Mine Warfare Trends

Mine Warfare Trends

10 May 2011

SUMMARY OF MINING EVENTS (1980 – PRESENT)

• 50-60 VESSELS SUNK OR DAMAGED

– MAJORITY IN SRI LANKA

• MANY ARMED CONTACT MINES ADRIFT

– PERSIAN GULF

• > 20 LIVES LOST AT-SEA & ASHORE

• COSTLY SHIP REPAIRS/REPLACEMENTS

• EXPENSIVE MULTI-NATIONAL MCM OPERATIONS

• EXTENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE

60+ COUNTRIES WITH MINING CAPABILITIES

MINING OF MISRATAH

• MINED BY LIBYAN GOVERNMENT FORCES (29 Apr 11) – ATTEMPT TO CLOSE PORT

• MINES DEPLOYED OUTSIDE HARBOR ENTRANCE

– 2 “QUICKLY CLEARED” – 1 “DRIFTED AWAY”

• “ANTI-SHIPPING” MINES – MOORED CONTACT MINES

• LIBYA PROVEN MINER – 1984 RED SEA MINING

(Reuters) - NATO minesweepers searched the approaches of Misratah harbor Monday for a drifting mine that has blocked aid supplies to the besieged Libyan city and halted evacuation of foreigners and wounded Libyans.

LIBYAN MOORED CONTACT MINE

NAVAL MINE TRENDS

• Increasing Lethality Ranges and Minable Waters – Torpedo-mines – Deeper anchor depths

• Emerging Anti-Helo and ACV Capabilities • Mine Employment More Difficult to Detect

– Denial & Deception improving – Standoff employment

• Improved Target Discrimination/CCM Features – Microprocessor controlled triple influence TDDs/upgrade kits – Target libraries improving

• Minehunting Increasingly Difficult – Stealth technology application growing

• Security and Flexibility of Minefield Control Improving – Wireless Remote Control (Acoustic, EM, RF)

CONVERGENCE OF WEAPONS, DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND WIDE AREA SENSORS NETWORKS

Straight Rising Propelled Warhead Mines

• PROPELLED-WARHEAD MINE

– STRAIGHT-RISING

– ROCKET PROPELLED

• PASSIVE ACOUSTIC

• 130 kg WARHEAD

• CASE DEPTH: 50-150 m

• ANCHOR DEPTH: 55 – 200 m

• SUBMARINE, SHIP-LAID

• ASUW

EM55

Aimed Propelled Warhead Mine

• PMK-1 PROPELLED-WARHEAD MINE – AIMED ENCAPSULATED – ROCKET

• PASSIVE / ACTIVE ACOUSTIC • 350 KG TNT EQUIV. WARHEAD • CASE DEPTH: 400 m (MAX) • ANCHOR DEPTH: 1000 m (MAX) • SHIP, SUB DEPLOYED • ASW / ASUW

Encapsulated Torpedo Mines

• PMK-2 • PASSIVE / ACTIVE ACOUSTIC • MPT-1M THERMAL TORPEDO • CASE/ANCHOR: 400/1000 m • WIDE AREA COVERAGE

TERI MINE

• PROPELLED WARHEAD ● CONTAINS SIX MINI TORPEDOES

● POSSIBLE RECO

• ANTI-SHIP/ANTI-SUB VARIANT

• SHAPED CHARGE WARHEAD

• ANTI-MCMV / HELO VARIANT • FRAGMENTATION WARHEAD

• CASE DEPTH: 100 m MAX

• SHIP, SUB, AIR DEPLOYED

• OFFERED FOR SALE

TERI

9

GS112

• VSW BOTTOM PROPELLED-WARHEAD MINE • MULTIPLE INFLUENCE MINE

– ACOUSTIC, MAGNETIC • 10 KG WARHEAD

– TNT/RDX/ALUMINUM – PROPELLED BY ROCKET MOTOR – EXPLODES 1.5 - 3.5 M FROM SURFACE

• 3-12 M CASE DEPTH • 1 - 9 DAY ARMING DELAY • 10-60 DAY IN WATER LIFE • SURFACE LAID • ADVERTISED FOR SALE

– NORINCO

VSW MINES

MSD ENFETAR

• EXERCISE MINES LOADED ON SMALL BOATS

Agile Minelayers

ROCKET LAUNCHER WATER IMPACT

DRIFTING MINES?

ROCKET LAUNCHED MINES

DRIFTING MINES

• OSCILLATING / DRIFTING MINES

• INFLUENCE OR INFLUENCE/ CONTACT

• ACOUSTIC, CONTACT

• 130 kg WARHEAD

• CASE DEPTH: 2 - 7 m (+/- 1m)

• LIMITED MAXIMUM IN-WATER LIFE

• SUB, SHIP-LAID

• ASUW

P-3 P-2

MOBILE MINES

EM56 MOBILE MINE • MULTIPLE INFLUENCE

– ACOUSTIC, SEISMIC, PRESSURE

• 380 kg WARHEAD • CASE DEPTH: 45 m (MAX) • SUBMARINE- LAID • COVERT DEPLOYMENT

– 13 km STAND-OFF CAPABILITY – POSSIBLE SHORE-BASED LAUNCH – FLOATING LAUNCH OPTION

• ASUW

13 KM

FLOATING LAUNCHER

AUV EMPLOYMENT

• Advertised capability to employ mines/ torpedoes from an AUV

• Research in AUV enabling technology

SAAB concept for AUV equipped with mines/torpedoes

APM UPGRADE KIT

• FOR BOTTOM INFLUENCE MINES

– MAGNETIC, ACOUSTIC, PRESSURE

• UP TO TWO YEAR IN-WATER LIFE

• MAX CASE DEPTH 150 m

• UPGRADES OLDER MINES

• ENHANCED CAPABILITY

• ADVERTISED FOR EXPORT

• THREE VERSIONS

– SHIP LAID, SUB-LAID, AIR-LAID

APM UPGRADE KIT

GALVANIC POTENTIAL OF METALS IN SEA WATER

CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEM

PASSIVE ACTIVE

ELECTRIC CURRENTS IN SEA WATER

STATIC ELECTRIC SIGNATURE

ALTERNATING ELECTRIC FIELD (ELFE)

AC/DC ELECTRIC FIELD (UEP)

ASTERIA

IRREGULAR SHAPES NON-MAGNETIC CASES

CASE BURIAL

CLOSE-TETHER MOORINGS

MINE STEALTH

ACTIVE CASE BURIAL

STEALTH R&D

• RESEARCH INTO MINE CASE/EXPLOSIVES

• DESIGNED TO INCREASE RESISTANCE TO MINE HUNTING

• NON-MAGNETIC CASES

• CEMENT

• NON-METALS

• RUBBER

• DESIGNED TO HINDER OPTICAL IDENTIFICATION

• SHAPE CONFORMS TO BOTTOM ENVIRONMENT

• LIQUID EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL

• DESIGNED TO DEFEAT MINE HUNTING SONARS

MINCOA

• FAMILY OF OPERATIONAL MINES

– MANUFACTURED BY SAES

– BASED ON MINEA EXERCISE MINES

• MULITPLE INFLUENCE

– MAGNETIC, ACOUSTIC, SEISMIC, PRESSURE, ELECTRIC (UEP AND ELFE)

– SONAR DETECTOR ALSO INCLUDED

• MICROPROCESSOR CONTROL

– IDENTIFIES MINESWEEPING EFFORTS

– ALLOWS SPECIFIC TARGET SELECTION

• WARHEADS:

– SHALLOW WATER: 170 KG

– DEEP WATER: 600 KG (MAX)

– MOORED: 230 KG

• ANECHOIC COATINGS AVAILABLE

GROWING WIRELESS REMOTE-CONTROL CAPABILITIES

• TACTICAL ADVANTAGE FOR MINER

• IDENTIFY FRIEND OR FOE (IFF) FEATURES

• CONTROL INDIVIDUAL OR GROUPS OF MINES

• VERSATILE CONTROL OF MINES

Remote Controlled Mine

• BOTTOM INFLUENCE MINE – 1000 AND 500 kg VARIATIONS

• MULTIPLE INFLUENCE – ACOUSTIC, MAGNETIC

• 700/300 kg WARHEADS

• CASE DEPTH: 6-100 m

• REMOTE-CONTROLLED – ADVERTISED >30 km RANGE

• AIR, SHIP - LAID

• ASW / ASUW

EM57

NETWORKED MINE SYSTEMS

TMS SEAFLOOR LAUNCHER CONCEPT

• WIDE AREA CONTROL – MORE SUITED FOR LITTORAL AREAS

• SEWN INTO MINEFIELD – WEAPONIZED BOTTOMED / ROVING UUVs

• REMOTE CONTROLLED – COMPLETELY AUTONOMOUS

• NETWORKED SENSORS – LONG ARRAYS OF SENSORS SPREAD OUT OVER SEAFLOOR

NAVAL MCM TRENDS

• Remote Systems – Man-Out-Of-The-Loop Systems

• Covert Deployment – UUVs Launched From Submarines

• Autonomous Operations – Ahead-Of-Ship Operations – Potential For Long Deployment Time

• Expendable Systems – Saves Operational Time

• Integrated MCM Systems – Tied In With CIC And Navigation Systems

• West Leaning Toward Mine Hunting Vice Mine Sweeping – Driven By Onset Of Computer Programmed Mine Systems

Time Is The Primary Currency Of Mine Warfare

• VITSE-ADMIRAL ZAKHARIN – NATYA III CLASS MHS/MSF – Commissioned 2008

• Integrated Bridge/Command Post • Automated Minesweeping Control Post

– Potential For Long Deployment Time

• Equipped With Modern MCM Systems – Minehunting – Minesweeping

• Ahead-Of-Ship Minehunting – Livadia-ME Minehunting System

• Minesweeping – Mechanical – Influence (Acoustic, Magnetic)

NEW MCM VESSELS

• Ahead-Of-Ship Minehunting System • Integrated MCM System

– Search – Automatic Detection – Computer-Aided Classification

• Multiple Components – Hull Mounted LF & HF Pull-Out Sonars – ROV

• 300 m Operational Depth – 500 m Max Distance From Ship

• Max Detection Range – 800 m For Moored Mines – 600 m For Bottom Mines

• Speed 6-8 kts

LIVADIA-ME

INVESTMENT IN MCM

WOCHI CLASS MHS

MAGNETIC INFLUENCE SWEEP

MINE NEUTRALIZATION VEHICLE

ACOUSTIC INFLUENCE SWEEP

• Mine Hunting AUV – Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance

• Covert Deployment – UUVs Launched From Submarines – Also Can Be Launched From Surface Ships Or Shore

• Multiple Sonars For Mine Detection And Classification – Flank Array Sonar – High Resolution Gap Filler Sonar

• 500 m Max Depth • Less Than 20 Knots Operating Speed

AUV62-MR

Covert Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance

• Mine Hunting AUV – Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance

• Harbor And Shallow Water Security • Multiple Sensors

– Color CCD Camera – Monochrome CCD Camera – Forward Looking Imaging Sonar – Altimeter

• 300 m Max Depth • 50 km Range @ 2 Knots

BARBAROS

• Mine Disposal Vehicle – Single Shot Weapon

• Expendable - Saves Operational Time

• Self-Propelled • Fiber-Optic Cable • Live Video Feed To CIC

• Multiple Sensors – High Res Color Camera – Forward Looking Imaging Sonar – Altimeter – Acoustic Transponder

• 300 m Max Depth • 25 kg Warhead

CANAKKALE

Increasing The Speed Of MCM

• Integrated MCM System – Multi-Role System – Minehunting, Minesweeping, Minelaying

• Open Architecture • Multi-Function Consoles • Control Of Each Sub-System • Data Sharing Across Consoles

• Covers Complete MCM Operation – Planning – Preparation – Execution – Evaluation – Documentation

IMCMS

Containerized Mission Package Allows For Flexibility Of Host Platform

Mine Warfare Outlook

• Mines:

– Convergence of Mine and AUV technologies

– Integration of Wide Area Sensor Networks and Mines

– Improved Target Discrimination/counter sweep

– New passive and active counter-minehunting features

– Cumulative Challenge from Vintage and Modern Mines

• MCM:

– Greater emphasis on remote/autonomous minehunting

– Increasing minehunting and neutralization speed

– Integrated MCM mission data and modular equipment packages

Increasingly Effective A2/AD Option