MILITARY LAWS AND PRACTICES FUTURE REFORMS
Aug 18, 2015
Presentationby
Maj Gen (Prof) Nilendra KumarDirector
Amity Law School, Noidaand
Director GeneralAmity Directorate on Research and
Innovation in Law & Allied Areas
Military law consists of the federal statutes and
regulations governing the armed forces, the
executive power of the central government and
the inherent authority of military commanders.
The purpose of military law is to promote
justice, to assist in maintaining good order and
discipline in the armed forces, to promote
efficiency and effectiveness of the military.
The process of reforms, particularly in laws,
should be systematic regular and carried out
objectively.
Why are reforms needed?
1.To make the compliance and enforcement more easy by simplification.
2.To make the laws more humane.3.To conform to the global best
practices.
Example of Special Military Law
1.Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act.2.Legal regime concerning Peace
Keeping Operations.3.Tri service jurisdiction.4.Military Nursing Service Ordinance.
Legal entitlements which every person as a
human being possesses. They are universal and
belong to everyone, rich or poor, male or
female.
This is so because they deal with subject matter
of :1.Enemy – The applicable IHL regime
demands humanitarian stance.2.Own troops – The accused is a colleague.
The action against him for a misdemeanour is with a view to maintain discipline with compassion.
3.Own citizens – The military has to be sympathetic and not viewed as an occupying force.
1. Increase in subsistence allowance paid to the soldiers under arrest for upkeep of their families.
2. Permission to use mobile phones and access to TV and newspapers while in custody.
3. Fair and reasonable opportunities for career progression to women officers.
4. Framing of Rules under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958.
1. Definition of ‘armed forces.’2. Difference between ‘disturbed’ and
‘dangerous’ situations.3. Threshold level to trigger above
decision.4. Warning before opening fire –
Language, duration, means and caution.5. Recording of the opinion of the officer of
the designated category.
Frame clear guidelines to lay down policy
about according/denial of sanction for
prosecution of offenders under Section 6.
PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, 1993
NHRC may be allowed to refer and
seek reports.
This would require statutory amendment.
Use the tool of court of inquiry for prompt and transparent investigations
1. Obligatory to convene inquiry in all cases of civil deaths, grievous injury or allegations of sexual harassment , extortion or destruction of property etc. Do so within 72 hours.
2. Co-opt a civil official.3. Woman officer to be a member/in attendance.4. Venue to be easily accessible to local public.
Incentives/awards for capturing militants
alive. Hopefully, this may cut down
number of fatal casualties.
A civil magistrate to accompany each
contingent of Army for all missions. If not
feasible, reasons for the same be recorded. This would bring in transparency and independent
check.
After the return of popular government there is
a tendency to revive cases against Army Units
and Personnel.
All complaints against Army personnel
pending in police stations should be
thoroughly probed in a time bound manner.
Unsatisfactory Media Response
Due publicity of cases where disciplinary
actions have been taken against military
personnel for human rights personnel.
NEED OF THE HOUR
Urgent discussion on steps to change working of AFSPA would be a
pragmatic move to resolve an issue of major national concern.
Involve all stakeholders in the debate.
It is defined as the unintentional damage or
incidental damage affecting facilities, equipment or personnel, occurring as
a result of military actions directed against
targeted enemy forces or facilities.
It must be remembered that merely because power may sometimes be abused, it is no ground for denying the existence of power. The wisdom of man has not yet been able to conceive of a government with power sufficient to answer all its legitimate needs and at the same time incapable of mischief.
State of Rajasthan V Union of India; 1978 (1) SCR 1
Background
1.Number of disciplinary cases of serious nature are increasing.
2.Delay in disposal of cases.3.Case of moral turpitude on the rise.4.Adverse media reports.
Plea bargain
What is it?It is an agreement in a criminal case
between the prosecutor and accused whereby the accused agrees to plead guilty to a
particular charge in return for some concession from
the prosecutor.
Its Need
In the absence of ‘plea bargain’ the accused
has a tendency to fight it out. He does not
plead ‘guilty’ to own up his culpability.
The accused accepts his culpability with regard
to the charge for which there is irrefutable
evidence. A plea bargain would lead to disposal
of the case.
To illustrate a store holder may not own up to a
charge of dishonest misappropriation of good
funds. But he may accept careless or negligent
discharge of his duties that led to the loss.
What it actually entails?
1.The accused will plead guilty to a less serious charge, or one of several charges, in return for the dismissal of other charges; or
2.He will plead guilty to the original charge in return for a more lenient sentence.
This be suitably disseminated and its recourse
encouraged.
This would inculcate honour code and cut
down avoidable pending cases disposal.
1. Need for better training of officers who have to exercise disciplinary powers.
2. Issue explanatory letters to guide all rank.
a) Chairperson - Retd. Judge of the Supreme Court or a Retd. Chief Justice of High Court.
b) Judicial Member – A sitting or a former Judge of a High Court.
c) Administrative Memberi) He has held or has been holding the rank of Maj Gen or above for a total period of at least three years in the Army or equivalent rank in the Navy or the Air Force.
ii) He has not served for not less than one year as JAG in the Army or the Navy or the Air Force and is not below the rank of Maj Gen, Commodore or Air Commodore respectively.
CompositionSection 5(2)
Every Bench shall consist of one judicial
member and one administrative member.
Jurisdiction, Powers and Authority against Court Martial
Section 151.Appeal against any order, decision,
finding or sentence passed by a court martial, or any matter connected therewith or incidental thereto.
2.To grant bail.
3. An appeal will be allowed where the finding is legally not sustainable, or the finding involves wrong decision on a question of law or a material irregularity in the course of trial resulting in miscarriage of justice.
NOTEWORTHY FEATURES
1.UOI may go in appeal.2.May enhance the sentence awarded
by a court martial Section 14(6)(c).3.Order retrial (Section 16).4.Order costs (Section 18).
1. When a statutory forum is created by law for redressal of grievances, a writ petition should not be entertained ignoring the statutory dispensation.
...2…
2. The High Court will not entertain a writ petition under Article 226, if an effective alternative remedy is available to the aggrieved person or the statute under which the action complained of has been taken itself contains a mechanism for redressal of grievance.
Maintainability of appeal to Supreme Court against final decision or order AFT under Section 30 without resorting to procedure prescribed in Section 31. Held, there is no vested right of appeal to Supreme Court against final decision of Tribunal except
where order passed by Tribunal is in exercise of its contempt jurisdiction.
Imperative that appeal to Supreme Court should
be preceded by leave of tribunal certifying that
question of law of general public importance was involved, or by obtaining leave of
Supreme Court, in terms of Section 31.
Moreover, application for grant of certificate must first be made before tribunal before approaching Supreme Court. Where Tribunal grants
certificate for filing appeal, appeal would be maintainable as of right.
The Tribunal does not have jurisdiction over
matters relating to leave and postings.
It has no power to award compensation.
There is no convincing justification to exclude
these matters.
Hence, the law needs to be amended so as to
enlarge the jurisdiction in this direction.
S.No.
Particulars Army Act
Navy Act
Air Force Act
1. Summary Court Martial
Yes No No
2. Detailment of members at court martial
By name
By rank
By name
3. Brief reasons in support of finding
Recorded No No
In the Navy, the Judge Advocate is not present
in the closed court when the members deliberate on the finding. In Army and
Air Force they are.
The Presiding Officer of a Court Martial is nominated by the Convening Authority in the case of Navy. In the Army and Air
Force, the senior most officer of the Court Martial becomes the Presiding Officer.
Deployment
in the context of military, means the movement
of armed forces and their logistical support.
1.ANC Command2.Strategic Command3.HQ IDS4.Tri Service Operational Exercises5.Peace Keeping Operations
Uniformity means overall sameness homogeneity, or regularity. It is the
quality or state of being uniform.
Why is uniformity needed
1.For consistency2.To avoid any impression about
leniency or bias3.For better morale
EFFECTIVENESSmeans
the degree to which something is successful in
producing a desired result, success.
OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESSimplies
any kind of practice which allows a force to
maximize the use of their output by developing their actions or response
more effectively than enemy or opposing
force.
1. Demands prompt/speedy disposal of cases.
2. Minimum displacement of manpower, resources and efforts.
3. Thereby achieve economy.4. Integral formation would have greater
say/ state in prompt and desired disposal.
5. Enhanced respect for authority of commander.
FOR EXAMPLE
1. Committee set up by the GOI in 1965.
2. Various efforts by the Chiefs of Staff Committee.
1. Lack of understanding.2. Ego of each service.3. False notion that mutual power of
command provisions will suffice.
4. Absence of political will.5. Vested interests of non military to
keep three services separated.6. JAG Department overwhelmed with
routine work.
EXAMPLES
1.USA - The Uniform Code of Military
Justice (1950)2.France - Law adopted by the
French Senate (2011)3.Canada - National Defence Act4.Israel - Defence Service Law
a)A new Act to apply to Army. Navy and Air Force which would replace the three existing statutes; or
b)A new Act that would only be applicable to the specific situation of tri service tenure.
1. Complications when the offence relates to tri-service tenure and it comes to light when one or more offender is back with parent service.
2. What if one service wants to invoke own jurisdiction while the other(s) insist on tri service law.
Do away with existing separate Acts and
frame a common law.
If Armed Forces Tribunal Act can extend over
all three services, why not a uniform code?
1. Provide for women officers2. Take stock for
a) Cyber/IT offencesb) Environmental crimes
3. Video conferencing to take evidence4. Give option to an accused to elect
trial by court martial or military judge
Enlarge the jurisdiction of Armed Forces
Tribunals so as to bring in grievances concerning leave, transfer, postings
and summary court martial.
A review of the Cantonment Act so as to
bring the cantonments and military stations
at par in the sphere of civil administration
and governance.
Area 61.Legal cover in the Regular Army be
extended to Indep Bde/Stn HQ level.2.Direct induction in the JAG
Department be by way of Permanent & Regular Commission.
3.Shift Institute of Military Law from Kamtee to Delhi.
4. Setting up of a Faculty on Security Jurisprudence at the National Defence University.
5. Introduction of an LLM programme in Military & Security Laws.
6. Service in the JAG Department be reckoned as judicial service.