3/1/2013 Johnson - Nutrition 1 Mineral Nutrition of Fruit & Nut Trees R. Scott Johnson Extension Pomologist UC Kearney Ag Center Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition 1. Basic Principles 2. Sampling for Nutrients 3. Environmental Issues 4. BMPs 5. Individual Nutrients
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Mineral Nutrition of Fruit & Nut Treesfruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu/files/162477.pdf · Mineral Nutrition of Fruit & Nut Trees R. Scott Johnson Extension Pomologist UC Kearney
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3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 1
Mineral Nutrition of
Fruit & Nut Trees
R. Scott Johnson
Extension Pomologist
UC Kearney Ag Center
Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition
1. Basic Principles
2. Sampling for Nutrients
3. Environmental Issues
4. BMPs
5. Individual Nutrients
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 2
Essential Nutrients
Photosynthesis
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Macro Nutrients
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfur
Micro Nutrients
Zinc
Iron
Boron
Manganese
Copper
Chlorine
Nickel
Molybdenum
Average concentrations of mineral nutrients in plant shoot dry matter.
Element ppm % Relative number of atoms
Molybdenum 0.1 - - - 1
Nickel ~0.1 - - - 1
Copper 6 - - - 100
Zinc 20 - - - 300
Manganese 50 - - - 1 000
Iron 100 - - - 2 000
Boron 20 - - - 2 000
Chlorine 100 - - - 3 000
Sulfur - - - 0.1 30 000
Phosphorus - - - 0.2 60 000
Magnesium - - - 0.2 80 000
Calcium - - - 0.5 125 000
Potassium - - - 1.0 250 000
Nitrogen - - - 1.5 1 000 000
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 3
Nutrient MobilityPhloem mobility, Marschner 1997
Mobile
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphorus
Chlorine
Sulfur
Nitrogen
Magnesium
Partially Mobile
Zinc
Copper
Boron
Iron
Molybdenum
Immobile
Calcium
Manganese
Boron Mobility
Mobile
Apple
Peach
Plum
Cherry
Olive
Immobile
Walnut
Pistachio
Most other plants
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 4
aa
bb
CarbonCarbon
OxygenOxygen
BoronBoron
HydrogenHydrogen
Role of Zinc in Plants
Has a role in 80 processes• Auxin synthesis
• Cell division
• Protein synthesis
• Zinc fingers
DNA replication & transcription
• Not involved in photosynthesis
Schematic Diagram of the Causes of Zinc Deficiency in CropsSchematic Diagram of the Causes of Zinc Deficiency in Crops
ZINC DEFICIENT
CROPreduced yield
impaired quality
ZINC DEFICIENT
CROPreduced yield
impaired quality
Waterlogging / flooding of soil(e.g., rice paddy)
Waterlogging / flooding of soil(e.g., rice paddy)
High salt concentrations
(salinity)
High salt concentrations
(salinity)
Low total zinc content in soil(e.g., sandy soils)
Low total zinc content in soil(e.g., sandy soils)
High soil pH(e.g., calcareous soils,
heavily limed soils)
High soil pH(e.g., calcareous soils,
heavily limed soils)
High phosphate applications
High phosphate applications
Zinc inefficientcrop varieties
Zinc inefficientcrop varieties
High soil organicmatter content(e.g., histosols)
High soil organicmatter content(e.g., histosols)
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 5
Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition
1. Basic Principles
2. Sampling for Nutrients
3. Environmental Issues
4. BMPs
5. Individual Nutrients
pH Effects on Nutrient AvailabilitypH Effects on Nutrient Availability
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 6
Nutrient Elements in Stone Fruit
NPKCaMgClS
FeMnZnBCuMo
%2.3-
1.0-
0.25--
60201518--
%2.6 - 3.00.1 - 0.3Over 1.2Over 1.0
Over 0.25--
Over 60Over 20Over 2020 - 80Over 4
-
%-----
0.3-
---
100--
%--
1.0-
0.25--
-2018254-
%2.3 - 2.80.1 - 0.3Over 1.1Over 1.0Over 0.25
--
-Over 20Over 1830 - 60Over 4
-
%-----
0.3-
---
80--
Deficient below
Optimum range
Toxic over
Deficient below
Optimum range
Toxic over
PEACHES AND NECTARINES
Level in leaves
PLUMS
p p m
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 7
Nutrient Elements in Stone Fruit
NPKCaMgClS
FeMnZnBCuMo
%2.3-
1.0-
0.25--
60201518--
%2.6 - 3.00.1 - 0.3Over 1.2Over 1.0
Over 0.25--
Over 60Over 20Over 2020 - 80Over 4
-
%-----
0.3-
---
100--
%--
1.0-
0.25--
-2018254-
%2.3 - 2.80.1 - 0.3Over 1.1Over 1.0Over 0.25
--
-Over 20Over 1830 - 60Over 4
-
%-----
0.3-
---
80--
Deficient below
Optimum range
Toxic over
Deficient below
Optimum range
Toxic over
PEACHES AND NECTARINES
Level in leaves
PLUMS
p p m
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 8
Nutrient Elements in Stone Fruit
NPKCaMgClS
FeMnZnBCuMo
%2.3-
1.0-
0.25--
60201518--
%2.6 - 3.00.1 - 0.3Over 1.2Over 1.0
Over 0.25--
Over 60Over 20Over 2020 - 80Over 4
-
%-----
0.3-
---
100--
%--
1.0-
0.25--
-2018254-
%2.3 - 2.80.1 - 0.3Over 1.1Over 1.0Over 0.25
--
-Over 20Over 1830 - 60Over 4
-
%-----
0.3-
---
80--
Deficient below
Optimum range
Toxic over
Deficient below
Optimum range
Toxic over
PEACHES AND NECTARINES
Level in leaves
PLUMS
p p m
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 9
Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition
1. Basic Principles
2. Sampling for Nutrients
3. Environmental Issues
4. BMPs
5. Individual Nutrients
Orchard Nutrition
Main environmental issue:
Nitrate N escaping into water systems
&
Gaseous N escaping into the
atmosphere
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 10
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 11
Nitrogen Fertilization in the San Joaquin Valley
(#N/ac or KgN/ha)
Crop
AlmondsPistachiosPeachesGrapes
20-30 yrs ago
250-300+250150
50-100
Now
200-250150-175
0-7530-60
Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition
1. Basic Principles
2. Sampling for Nutrients
3. Environmental Issues
4. BMPs
5. Individual Nutrients
Nitrogen (N)
Found in amino acids, proteins, enzymes,
nucleic acids (DNA), chlorophyll etc.
N can easily be lost from the orchard by
leaching of nitrate and from
denitrification or volatilization
50% recycled in senescing leaves
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 12
Nitrogen Deficiency
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 13
Foliar Urea
• Apply 25 to 50 lbs/acre
• Apply before leaf senescence (Oct)
• OK to apply with zinc sulfate
• Doesn’t need to be low biuret
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 14
Nitrogen Management
Low N
High N
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 15
Occurrence of Nutrient Deficiencies in California
• Common– Nitrogen
– Zinc
– Iron
• Occasional– Potassium
– Magnesium
– Manganese
• Rare– Phosphorus
– Boron
– Copper
• Unknown– Calcium
– Sulfur
– Molybdenum
Zinc Deficiency“Little Leaf” Disorder
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 16
Zinc Deficiency in Plums
Zinc Deficiency in Plums
February 22, 2005
Zn Deficient
Zn Sufficient
3/1/2013
Johnson - Nutrition 17
Peach Rootstocks and Zn UptakeDecember 2006 Shoot Zn