Mineral Systems and Mineral Prospectivity in …Research on Magmatic and Hydrothermal Mineral Systems: Outstanding Questions Sources of ore forming metals and transporting agents:

Mineral Systems and Mineral Prospectivity in Finnish Lapland

Ferenc Molnár Geological Survey of Finland

MISU Seminar, 21 April 2016, Helsinki MINSYSPRO Project

Eero Hanski University of Oulu

MINSYSPRO 01.9.2014 – 31.08.2018

Subjects of Presentation

• Background of the project: aims and objectives

• The mineral system approach and mineral prospectivity mapping

• The MINSYSPRO consortium: research teams, international cooperation, research methods

• Mineral systems in Finnish Lapland - targets - current results

Native gold Pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite ore , Sakatti

Rompas


Aims and Objectives of the Project

To support sustainable growth of mining industry in Finnish Lapland by development of a knowledge-based, environmentally friendly and cost effective exploration method which is capable of predicting mineral resources under cover.

To gather new knowledge of critical processes of ore formation in orogenic gold and magmatic sulphide/oxide mineral systems in Finnish Lapland by application of modern, cutting edge research methods. Development methods of computer-based conceptual and empirical mineral prospectivity mapping by using results of research on mineral systems.


Vectors to ore

Conditions of primary and secondary enrichment

or dispersion of metals

Mineral Systems: Critical Processes and Parameters

Parameters

Structural control

Geodynamic setting

Relative and absolute timing of processes

Processes


Selection of the relevant data based on the exploration model

or mineral system model

Spatial analysis

Validation, targeting

Mineral Prospectivity Mapping

Input pattern generation



The Current Status of the Orogenic Gold Mineral Prospectivity Map in the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt

Research on Magmatic and Hydrothermal Mineral Systems: Outstanding Questions

Sources of ore forming metals and transporting agents: - melts: mantle, crust, contamination - fluids: magmatic, metamorphic, basin fluids Multiple or single mineralization events: - different stages in one system or superimposition of independent systems? Footprints of magmatic and hydrothermal processes leading to accumulation of precious-, base- and critical metals: - which parameters are the best for vectoring towards ore? Effects of post-mineralization events on composition and grade of ore: - dispersion or concentration?

How we can transfer signatures of critical processes into 2D-3D geological models?

How the evaluation of mineral potential in Lapland is affected by incorporation of new knowledge and data into prospectivity mapping methods?

Major area of research in Finland

MISU Opening seminar, 21 April 2016, Helsinki MINSYSPRO Project

Orogenic Gold Mineral systems Ferenc Molnár Hugh O`Brien Peter Sorjonen-Ward Sayeb Muhammad Postdoctoral researchers: Alexander Middleton from 01.01.2015 to 05.02.2016 Matti Kurhila from 01.05.2016 to 30.01.2017

Antonin Richard Univ. Lorraine

Iain Pitcairn Univ. Stockholm

Harry Oduro Gareth Izon Univ. St. Andrews

Holly Stein Univ. Oslo Univ. Colorado

Jussi-Petteri Suuronen The European Synchro- tron Radiation Facility

Mineral Prospectivity Mapping Vesa Nykänen Satu Mertanen Tero Niiranen Eeva-Lisa Laine Ilkka Lahti Jouni Lerssi Postdoctoral researcher: T.B.N. from 01.08.2016 to 30.08.2018

Magmatic Mineral Systems Eero Hanski Shenghong Yang Markku Pirttijärvi Hannu Huhma Tuomo Karinen Tuomo Törmänen Yann Lahaye PhD students: Jukka Konnunaho Marko Moilanen Kirsi Luolavirta Fangfang Guo

Wolfgang Maier Univ. Cardiff

Richard Walker Igor Puchtel Univ. Maryland

Wenjun Qu Xiaoping Xia Chinese Acad. Sci.

Sergei Svetov Artem Mokrushin Paul Priprachkin Russian Acad. Sci.

Industry partners Agnico-Eagle Finland Oy. Dragon Mining Oy. Mawson Reosurces Oy. First Quantum Oy. Anglo-American Plc.

Research Consortium

MISU Opening seminar, 21 April 2016, Helsinki MINSYSPRO Project

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Lorraine_(logo).png

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Formal_Seal_of_Stockholm_University,_Stockholm,_Sverige.svg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_St_Andrews_coat_of_arms.svg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CardiffUniversityCrest.png

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Maryland_Seal.svg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAS_logo_2.png

http://www.first-quantum.com/Home/default.aspx

Workflow of the Project and Tasks for the Research Teams


Nu AttoM HR-ICP-MS with laser microprobe

Nu Plasma MC-ICP-MS with laser microprobe

JEOL JSM 7100F high resolution

FE-SEM

Mineralogy Geochronology, stable and radiogenic isotopes, trace elements Linkam MDSG 600 microT

Fluid inclusions

Cutting Edge Analytical Methods Applied to the Mineral System Research

• In situ analyses of individual minerals with high spatial resolution (micrometer scale) • Multiple stable and radiogenic isotope, trace element and fluid inclusion analyses from the same sample and even from the same mineral grain. • Research on the applicability of unconvetional stable and radiogenic isotope systems in better understandig ore- forming processes.


Tragets of Research – Magmatic Mineral Systems

Layered mafic intrusions with Cr, Fe-Ti-V and Ni-Cu-PGE deposits

Komatiites with Ni-Cu-PGE deposits

Kolari-Kittilä- Sodankylä belt

Kuusamo belt Peräpohja belt Kuusamo belt


Os-isotope Constraints on the Sources of Ore-producing Melts: 2.44 Ga Paleoproterozoic Layered Complexes

Os-isotope systematics in chromitite

The fertile magmas suffered crustal contamination, but were derived from mantle plume

and not from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle.


Deposition Mechanism of PGE-rich Magmatic Sulfide Ore in Komatiite: Os-isotopic Evidence of Crustal Contamination

Lomalampi, komatiite hosted PGE-rich Ni-Cu deposit


0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

38%

~20 % ~23 %

~6 % ~3 %

Average Ni content

(wt.%) in magnetite

Vectoring Towards High Grade Magmatic Ni-ore in Komatiites: Ni-content in Magnetite

Magmatic Ni-deposits in komatiites of Finland

Low grade Ni-ore and unmineralized

komatiites

High grade Ni-ore

Hydrothermal base-metal deposits

Magmatic Fe(-Ti-V) deposits

Magmatic Ni-Cu deposits in layered

complexes


Tragets of Research – Orogenic Gold Mineral Systems


Sources of Fluids in Gold Deposits, Central Lapland Greenstone Belt: In situ Sulphur Isotope Analyses by LA ICPMS

Iso-Kuotko

Suurikuusikko

Levijärvi-Luokinen

Suurikuusiikko – Kittilä Mine Pyrite δ34S ‰

1.8 2.1

3.1 2.3

3.0

Similarity of sulphur isotope data for different deposits and minerals

suggests to common regional (metamorphic) source of fluids.

Subtle core-rim variation in S-isotope compositions indicates repeated

fluid flow events.


Xenotime

Monazite

Xenotime

Xenotime

aspy

nat. Bi

nat. Au

po

Geochronology: Identification of Repeated Hydrothermal Events Along the Same Regional Structure: U-Pb Dating of Hydrothermal

Xenotime and Monazite

Iso-Kuotko Au-deposit

In situ LA ICPMS analyses with high spatial resolution

Xenotime

Stage 1: 1854-1862 Ma Stage 2: 1757-1768 Ma


3D Geological Models: Recognition of Structural and Lithological Controls of Ore Deposition

Mafic volcanic rocks

Komatiite

Phyllite

Tholeiitic lava flows

Shear zones Saattopora Au(-Cu-Co) deposit

Location of one of the orebodies is controlled by a shear zone. The other orebody is located along a lithological contact between komatiite and phyllite.

po

cpy

cob


Simplified geological model

Typical texture of ore

3D model showing relationships between location of orebodies and structural/lithological features

3D distribution of auriferrous arsenopyrite

and pyrite in the host rock.

X-ray computed microtomography.

3D distribution of gold grains and mineral inclusions in arsenopyrite.

Synchrotron radiation based nanotomography.


3D Micro- and Nanoscale Analysis of the Structural Control on Distribution of Ore Minerals

Suurikuusikko gold deposit

MinSysPro Project - Summary

• Systematic and multidiciplinary research based on the holistic mineral system approach. • Filling up gaps of knowledge of geological processes which led to the economically importand precious-, base- and critical metal mineral resources in Finnish Lapland. • Development of new mineral system models and mineral prospectivity mapping methods for better evaluation of targets for mineral exploration

Publications , up to Q1 2016 4 papers in peer-reviewed international scientific journals 11 presentations on international conferences 4 book chapters


Mineral Systems and Mineral Prospectivity in …Research on Magmatic and Hydrothermal Mineral Systems: Outstanding Questions Sources of ore forming metals and transporting agents:

Documents