Introduction
Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets Seminar Report
CHAPTER 1Introduction
Now a day in places like Afghanistan and Iraq we know that land
mines are causing serious threat to the lives of civilians. The
mines that are implanted during the wartime may remain undetected
for several decades and may suddenly be activated after that. Also
during wartime mines implanted by our enemy countries are to be
detected and diffused properly in order to save the lives of our
soldiers. So we should say that detecting landmines is important
for every country today.
chapter 2Mine affected countries
The countries known to have severe landmine problems are
Afghanistan, Bosnia, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Vietnam, Iraq, Kuwait,
Laos, Egypt, Eritrea, Chevalier, China. Unfortunately India,
Pakistan, Srilanka, Myanmar are in the list of less mine affected
countries besides other 100 countries.
CHAPTER 3What is a land mine?
The purpose of a landmine is to disable, immobilize or kill. It
is an explosive device activated either by a person or vehicle or
by command detonated by electric wire or radio signals. Most land
mines are laid on just below the surface of ground and are
activated by pressure or trip-wire. Usually most of the land mines
will contain many metallic parts, which can be made use of in their
detection.
Anti-personal mines claims 70 new victims every day. This weapon
is particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and
closer to the blast are more likely to sustain serious injury. The
severe disabilities and psychological traumas that follow the
blast- means these children will have to be looked after for many
years.
A child injured at the age of 10 will need about 25 critical
limbs during there life time. This cost in 3000 Dollars a huge sum
to pay in countries where people earn as little as 10 dollar a
month. . Between 1979 of 1996 the red crores fitted over 70,000
amputees with critical limbs and the land mine problem in still
growing. There for considering these factors the discovery of radar
bullet is really a big boost to our world as we launches to 21st
century.
CHAPTER 4HOW IS MINE DETECTION CURRENTLY BEING
CONDUCTED?Principles used
1. Metal detection
2. Explosive detection4.1. METAL DETECTION
Essentially the two most common components of landmines are
metals and explosives. Manufactured mines have casting made from a
variety of materials including wood, metals, Plastic metal or other
synthetic materials. From the detection standpoint, metal is the
easier component to detect.
Metal detectors (commonly referred to as mine detectors) are now
capable of signaling the presence of minute piece of metal. However
some mines are metal free on certain virtually non-metal. These
non-metals challenge the capacity of current metal detectors.
4.2. EXPLOSIVE DETECTIONThe explosives are one common ingredient
that is found in all mines. Detecting explosives however is a
complicated process. Modem airports have explosive detecters, which
can detect small traces of explosives in suitcases and other
containers.
Locating traces or the order of explosives is an open field
demands technology that can operate in an unlimited variety of
environmental conditions that are subjected to wind, water and soil
changes and variations.
Explosive detection under field conditions has recently become
the preview of mine detection dogs. A dogs nose has proven to be a
very sophisticated and reliable sensor, however handling maid
detection dog teams and ensuring consistent behaviour in varied
hazard scenarios is a complicated and demanding tasks.
In all the above said methods mine detection in conducted in
close proximity. That is detection is conducted after going very
near to the mine. This method can prove to be dangerous in many
occations. So it is not considered to be the safest method. A
preferred method is to use detection devices that locate land mines
at a safe distance from the deminer. Using detection devices that
pinpoint land mines exploded from a distance either overhead on at
ground level in the best possible way to determine the actual
location of individual land mines. Ones the threat is located, that
is mines are pin pointed, we can deactivate it safely. This is
where the importance of mine detection using radar bullet
comes.
CHAPTER 5
WHAT IS A RADAR BULLET?
The radar bullet is a special type of bullet. The main use of
radar bullet is to find landmines without setting foot on the
ground. This consists of firing a special bullet in to the ground
from a helicopter, which could pin point buried land mines.
The bullet units a radar pulse as it grounds to a halt. This
pulse strikes the mine and its image gets available on the computer
in the helicopter, offering a safe and efficient way of finding
land mines.CHAPTER 6RADAR PRINCIPLE
Radar is Radio detection and ranging. Radar is a sensor. Radar
makes use of radio waves to detect and locate objects. The purpose
is to provide estimates of certain characteristics of its
surroundings most commonly the presence, position and motion of
aircrafts, ships and other vehicles.
Radar operates by transmitting electro magnetic energy into the
surroundings and detecting energy reflected by object. If a narrow
beam of this energy is transmitted by the directive antenna, the
direction from which reflections come and hence the bearing of
object may be estimated. .The distance to the reflecting object in
estimated by measuring the period between the transmission of radar
pulse and reception of echo. In radar bullet principle the change
of medium by the waves must be taken into consideration.
Radars have generally from principal parts, the transmitter
antenna receiver, and display.
The transmitter will transmit an electro magnetic signal through
the antenna, which will hit the target and reflects back. The same
antenna and the time difference between the signal transmission and
reception is calculated, which will help up to measure the distance
of the target from the radar.
CALCULATIONS
T =time b/w signal transmission and reception .2R = Total
distance traveled.c = Velocity of electromagnetic signals = 3*108
m/sec.Velocity = distance / time
i.e.; C = 2R / T
or, R =CT /2
So in the screen an obstacle will be shown at a distance R from
the radar.CHAPTER 7EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
First of all a special bullet in fired downward into the ground
, from a gun mounted on a helicopter flying about 100 m above the
ground. The bullet in designed in such a way that it gives out
powerful blast of radio waves from under the ground. The bullet
will produce a pulse of radio waves as it pierces the ground and
signal is reflected from any landmines within about a 15 meter
radius will be detected by an antenna on the helicopter.
Once the mines are located they can be destroyed at once or
there exact position are noted so they can be destroyed at once on
their exact positions are noted so that can be diploid later. And
if the bullet hits it, it would explode.
The Radar pulse is generated from the bullets kinetic energy by
a process known as, Magnetic flux compression.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
CHAPTER 8MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION
Inside the bullet is a metal cylinder, surrounded by a tightly
wounded coin of wire. As the bullet leaves the gun, there is a
battery generating a magnetic field in the cylinder. When the
bullet smashes into the ground ,the sudden deceleration forces the
cylinder out from inside the coil. The sudden movement of the metal
cylinder through the magnetic field induces a large pulse of
current in the coil. The coil thus acts like an antenna converting
the pulse into a short burst of high frequency radiation.
MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION
CHAPTER 9FIELD TESTS
After the laboratory tests, tests where conducted at the Arizona
desert. Using the same experiment set up, the radar bullet as able
to detect 35 cm anti tank mines and Val Mara 69 anti personal
mines, which are a particular problem in northern Iraq, where the
mines have been laid by Saddam Husseins forces in their
confrontation with the Kurds .9.1. ADVANTAGES The light weight
system can be fitted to any helicopter ie; gun, computer controls
etc. Extremely small bullets can be used for detection A 30 mm
bullet gives out a 4 kW radar pulse. Almost 10 times move power
than a standard ground penetrating radar from 20cm down.
Also since the bullet is beneath the surface of the ground, it
transmits more radio wave into the ground. For ordinary penetrating
radar, little radiation penetrates the soil, most is reflected by
the ground because of the sudden change in density between the air
and the soil. Here the radiation has to change the medium twice.
First from air to ground, and then after reflection, from ground
into air. Therefore weak signals are obtained. But in radar bullet
principle the radiation has to change the medium only once i.e.;
from the ground into the air and hence stronger signals are
obtained.9.2. DISADVANTAGES It cannot detect plastic land mines,
but researches are working hard to overcome this. Since the
equipment is to be mounted on a helicopter, the cost of operation
is higher. But considering its future prospects and the statics
released by red Cross, cost can never be considered as a
disadvantage.9.3. APPLICATIONS It can be used for detecting land
mines.
It can be used for detecting buried pipelines .For example: -
Recently an illegal pipeline carrying drugs between Afghanistan and
Turkmistan has been discovered. Such type of illegal pipelines can
be detected out by using radar bullet.CHAPTER 10FUTURE PROSPECTSAs
the UN has already implemented a worldwide ban on anti-personal
mines. The invention of radar bullet helps to speed up the
destruction of mines.
Ten thousands of anti - personal mines lied buried in the hilly
regions of Cambodia / north - Korea / Afghanistan etc. And
according to UN it would take more than 100 years to detect and
destroy these, if worked out manually. Mine clearance or demining
is normally broken into three stages. Detection, Removal and
Disposal. Current detection methods range from high tech electronic
[ground penetrating radar infrared, magnetic resonance imaging] to
biological detection schemes (dog snuffers and insect or bacteria )
to simple brute forces detection methods (Rails, Rollers and plows)
and use of hand-held mechanical plodders .Most of these methods are
very slow and/or expensive and suffer from a high false alarm rate.
So with helicopter and radar bullet, the mines can be cleared
easily.
Mass graveyards which result from internal civil wars as in
Combodia, Kosoro and in same African nations can be detected using
radar bullets.
This can be applied is future space travels, when we go to a
different planet, in that case we can shoot this bullet in to the
ground and detect mineral deposits and other deposits.CHAPTER
11CONCLUSION Mines are major cause of concern in many countries.
Detection and removal of mines is very important as it is hazardous
to both man and animals alike.
The conventional methods that are being used right now for mine
detection involves working in close proximity for the mines. So
overall mine detection using radar bullets is a cutting edge
technology that is safe and effective.
With all its advantages it may be hoped that mine detection
using radar bullets will be more used in detection of mine there by
making the world safer place to live in. REFERENCESBOOKS
S.VITEBSKIY AND L.CARIN Late time resonant frequencies buried
bodies of revolution
L.CARIN, R KAPOOR, C.E BAVAM. Polarimatic SAR imaging of buried
land mines
MERILL .1. SKOLNIK. Tata MC Grawhill
WEBSITES
www.sew_lexicon.com www.altavista.com www.google.com
www.nationalgeography.comABSTRACT
Land mines are a case of serious threats to the life of
civilians, especially in mine-affected countries like Afghanistan
and Iraq .The mines which are implanted during the war time may
remain undetected for several decades and may suddenly be activated
after that. There are several methods for detection of land mines,
such as metal detection and explosive detection. These ways of
detection are dangerous because they are done very close to the
mine.A safe method for detecting land mines is mine detection using
radar bullets. As the name suggests detection is done using Radar
Bullets and hence can be done further away from the mine. Detection
is usually done from helicopters. Researchers are being conducted
to overcome certain inefficiencies of this method.
CONTENTS
CHAPTERS
Page No.1. INTRODUCTION
1
2. MINE AFFECTED COUNTRIES
2
3. WHAT IS A LAND MINE?
3
4. HOW IS METAL DETECTION
CURRENTLY BEING CONDUCTED?
5
4.1 METAL DETECTION
5
4.2 EXPLOSIVE DETECTION
6
5. WHAT IS A RADAR BULLET?
8
6. RADAR PRINCIPLE
9
7. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
12
8. MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION
14
9. FIELD TEST
15
9.1 ADVANTAGES
15
9.2 DISADVANTAGES
16
9.3 APPLICATIONS
1610. FUTURE PROSPECTS
1711. CONCLUSION
1912. REFERENCES
20
Transmitter
DISPLAY
RECEIVER
OBJECT
R
OBJECT
RADAR
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