MIND & WORLD H. 2 - Departement Filosofie en ...lievers/onderwijs/McDowell3.pdf · MIND & WORLD H. 2 THE ... Argument from illusion (A. J. Ayer, ... Argument from illusion ...

MIND&WORLDH.2

THEUNBOUDEDNESSOFTHECONCEPTUAL

N.B.DAVIDWIGGINS(TUTORMCDOWELL)

SENSE=CONSTRUCTION

BEDEUTUNG=DISCOVERY

MIND&WORLD§2.1.

“Experiencesarereceptivityinoperation;sotheycansatisfytheneedforanexternalcontrolonourfreedominempiricalthinking.”p.24,r.11e.v.

MIND&WORLD§2.1.

“Conceptualcapacitiesthatbelongtospontaneityarealreadyatworkinexperiencesthemselves;soexperiencescanintelligiblystandinrationalrelationstoourexercisesoffreedomthatisimplicitintheideaofspontaneity.”p.24,r.13e.v.

MIND&WORLD§2.2

Weneedrationalcontstraintsonourthinkingandjudgingabouttheempiricalworld.

Davidsonproposesthatwemakedowithnothingbutcausalconstraints.

MIND&WORLD§2.2

Davidsondeniestheneedforrationalconstraints,becauseherejectstheMythoftheGiven.

But:experiencesarereceptivityinoperation,andthereforeequippedwithconceptualcontent.P.25,r.28

MIND&WORLD§2.2

“Thejointinvolvementofreceptivityandspontaneityallowsustosaythatinexperienceonecantakeinhowthingsare.”p.25,r.24

MIND&WORLD§2.2

“Whenweacknowledgethepossibilityofbeingmisled,wedonotdepriveourselvesof“takinginhowthingsare”asadescriptionofwhathappenswhenoneisnotmisled.”p.26,r.5e.v.

MIND&WORLD§2.2

beingmisled

Waargaatditover?

MIND&WORLD§2.2

beingmisled

Argumentfromillusion(A.J.Ayer,TheFoundationsofEmpiricalKnowledge,1940)Voorbestaansensedataindewaarneming.

MIND&WORLD§2.2

beingmisled

Argumentfromillusion

Vooronderstelt‘highestcommonfactor’tussenwaarnemingenillusie.

MIND&WORLD§2.2

McDowellwijstdie‘highestcommonfactor’tussenwaarnemingenillusieaf.

Disjunctievetheorievandewaarneming.

MIND&WORLD§2.2

Disjunctievetheorievandewaarneming.

Eenervaringisòfeenwaarnemingòfeenillusie.

Disjunctie

WaarnemingVIllusie

MIND&WORLD§2.2

“Inaparticularexperienceinwhichoneisnotmisled,whatonetakesinisthatthingsarethusandso.Thatthingsarethusandsoisthecontentoftheexperience,anditcanalsobethecontentofajudgement:itbecomesthecontentofajudgementifthesubjectdecidestotaketheexperienceatfacevalue.”

MIND&WORLD§2.2

Soitisconceptualcontent.Butthatthingsarethusandsoisalso,ifoneisnotmisled,anaspectofthelayoutoftheworld:itishowthingsare.Thustheideaofconceptuallystructuredoperationsofreceptivityputsusinapositiontospeakofexperienceasopennesstothelayoutofreality.

MIND&WORLD§2.2

Experienceenablesthelayoutofrealityitselftoexertarationalinfluenceonwhatasubjectthinks.”p.26,r.7‐19.

MIND&WORLD§2.2

“Thatthingsarethusandsoistheconceptualcontentofanexperience,butifthesubjectoftheexperienceisnotmisled,thatverysamething,thatthingsarethusandso,isalsoaperceptiblefact.”p.26,r.24‐27.

MIND&WORLD§2.2

IDEALISME?

MIND&WORLD§2.3

Wittgenstein:PI,±95

“Whenwesay,andmean,thatsuch‐and‐suchisthecase,we–andourmeaning–donotstopanywhereshortofthefact;butwemean:this‐is‐so.”

MIND&WORLD§2.3

““Thoughtmustbesomethingunique”.Whenwesay,andmean,thatsuch‐and‐suchisthecase,we–andourmeaning–donotstopanywhereshortofthefact;butwemean:this‐is‐so.Butthisparadox(whichhastheformofatruism)canalsobeexpressedinthisway:Thoughtcanbeofwhatisnotthecase.”

MIND&WORLD§2.3

Hetismogelijkomtedenkenwatniethetgevalis.

ThemauitdeTractatus.

MIND&WORLD§2.3

ThemauitdeTractatus.

Hoekunnennegatieveuitsprakenwaarzijn?Zijndatookmodellenvandewerkelijkheid?Bestaanernegatievefeiten?

NEGATIEVEFEITEN

RUSSELL,MIND60,1951.“QuiteatfirstIwasindoubtastowhetherhewasamanofgeniusoracrank,butIverysoondecidedinfavouroftheformeralternative.Someofhisearlyviewsmadethedecisiondifficult.Hemaintained,forexample,atonetimethatallexistentialpropositionsare

NEGATIEVFEITEN

meaningless.Thiswasinalectureroom,andIinvitedhimtoconsidertheproposition:‘Thereisnohippopotamusinthisroomatpresent.’Whenherefusedtobelievethis,Ilookedunderallthedeskswithoutfindingone,butheremainedunconvinced.”(B.McGuinness,p.89)

MIND&WORLD§2.3

TLP:propositieszijnbipolair.Erzijntweemanierenvan‘harmonietussentaalenwerkelijkheid’.

1.‘Fit’:derealiteit

MIND&WORLD§2.3

1.  ‘Fit’:derealiteitpastofpastnietopeenbeschrijving.

2.  ‘Directionoffit’:taalpastzichaandewerkelijkheidaan(wordworld),zoalsbijbeschrijvingen.Ofworldword,zoalsbijwensen,bevelen.

DIRECTIONOFFIT

•  MissAnscombe,Intention,p.56.:•  §32.Letusconsideramangoingroundatownwithashoppinglistinhishand.Nowitisclearthattherelationofthislisttothethingsheactuallybuysisoneandthesamewhetherhiswifegavehimthelistoritishisownlist;

DIRECTIONOFFIT

andthatthereisadifferentrelationwherealistismadebyadetectivefollowinghimabout.Ifhemadethelistitself,itwasanexpressionofintention;ifhiswifegaveithim,ithastheroleofanorder.

DIRECTIONOFFIT

Whatthenistheidenticalrelationtowhathappens,intheorderandtheintention,whichisnotsharedbytherecord?Itispreciselythis:ifthelistandthethingsthatthemanactuallybuysdonotagree,andifthisandthisaloneconstitutesamistake,thenthemistakeisnotinthelistbutintheman'sperformance

DIRECTIONOFFIT

(ifhiswifeweretosay:“Look,itsaysbutterandyouhaveboughtmargarine”,hewouldhardlyreply:“Whatamistake!wemustputthatright”andalterthewordonthelistto“margarine”);whereasifthedetective'srecordandwhatthemanactuallybuysdonotagree,thenthemistakeisintherecord.”

MIND&WORLD§2.3

Tusseneenbevelenhetopvolgenvaneenbevelbestaateeninternerelatie,endusookmethetnietopvolgenvaneenbevel.Eenbevelbevatzijneigenvervullingscriteria.Daarzitgeenintermediairtussen.

MIND&WORLD§2.3

Tusseneenbeschrijvingenhetwaarzijnvaneenbeschrijvingbestaateeninternerelatie,endusookmethetnietwaarzijnvaneenbeschrijving.Eenbeschrijvingbevatzijneigenvervullingscriteria(waarheidsvoorwaarden).Daarzitgeenintermediairtussen.

MIND&WORLD§2.3

“thereisnoontologicalgapbetweenthesortofthingonecanmean,andthesortofthingthatcanbethecase.Whenonethinkstruly,whatonethinksiswhatisthecase.Sosincetheworldiseverythingthatisthecase,thereisnogapbetweenthought,assuch,andtheworld.”p.27,r.18‐23.

MIND&WORLD§2.3

“phobiaofidealism”p.28,r.1.

Inderelatietussenwerkelijkheid(thesortofthingthatcanbethecase)endenken(thesortofthingonecanthink)geenprioriteit.

MIND&WORLD§2.3

‘THOUGHT’vertoontACT/CONTENTAMBIGUITEIT.

ACT=actvandenken

CONTENT=inhoudvanact

MIND&WORLD§2.3

‘CONSTRAINTSONTHOUGHT’betekent:

Constraintsopactenvandenken

Niet:constraintsopinhoudvandenkacten(thinkablecontents).

MIND&WORLD§2.3

Feitenzijngeendenkacten,(geenoccurrents)maarinhoudenvandieacten.

DestellingvanPythagorasisgeendenkact,maardeinhoudvaneendenkact.

MIND&WORLD§2.3

TermoccurrentskomtvanRyle.

Beliefs

1. Occurrent2. Dispostion

MIND&WORLD§2.3

“Theconstraintcomesfromoutsidethinking,butnotfromoutsidewhatisthinkable.”p.28,r.31/2.

“Whatweseeis:thatsuch‐and‐suchisthecase.”(isafact)

MIND&WORLD§2.4

“wecouldnotrecognizecapacitiesoperativeinexperienceasconceptualatallwereitnotforthewaytheyareintegratedintoarationallyorganizednetworkofcapacitiesforactiveadjustmentofone’sthinkingtothedeliverancesofexperience.Thatiswhatarepertoireofempiricalconceptsis.”p.29,r.23/5.

MIND&WORLD§2.4

“Whatitisforsomethingtobered,isnotintelligibleunlesspackagedwithanunderstandingofwhatitisforsomethingtolookred.”p.29,r.32/5.

N.b.ZelfdevoorbeeldalsSellarsgebruiktin‘EmpiricismandthePhilosophyofMind’.

MIND&WORLD§2.4

“Nosubjectcouldberecognizedashavingexperiencesofcolourexceptagainstabackgroundunderstandingthatmakesitpossibleforjudgementsendorsingsuchexperiencesintoherviewoftheworld.Shemustbeequippedwithsuchthingsastheconceptofvisiblesurfacesofobjects,andtheconceptofsuitableconditionsfortellingwhatsomething’scolourisbylookingatit.”p.30,r.5‐10.

.

MIND&WORLD§2.4

Wederzijdseafhankelijkheidvan‘roodzijn’en‘rooderuitzien’.

Ditisrood,omdatikhetalsroodzie.

Ikzieditalsrood,omdathetroodis.

MIND&WORLD§2.4

N.b.Wekunnenhetbegriproodtoepassenopinnerlijkeervaring,omdatweheteersthebbenlerengebruikenomdekleurvanobjectentebeschrijven.

MIND&WORLD§2.4

Contrasensedatumtheoretici:wehebbengeenautonomeinnerlijke‘rood’ervaring,dieweprojecterenopobjectenindebuitenwereld.

MIND&WORLD§2.4

InvloedStrawson:

Afzonderlijkeervaringenkrijgenhunplaatsineenwereldbeeld.Welerenbeseffendatdingendiewewaarnemen,blijvenbestaan,ookalswezenietwaarnemen.Essenonestpercipi.p.32

MIND&WORLD§2.4

“thesubjectoftheexperienceunderstandswhattheexperiencetakesinaspartofawiderreality,arealitythatisalleembraceableinthoughtbutnotallavailabletothisexperience.”p.32,r.13‐16

MIND&WORLD§2.4

“Theobjectofexperienceisunderstoodasintegratedintoawiderreality,inawaythatmirrorshowtherelevantconceptsareintegratedintotherepertoireofspontaneityatlarge.[…]thisintegrationallowsustounderstandanexperienceasawarenessofsomethingindependentoftheexperienceitself:”p.32,r.16‐24

MIND&WORLD§2.4

  Lezenpp.32‐33r.25–r.8

MIND&WORLD§2.5

 Noouterboundary  “therationalinfluenceonourthinkingrequiresustodeletetheouterboundaryfromthepicture.Theimpressionsonoursensesthatkeepthedynamicsysteminmotionarealreadyequippedwithconceptualcontent.”p.34,r.18‐20.

MIND&WORLD§2.5

•  Noouterboundary•  “Wefindourselvesalreayengagingwiththeworldinconceptualactivitywithinsuchadynamicsystem.Anyunderstandingofthisconditionthatitmakestohopeformustbefromwithinthesystem.”

MIND&WORLD§2.5

 Noouterboundary  “Itcannotbeamatterofpicturingthesystem’sadjustmentstotheworldfromsidewayson:thatis,withthesystemcircumscribedwithinaboundary,andtheworldoutsideit.Thatisexactlytheshapeourpicturemustnottake.”p.34,r.27‐33.

MIND&WORLD§2.5

 Noouterboundary VergelijkHeidegger,SeinundZeit.DerZirkeldesVerstehensbestehtdarin,dass"alleAuslegung,dieVerständnisbeistellensoll,schondasAuszulegendeverstandenhaben[muss]"(p.4,152)

MIND&WORLD§2.5

  Lezenp.34r.38–p.35r.19+r.24–p.36r.3

MIND&WORLD§2.6

 Whatisinnerexperience?

Geeninnerlijkeervaring.‘feigninganaesthesia’.(radicaalbehaviorisme)

MIND&WORLD§2.6

 Whatisinnerexperience?

Objectvanervaringkanbestaanzonderonze(bewuste)ervaringervan.DezepositiewordtverdedigddoorMichaelMartinin‘TheLimitsofSelf‐Awareness’.

MIND&WORLD§2.6

 Whatisinnerexperience?

Zelf‐toeschrijvingenvaninnerlijkeervaringzijngeenoordelen(HackersinterpretatievanWittgenstein,3edeelcommentaaropdePI,MeaningandMind,p.56.)

MIND&WORLD§2.6

•  Whatisinnerexperience?

‘Ikhebpijn.’vooronderstelt‘Iemandisinpijn.’(GarethEvansVoR,h.7,P.F.Strawson,BoundsofSense,II.7)

‘Ik’iseenobjecttemiddenvanandereobjecten.

MIND&WORLD§2.6

Lezenp.37onderstealinea+eerstealineap.38.

MIND&WORLD§2.6

Objectsinnerexp. Sec.qual.outerexp.

Afhankelijkvanervaringvoorbestaan

+ ‐

Identificeerbaaropanderemanierdaninervaring

+ ‐

MIND&WORLD§2.7

 Conceptuelecapaciteitenwerkennietinopnon‐conceptueleinhoud(impressions).

  Lezen:p.39r.1–4

Conceptueleinhoudgaatoverdewereld.

MIND&WORLD§2.7

POINTING

TOSOMETHINGTHATISALREADYCONCEPTUALIZED

ASWAYOUTOF

CONCEPTUAL

MIND&WORLD§2.8

•  THOMASNAGEL,THEVIEWFROMNOWHERE,H.6,p.104.“MydisagreementwithStrawsoniswiththewayheinterpretstheideathatweareembeddedinaworldlargerthanwecanconceive.Whatliesbeyondourcurrentunderstandingisnotadequatelycapturedintheideaofanswerswedonotyetknowhowtoask.Itmayincludethingsweorcreatureslikeuscouldneverformulatequestionsabout.”

MIND&WORLD§2.8

  ‘Noendofinquiry’

VerwijzingnaarC.S.Peirce:‘Truthistheidealendofinquiry.’Amerikaanspragmatisme.

http://www.pragmatisme.nl

MIND&WORLD§2.9

SAMENWERKINGRECEPTIVITEITENSPONTANITEITTEONDERSCHEIDEN?

NEE,VANUITFENOMENAALSTANDPUNT.DEWERKELIJKHEIDIS

CONCEPTUALISEERBAAR(STRAWSON)

JA,VANUITEENTRANSCENDENTAALSTANDPUNT.HET

CONCEPTUELEISOMGEVENDOOREEN‘SUPERSENSIBLE

REALITY

MIND&WORLD§2.8

  LEZENp.42r.1‐13.

MIND&WORLD§2.8

BarryStroud,“Theallureofidealism”,inUnderstandingHumanKnowledge,p.90.

“Ifidealismiscorrectandourwaysofthinking‘constitute’thewaythingsare,therewillbenodifferencebetweenexaminingourwaysofthinkingandexaminingthewaythingsare.”

MIND&WORLD§2.8

NotabeneverwijzingnaarHegel,p.44!