 108 kP/tp

ituj;jpy; xspapd; Ntfk; fhw;wpy; xspapd; Ntfj;ij tplf; FiwT.

xspapd; jpirNtfj;ijf; nfhz;L fzf;fplg;gLk;NghJ ituj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; 2.42 vd;gNj ,r;nrhw;nwhlhpd; nghUs;.

2

m) nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s cs;s glj;ij kPz;Lk; tiuf. M) ,g;glk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ________ ,) glj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;fTk;. <) ,f;fUtp vj;jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ? (Vg;-2014> Vg;-12> [_d;-2013)

m)

M) glk; Fwpg;gpLtJ AC kpd;,aw;wp

,) Kf;fpa ghfq;fs;: S1 S2 - eOT tisaq;fs; B1B2 - fhh;gd; J}hpiffs; NS - fhe;j JUtq;fs; ABCD - Roy; RUs; jsk; R - kpd;jil

<) ,f;fUtp kpd;fhe;j J}z;ly; jj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

3. m) 10 nr.kP. Ftpaj;J}uKs;s Ftpnyd;rpd; Kd; nghUshdJ (a) 15nr.kP (b) 8 nr.kP njhiytpy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.vdpy; cUthFk; gpk;gj;jpd; epiy> jd;ik> cUg;ngUf;fk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhz;f. M) Nkw;fz;l ,U epiyfspy; vJ – (i) xspg;gltPo;j;jp (ii) ifNuif ghh;g;gth; gad;gLj;Jk; cUg;ngUf;fpfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.

m) a) f = 10 nr.kP. u = -15 nr.kP.

1

𝑓 =

1

𝑣 -

1

𝑢 my;yJ

1

𝑣 -

1

𝑢 =

1

𝑓 vdNt

1

𝑣 =

1

𝑓 +

1

𝑢 =

1

10 +

1

−15 =

3

30 -

2

30 =

3−2

30 =

1

30

v = 30 cm

gpk;gj;jpd; epiy: 2F-f;F mg;ghy; nyd;rpypUe;J 30 nrkP J}uj;jpy; (kWGwk;) jd;ik: jiyfPo; nka; gpk;gk;.

cUg;ngUf;fk; m = 𝑣

𝑢 =

30

−15 = -2 (mjhtJ gpk;gk; jiyfPohdJ. 2 klq;F ngupaJ)

b) f = 10 nr.kP. u = -8 nr.kP.

1

𝑓 =

1

𝑣 -

1

𝑢 my;yJ

1

𝑣 -

1

𝑢 =

1

𝑓 vdNt

1

𝑣 =

1

𝑓 +

1

𝑢 =

1

10 +

1

−8 =

4

40 -

5

40 =

−1

40

v = - 40 cm gpk;gj;jpd; epiy: nghUs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s mNj gf;fj;jpy; jd;ik: Neuhd khagpk;gk;.

cUg;ngUf;fk; m = 𝑣

𝑢 =

−40

−8 = 5 (mjhtJ gpk;gk; NeuhdJ. 5 klq;F ngupaJ)

M) Nkw;fz;l ,U epiyfspy; (i) xspg;gltPo;j;jpf;F Kjy; epiy (15 nrkP) cfe;jJ. (ii) ifNuif ghh;g;gth;fSf;F ,uz;lhk; epiy (8 nrkP) cfe;jJ.



4. 30 nr.kP. tisT Muk; nfhz;l FtpMbapd; Kd;G 5 nr.kP. cauKs;s nghUs; xd;W 10 nr.kP. njhiytpy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ vdpy;> (m) gpk;gj;jpd; epiy> jd;ik> msT fhz;f. (M) Nkw;fz;l epiyiaf; Fwg;gpLk; fjph; tiug;glk; tiuf.

(m) Mbapd; tisT Muk; R = 30 nr.kP. FtpaJ}uk; f = 30/2 = 15 nghUspd; cauk; h = 5 nr.kP. ngUspd; J}uk; u = -10 nr.kP.

Mb rkd;ghL: 1

𝑓 =

1

𝑣 +

1

𝑢 my;yJ

1

𝑣 +

1

𝑢 =

1

𝑓 vdNt

1

𝑣 =

1

𝑓 -

1

𝑢 =

1

15 -

1

−10 =

2

30 +

3

30 =

5

30 =

1

6

v = 6 nr.kP gpk;gj;jpd; epiy: Mbf;Fs; mjd; FtpaJ}ukhd f–f;Fs; gpk;gj;jpd; jd;ik: rpwpa Neuhd kha gpk;gk; gpk;gj;jpd; msT: nghUis tpl rpwpaJ.

M) fjpu; tiuglk;:

5. fz; rpfpr;irf;fhd kUe;Jr;rPl;by;> Fiwg;ghl;il rhpnra;tjw;fhf ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l jpwd;fs;

KiwNa> tyg;gf;f fz;: -3.50 D ,lg;gf;f fz;: -4.00 D vdpy;> m) mth; vt;tifg; ghh;itf;Fiwghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;? M) Nkw;fz;l nyd;Rfs; ikaj;jpy; nkype;jpUf;Fkh? my;yJ tpspk;Gfspy; nkype;jpUf;Fkh? ,) ,U nyd;Rfspy; ve;j nyd;rpd; FtpaJ}uk; mjpfk;?

m) mtu; fpl;lg;ghu;it Fiwghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;. M) fpl;lg;ghu;it vd;gjhy; mtu; mzpa Ntz;ba nyd;]; Fop nyd;]; Fop nyd;Rfs; ikaj;jpy; nkype;jpUf;Fk;. Xuq;fspy; jbj;jpUf;Fk;. ,) nyd;Rfspd; Ftpa J}uq;fs;: tyJgf;f fz;

nyd;]pd; jpwd; P = 1

𝑓

vdNt FtpaJ}uk; f = 1

𝑃 =

1

−3.5 = - 0.28 cm

,lJgf;f fz;

nyd;]pd; jpwd; P = 1

𝑓

vdNt FtpaJ}uk; f = 1

𝑃 =

1

−4 = - 0.25 cm

vdNt tyJ gf;f fz; nyd;]pd; FtpaJ}uk; mjpfk;.

mini-10s-5mark-2015

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