Mineral Evolution Mineral Evolution of Terrestrial of Terrestrial Planets Planets Robert Hazen, CIW Robert Hazen, CIW Dominic Papineau, CIW Dominic Papineau, CIW Wouter Bleeker, GSC Wouter Bleeker, GSC Robert Downs, UA Robert Downs, UA John Ferry, JHU John Ferry, JHU Tim McCoy, NMNH Tim McCoy, NMNH Dimitri Sverjensky, JHU Dimitri Sverjensky, JHU Hexiong Yang, UA Hexiong Yang, UA AbSciCon 2008 – Session AbSciCon 2008 – Session 24 24 Biosignatures in Biosignatures in Minerals Minerals
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Mineral Evolution of Mineral Evolution of Terrestrial PlanetsTerrestrial Planets
Robert Hazen, CIWRobert Hazen, CIWDominic Papineau, CIWDominic Papineau, CIW
metal within graphite.• GEMS (silicate glass with embedded metal
and sulfide).
How did we get from a How did we get from a dozen minerals to dozen minerals to
>4300 on Earth today?>4300 on Earth today?
(Focus on near-surface)(Focus on near-surface)
What Drives Mineral Evolution?What Drives Mineral Evolution?What Drives Mineral Evolution?What Drives Mineral Evolution?
Deterministic and stochastic processes that Deterministic and stochastic processes that occur on any terrestrial body:occur on any terrestrial body:
1.1. The progressive separation and The progressive separation and concentration of chemical elements concentration of chemical elements from their original uniform distribution.from their original uniform distribution.
2.2. An increase in the range of intensive An increase in the range of intensive variables (T, P, activities of volatiles).variables (T, P, activities of volatiles).
3.3. The generation of far-from-equilibrium The generation of far-from-equilibrium conditions by living systems.conditions by living systems.
Three Eras ofThree Eras ofEarth’s Mineral EvolutionEarth’s Mineral Evolution
Three Eras ofThree Eras ofEarth’s Mineral EvolutionEarth’s Mineral Evolution
1.1. The Era of Planetary The Era of Planetary AccretionAccretion
2.2. The Era of Crust and The Era of Crust and Mantle ReworkingMantle Reworking
3.3. The Era of Bio-Mediated The Era of Bio-Mediated MineralogyMineralogy
Stage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionStage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock Evolution(4.55-4.0 Ga)(4.55-4.0 Ga)
Stage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionStage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock Evolution(4.55-4.0 Ga)(4.55-4.0 Ga)
Partial melting, fractional crystallization and magma immiscibility
Norman Bowen
Stage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionStage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionVolatile-poor BodyVolatile-poor Body
Stage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionStage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionVolatile-poor BodyVolatile-poor Body
~350 mineral species?
Is this the end point of the Moon and Mercury?
Stage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionStage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionVolatile-rich Body (4.55-4.0 Ga)Volatile-rich Body (4.55-4.0 Ga)
Stage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionStage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionVolatile-rich Body (4.55-4.0 Ga)Volatile-rich Body (4.55-4.0 Ga)
Volcanism, outgasing and surface hydration.
>500 mineral species (hydroxides, clays)
The Formation of the Moon
Stage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionStage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionVolatile-rich BodyVolatile-rich Body
Stage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionStage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionVolatile-rich BodyVolatile-rich Body
>500 mineral species (hydroxides, clays)
Volcanism, outgasing and surface hydration.
Stage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionStage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionVolatile-rich BodyVolatile-rich Body
Stage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionStage 3: Initiation of Igneous Rock EvolutionVolatile-rich BodyVolatile-rich Body
Are there pegmatites on Mars?Are there pegmatites on Mars?
Are there emeralds on Venus?Are there emeralds on Venus?
Stage 5: Plate tectonics and large-scale Stage 5: Plate tectonics and large-scale hydrothermal reworking of the crust (>3 Ga)hydrothermal reworking of the crust (>3 Ga)
Stage 5: Plate tectonics and large-scale Stage 5: Plate tectonics and large-scale hydrothermal reworking of the crust (>3 Ga)hydrothermal reworking of the crust (>3 Ga)
1,500 mineral species (sulfides, sulphosalts)
Massive base metal deposits; exposure of high-P metamorphic terrains; new hydrated minerals.
Stage 5: Plate tectonics and large-scale Stage 5: Plate tectonics and large-scale hydrothermal reworking of the crust (>3 Ga)hydrothermal reworking of the crust (>3 Ga)
Stage 5: Plate tectonics and large-scale Stage 5: Plate tectonics and large-scale hydrothermal reworking of the crust (>3 Ga)hydrothermal reworking of the crust (>3 Ga)
Does the origin of life require some minimal degree of mineral evolution?
Implications of Mineral EvolutionImplications of Mineral EvolutionImplications of Mineral EvolutionImplications of Mineral Evolution
• Defines a way to categorize Defines a way to categorize terrestrial planets and moons. terrestrial planets and moons.
• Implies mission targets: mineral Implies mission targets: mineral biosignatures (and abiosignatures).biosignatures (and abiosignatures).
• Provides insights on the evolution Provides insights on the evolution of complex systems.of complex systems.
•Represents a new way to frame Represents a new way to frame (and to teach) mineralogy.(and to teach) mineralogy.
ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions
• The mineralogy of terrestrial planets The mineralogy of terrestrial planets and moons evolves in both and moons evolves in both deterministic and stochastic ways.deterministic and stochastic ways.
• Three principal mechanisms of change:Three principal mechanisms of change:1.1. Element segregation & concentrationElement segregation & concentration2.2. Increasing ranges of T, P and XIncreasing ranges of T, P and X3.3. Influence of living systems.Influence of living systems.
• Different bodies achieve differentDifferent bodies achieve different stages of mineral evolution.stages of mineral evolution.