Military Auxiliary Radio Service National Training Manual REVISION DATE Compiled by Roger B. Hughes – AFA9HR / AFE9TS / AFN9TM National Training Manager Reviewed by Leo Liberio – AFA9LL / AFD9TM Deputy National Training Manager Authorized by Headquarters AFCA For Air Force Training Revised 11 March 2012 Supersedes all previous editions
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Military Auxiliary Radio Service
National Training Manual
REVISION
DATE
Compiled by Roger B. Hughes – AFA9HR / AFE9TS / AFN9TM National Training Manager
Reviewed by Leo Liberio – AFA9LL / AFD9TM Deputy National Training Manager
Authorized by Headquarters AFCA For Air Force Training
Revised 11 March 2012 Supersedes all previous editions
Military Auxiliary Radio Service
Training Manual
U.S. Air Force
Training Manual
2012-03-12 Rev-1
ii
REVISION PAGE
REVISION DATE DESCRIPTION
Rev-1 2012-03-12 Initial Revision as per new MOI of January 2012
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Training Manual
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Training Manual
2012-03-12 Rev-1
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Training Manual
U.S. Air Force
Training Manual
2012-03-12 Rev-1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. CHAPTER 1 — TRAINING REQUIREMENTS...................................................................................................... 1
1.2. COMPLETION OF TRAINING ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3. TRAINING ON USAF MARS PROCEDURES .............................................................................................................. 2
1.4. TRAINING NETS ................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.5. PARTICIPATION TIME REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................................... 2
1.6. ARRANGING PROLONGED PERIOD OF INACTIVITY ...................................................................................................... 2
2. CHAPTER 2 — MARS OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................... 3
2.1. A BRIEF MARS HISTORY ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2. MARS MISSION ................................................................................................................................................ 3
2.2.1. Department of Defense ....................................................................................................................... 3
2.3. PROGRAM EMPHASIS ......................................................................................................................................... 3
2.4. STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION ................................................................................................................ 4
2.5.1. Completion of Training ........................................................................................................................ 6
2.5.2. Partial List of Official Call Signs and Duties ......................................................................................... 6
2.5.4. Region Nets ......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.5.5. State Nets ............................................................................................................................................ 9
3.4. ENDING OF TRANSMISSIONS .............................................................................................................................. 10
3.4.1. The Proword OVER ............................................................................................................................ 11
3.4.2. The Proword OUT .............................................................................................................................. 11
3.5. MARS COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS .............................................................................................................. 11
4. CHAPTER 4 — CALLING AND ANSWERING PROCEDURES ............................................................................. 12
4.1.1. Single Call .......................................................................................................................................... 12
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4.1.2. Collective Call (or Net Call or Group Call) .......................................................................................... 12
4.2. ANSWERING A PRELIMINARY CALL ...................................................................................................................... 12
4.2.1. Full Procedure .................................................................................................................................... 12
5.2.1. How to Check In ................................................................................................................................. 14
5.2.2. Net Activity ........................................................................................................................................ 15
5.2.3. Net Continuity Check (Roll Call/Radio Check) .................................................................................... 15
5.2.4. Free Net vs. Directed Net ................................................................................................................... 16
6. CHAPTER 6 — MESSAGE FORMAT ............................................................................................................... 17
6.1. PLAINDRESS MESSAGE FORMAT ......................................................................................................................... 17
6.2. THE TEXT ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
6.3. THE ENDING................................................................................................................................................... 19
6.4. ABBREVIATED PLAINDRESS MESSAGE FORMAT ...................................................................................................... 19
6.4.1. Important Reminder .......................................................................................................................... 19
6.5.1. Voice Format ..................................................................................................................................... 19
6.5.2. Digital Format .................................................................................................................................... 20
6.5.3. Digital Format – without explanation of sections ............................................................................. 20
6.5.4. Messages via Voice ............................................................................................................................ 21
7.2. USE OF COMMON PROWORDS .......................................................................................................................... 23
7.2.1. I Spell ................................................................................................................................................. 23
7.2.3. Letters and Figures Mixed ................................................................................................................. 24
7.2.4. Caution on Counting of Mixed Groups .............................................................................................. 24
7.2.5. Other Prowords ................................................................................................................................. 24
7.3. RECEPTION OF A MESSAGE ................................................................................................................................ 24
7.3.1. All Received OK .................................................................................................................................. 24
7.3.2. Lettering The Text .............................................................................................................................. 24
7.4.3. Relay To ............................................................................................................................................. 26
7.4.4. Do Not Answer ................................................................................................................................... 26
7.8. SERVICE MESSAGES ......................................................................................................................................... 30
7.9. REFILE (MARS TO AMATEUR) ........................................................................................................................... 30
7.10. REFILE (AMATEUR TO MARS) ........................................................................................................................... 32
8. CHAPTER 8 — ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION (EEI) ...................................................................... 33
8.1. HOW TO DRAFT AND SEND AN EEI MESSAGE ....................................................................................................... 33
8.2. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION (EEI) EVENT IDENTIFIERS ............................................................................ 34
8.3. MESSAGE FORM FOR EEI REPORTS (VOICE) ......................................................................................................... 35
8.5. EXAMPLE DIGITAL EEI EXERCISE MESSAGE ........................................................................................................... 38
9. CHAPTER 9 — MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION .......................................................................................... 40
9.2. TIME KEEPING ................................................................................................................................................ 40
9.3. BROADCASTS AND BULLETINS ............................................................................................................................ 40
9.4. FREQUENCY TOLERANCE ................................................................................................................................... 40
9.8. TRAINING FINAL EXAM ..................................................................................................................................... 41
9.9. PARTICIPATION TIME ....................................................................................................................................... 42
9.11. CHAIN OF COMMAND ...................................................................................................................................... 42
9.12. FREQUENCY DESIGNATORS ................................................................................................................................ 42
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PREFACE
AIR FORCE MARS
To: All new members, /T calls
You have been accepted into an elite organization that is tasked with providing emergency
communications support for the United States Air Force and other Government Agencies, which
include the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Shared Resources (SHARES) HF
radio program, and other agencies of the Department of Defense and U.S. Government.
The opportunities offered by MARS for you to serve in public service support are limited only by
your willingness to participate in the many programs that make this a unique organization.
Examples of some of the services offered by MARS are:
1. Dispatch of health, morale and welfare traffic to and from military service personnel world-
wide.
2. Disaster communications support for federal, state and civilian governmental agencies and
other disaster relief organizations when requested.
3. Engineering and technical support in all communications systems to continue state-of-the-art
readiness status.
4. Management training for local military base support positions.
Air Force MARS utilizes both voice and digital modes.
You will first be trained to use the correct radiotelephone procedures required for
communications support of military and allied national forces. Additional training is available
for those members that desire to use digital capabilities.
After you have completed your initial training assignment you will then be re-assigned to the
traffic net system in your MARS Division. This will be your primary assignment but you may
participate in as many nets of the Air Force MARS program as you desire (excepting special
assignment nets).
The expansion of your own horizons through your association with Air Force MARS and the
members of this organization are limited only by your desire and capability.
Operations on USAF MARS is governed primarily by: Allied Communications Publications listed
on http://jcs.dtic.mil/j6/cceb/acps/ and Air Force MARS Operating Instructions. Primarily of
This is not a complete list but should give you some idea of the system and will help you
recognize officials and their duties when you hear these call signs on the air.
2.5.3. Network Call Signs
Networks are assigned distinctive call signs or net designators which identify the geographic
coverage, type of net and the mode of communication.
NOTE : All USAF MARS high frequency voice nets operate on upper sideband.
2.5.3.1. Transcon & National Nets
Net Call Sign Description Mode
TRANSCON TRANSCON National Voice Net USB
TDN TRANSCON Keyboard-to-Keyboard
Digital
Sound Card Digital Modes –
Usually MFSK16
TRANSCON Multi-
Mode Net
TRANSCON Multi-Mode Net Net opens in USB and may switch
to MT63 or other digital modes
MSN Mission Support Net Restricted Net only open to
specially approved members.
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Note that the Mission Support Net (MSN) is a restricted net that replaces the previous
TRANSCON Space Support Net. As a restricted net, the MSN only allows registered members to
sign in to the net. Registered members must have Mission Support Net listed as either a
Primary Net or a Secondary Net on their AF 3661 form in order to participate. During regular
net operations, there is strictly no-check-ins permitted of non-members to the net. If you are
not a registered member, do not attempt to check in. The exception to this is during the weekly
Admin net for MSN which takes place on Saturdays at 0801 PST (0001Z during winter hours), any
MARS member may check in during the Admin portion of the Mission Support Net.
2.5.3.2. Division Traffic Nets
Network Call Signs for Division Traffic nets are of the format AAm# where AA denotes the
Division (NE, SE, NC, SC, NW or SW); m denotes the mode (S for USB, M for Mixed mode, D for
Digital or F for FM) and # denotes net number
EXAMPLES:
NEM1 = Northeast Division Multi-Mode Traffic Net #1
NCD1 = North Central Digital Keyboard-to-Keyboard Traffic Net #1
NWS1 = Northwest Division SSB Voice Traffic Net #1
2.5.3.3. Other Division Nets
Network Call Signs for other Division nets are of the format AATTm# where AA denotes the
Division (NE, SE, NC, SC, NW or SW); TT denotes the net type (AD for Administrative Net, EC for
ECOM Net, TG for Training Net, TS for Technical Service Net, or XC for Exercise Net); m denotes
the mode (S for USB, M for Mixed mode, D for Digital or F for FM) and # denotes net number
EXAMPLES:
NEADS1 = Northeast Division Administrative SSB Voice Net #1
NETSS1 = Northeast Division Technical Services SSB Voice Net #1
NETGS1 = Northeast Division SSB Voice Training Net #1
NETGS2 = Northeast Division SSB Voice Training Net #2
NWTGD1 = Northwest Division Digital Training Net #1
SCXCM1 = South Central Multi-Mode Exercise Net #1
SCECM1 = South Central Multi-Mode ECOM Net #1
2.5.4. Region Nets
Network Call Signs for Region nets are of the format RTTm# where R denotes the Region (1
through 0); TT denotes the net type (AD for Administrative Net, EC for ECOM Net, TG for
Training Net, TS for Technical Service Net, or XC for Exercise Net); m denotes the mode (S for
USB, M for Mixed mode, D for Digital or F for FM) and # denotes net number
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EXAMPLES:
4ADS1 = Region Four SSB Voice Administrative Net #1
4TGS1 = Region Four SSB Voice Training Net #1
4TGM1 = Region Four Multi-Mode Training Net #1
6ADS1 = Region Six SSB Voice Administrative Net #1
6TSS1 = Region Six SSB Voice Technical Services Net #1
6TGM1 = Region Six Multi-Mode Training Net #1
2.5.5. State Nets
Network Call Signs for State nets are of the format RSSm# where R denotes the Region (1
through 0); SS denotes the two character postal code; m denotes the mode (S for USB, M for
Mixed mode, D for Digital or F for FM) and # denotes net number
EXAMPLES:
3VAS1 = Virginia State SSB Net #1
2NYS1 = New York State SSB Net #1
1VTF1 = Vermont State FM Voice Net #1
4ALS1 = Alabama State SSB Voice Net #1
5WIM1 = Wisconsin State Multi-Mode Net #1
6NMD1 = New Mexico State Digital Net #1
This is a partial list of the various Networks and activities, but should give you an idea of the
system used for network call sign assignments.
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3. CHAPTER 3 — BASIC PROCEDURES
3.1. Introduction
As you begin your activity in MARS there are a few basic procedures that will become evident.
All USAF MARS nets are directed nets. i.e. they are directed by a net control station and set
procedures will prevail. Initial transmissions will contain your call sign at the beginning. After
the initial call between two stations, call signs may be dropped (note that your call sign must still
always be repeated every 5 minutes) unless confusion is likely to arise by so doing.
Administrative, training, and technical nets are often conducted informally. Traffic nets
however, are always conducted formally, because this reduces verbiage and makes the net
more efficient in terms of traffic passage. The term ‘informal’ refers to the use of first names
and a few more relaxed procedures that will become evident as you monitor the various nets.
3.2. Formality
Formality will always be maintained during the following procedures—
1. When checking into a net.
2. When initially establishing contact. (Both when calling a station and when answering a call.)
3. When receiving a message.
4. When sending a message.
5. When answering Roll Call.
3.3. Informality
Informality may be allowed on a traffic net when the NCS has given permission for an
“informal”. This will allow informal comments between members on the net. Generally
informal procedure will be allowed only after all of the traffic that can be passed, has been
passed. Typically, informal comments are only passed during a FREE net. During a FREE net
(where stations do not have to ask permission of the NCS and may call another station directly),
a station may exchange informal comments with another station with the following limitations:
1) All comments must, in some way, relate to MARS business or the mission of MARS;
2) Comments need to be brief, consistent with clarity.
3) Stations must pause (releasing the pressel, that is unkeying the microphone) between
turnovers in transmission to allow for another station to break in.
4) NCS may interrupt an exchange at any time and stop the exchange by calling a directed net.
3.4. Ending of Transmissions
IMPORTANT: Every transmission, whether formal or informal, ends with either of the two
prowords— OVER or OUT but never both.
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3.4.1. The Proword OVER
OVER means that you are expecting a reply and is the signal to the other station indicating that
he may transmit without interference.
3.4.2. The Proword OUT
OUT means that this is the last transmission of an exchange and no reply is necessary. When
one station says OUT, that is the end of an exchange and the other station should not add
another OUT. If there is more to be transmitted, you must re- establish contact by the calling
method explained in the next section of this guide.
3.5. MARS Communications Protocols
MARS Communications are generally “Point-to-Point”, or one station communicating with
another, one at a time. Authorized exceptions to this rule are: Net Control Stations when
making net calls, and stations sending bulletins. Round table discussions are not allowed on the
MARS circuits. If you must communicate with more than one station, you must say “OUT” when
you have completed with one and then establish contact with the next station. After you have
had a chance to monitor a few nets, you will see that this is not as complicated as it sounds. For
years the above procedures have proved to contribute to effective and efficient
communications. They are not intended to be restrictive and we continue to use them because
not only are they mandated by our governing documents but they work well.
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4. CHAPTER 4 — CALLING AND ANSWERING PROCEDURES
4.1. Preliminary Calls
A “preliminary call,” sometimes referred to as simply a “call,” is made to initiate a contact. An
“answer” is a reply to a call. There are three types of preliminary calls; a single call, a collective
call (also known as a group or net call), and a multiple call. Examples of each of these are as
follow:
4.1.1. Single Call
One station calls another station to initiate communications. Example:
AFA1AA, THIS IS AFA1BB, OVER
4.1.2. Collective Call (or Net Call or Group Call)
One station (such as a Net Control Station) calls a groups of stations collectively. A preliminary
call to open a net is an example. Example: NEM1, THIS IS AFA1XX (NCS), OVER.
Sometimes, “Limited Collective Calls” may be used, where the NCS may call for only part of the
whole group. Example: NEM1, THIS IS AFA1AA, STATIONS WITH TRAFFIC,
OVER. In that case, the NCS expects to hear only answers from stations with traffic.
4.1.3. Multiple Call
One station calls a number of specified stations. Example: AFA1AA, AFA1BB AND
AFA1CC, THIS IS AFA1XX, OVER.
4.2. Answering a Preliminary Call
When answering a preliminary call, a MARS operator will use either “Full Procedure” or
“Abbreviated Procedure.”
4.2.1. Full Procedure
Full procedure means the transmission begins with the call sign of the station to whom the
answer is directed. Example: AFA1BB THIS IS AFA1AA, OVER.
4.2.2. Abbreviated Procedure
Abbreviated procedure means the transmission begins with the proword THIS IS followed by the
call sign of the station transmitting. Example: THIS IS AFA1AA, OVER.
Usually, abbreviated procedure is used to answer a Single Call (including continuity checks) and
Multiple Calls. In the case of Multiple Calls, the stations answering should answer in the order in
which they were called. A net control station may direct stations to “USE FULL PROCEDURE” if
he/she feels it necessary or desirable. In such case, of course, stations will follow the directive
of the NCS and use full procedure. If communications conditions are difficult, a station
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answering a single call may find it desirable to use full procedure to answer as a way of
confirming his/her understanding of who was calling. However, because of the extra airtime
involved, this use of full procedure should be limited.
4.3. Checking Into Nets Requires Full Procedure
Full procedure (with phonetics) will be used when checking into nets unless directed otherwise
by the Net Control Station. Example: (for the Collective call by the NCS) SCS1, SCS1, THIS
IS ALPHA, FOXTROT ALPHA ONE ALPHA ALPHA, OVER, the answer using full
procedure) would be:
AFA1AA,<pause> THIS IS ALPHA FOXTROT ALPHA ONE X-RAY X-RAY SLANT
TANGO, NO TRAFFIC, OVER.
And the NCS response would be:
ALPHA FOXTROT ALPHA ONE X-RAY X-RAY SLANT TANGO, THIS IS
ALPHA,FOXTROT ALPHA ONE ALPHA ALPHA, ROGER, OUT
(Note the use of phonetics for your own call sign when initially checking into a net. If you feel it
is necessary to prevent confusion, or that conditions are poor you may elect to use full
phonetics for the Net Control’s call sign as well as for your call sign.)
4.4. After Communications are Established, use Abbreviated Procedure
Once communications have been established between two stations, both should use
abbreviated procedure until the communications is concluded. Example: (preliminary, single
call using full procedure): AFA1AA, THIS IS AFA1BB, OVER
(answer using abbreviated procedure): THIS IS AFA1AA, OVER
(communications): THIS IS AFA1BB, REQUEST YOU DO …..
(communications): THIS IS AFA1AA, WILCO, OUT.
4.5. Abbreviated Procedure is Not the same as Abbreviated Call Signs
Caution: Do not confuse “abbreviated procedure” with “abbreviated call signs.” Abbreviated
call signs, such as AA for AFA1AA, are not authorized in USAF MARS.
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5. CHAPTER 5 — NET OPERATIONS
5.1. Authorized Nets
5.1.1. Nets Authorized while in Training
Current directives allow stations in training to participate only in State, Region and Division nets.
Once training has been completed, there are numerous networks available. In addition to the
various State, Division and Region nets, MARS stations that have completed training are
authorized to participate in the various transcontinental nets. (TRANSCON Voice, TRANSCON
CW, TRR and TVRS digital Nets). There are a few restricted nets such as overseas Phone Patch
Net or Mission Support Net. Membership on phone patch nets or the Mission Support Net is by
special appointment through your SMD and the special net managers.
5.2. Directed Nets
All USAF MARS nets are directed by a Net Control Station (NCS). You will be able to identify the
purpose for a net, the call sign of the NCS and the mode of transmission by the Collective Call
being used. e.g. NCS1 THIS IS AFA3AA OVER (North Central Division Traffic Net) 3TGS1
THIS IS AFF3TO OVER (Region 3 Training net) 3ADS1 THIS IS AFN3RD OVER
(Region 3 Administrative net) 3ILS1 THIS IS AFF3IL OVER (Illinois Admin. net ) 3KSF1
THIS IS AFA3IU OVER(Kansas VHF Net on FM Voice)
5.2.1. How to Check In
It is essential that every station, before transmitting, listen carefully to avoid doubling. Key
down, state the NCS call sign, let up momentarily to again be sure of no doubling, and then
complete the transmission if the frequency is clear.
5.2.1.1. Answers to a Collective Call
When you check in to a net, you are answering a collective call made by the NCS. Here are
some examples of answers to that call. AFA1BB<pause> THIS IS AFA3AA/T NO
TRAFFIC OVER AFA2CC<pause> THIS IS AFA2PO ONE ROUTINE AFA4AA
OVER AFA4DD<pause> THIS IS AFA4CC ONE PRIORITY AFA5CC, ONE
ROUTINE SEATTLE OVER
5.2.1.2. Initial Check In and Phonetics
On your initial call to check in to a net always use full phonetics for the NCS call sign and
your call sign. On subsequent calls, after the NCS has you on his/her roster, phonetics are
not necessary. The use of phonetics is sometimes still advisable to prevent
misunderstanding when propagation is poor or the frequency is noisy. As a new member in
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training checking in to a training or admin net you would say— (NCS call sign) <pause> THIS
IS (Your call sign) (traffic status) OVER
e.g. AFA5EE<pause> THIS IS AFA5AA/T NO TRAFFIC OVER
If you have comments or queries, you would state that in your check in — (NCS call sign)
<pause> THIS IS (Your call sign) (Comment or Query status) OVER
e.g. AFA6FF<pause> THIS IS AFA6AA/T WITH QUERIES OVER
After completing your call to check in, listen carefully to be certain that the NCS has
recorded your call sign correctly. Your credit for participation is dependent on this and the
NCS will report your time to a Net Manager who will in turn report to the Region or Division
Records Manager.
5.2.2. Net Activity
After you have checked into a net, you are expected to remain available to the net for any traffic that might be destined for your immediate area. You will be listed on the NCS log and should remain available until the NCS closes the net. If you need to leave the frequency early, call the NCS and request to CLOSE. Once you are checked on to a net you can gain the attention of the NCS with the abbreviated call. “THIS IS (Your call sign) OVER”. The NCS will answer with a full preliminary call using your call and his. When contact is established, make your request known to the NCS; e.g. AFA6AA THIS IS AFA6BB/T REQUEST TO CLOSE OVER
5.2.3. Net Continuity Check (Roll Call/Radio Check)
On most nets, of one hour or more in duration, the NCS may hold a Net Continuity Check.
The purpose of the Net Continuity Check is to ascertain propagation conditions between the
NCS and those stations checked into the net. The net continuity check consists of a roll call
of the stations checked in. Your response will be a Radio Check. (MARS term for signal
report). The NCS will announce that a Roll Call will follow and then proceed calling each
station by their call sign only. Stations will answer with an abbreviated call and a Radio
Check: e.g.
THIS IS AFA3AA, LOUD, CLEAR, OVER
Other Radio Check reports might be— GOOD READABLE, WEAK READABLE, WEAK BARELY READABLE, WEAK UNREADABLE
Note: Do not include phrases such as “I have you”, “You are”, “Your signal is”, etc. Do not say “Loud and Clear”, just “Loud Clear”. Brevity saves time as the word “and” is superfluous in the above usage.
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Roll Calls are held at the discretion of the NCS but usually not more than once an hour. On traffic nets of two hour duration roll is called approximately 5 minutes into the second hour. If the NCS for a one hour net chooses to make a Roll Call, this Roll Call will usually be at the half-hour, but may commence at 10 minutes prior to closure of the net. The NCS can choose the time to conduct a roll-call.
When the NCS has completed Roll Call, the NCS may, at his/her option, attempt to contact any stations who did not respond during the Roll Call.
Stations who do not respond to the Roll Call will be shown as closed on the NCS log and
unresponsive stations will no longer be considered to be checked into the net.
5.2.4. Free Net vs. Directed Net
A “Free Net” is a time when you may transmit without the permission of the NCS, as long as you
are already checked in to the net. During a directed net the NCS may declare the net “Free”
using the proword THIS IS A FREE NET. At this time you may call any station on the net without
first obtaining the permission of the NCS. All MARS procedures will still be used. The only thing
that has changed is the need to contact the NCS first. The net will remain FREE until the NCS
declares the net to be directed by using the proword THIS IS A DIRECTED NET or if the NCS
makes another Collective Call (Net Call). This Collective Call automatically puts the net back to a
directed status and will remain so until the NCS declares that it is FREE. If you are unsure as to
whether the net is free or not, the safe procedure is to assume that the net is directed, and ask
permission of the NCS to contact the station. At certain times when a frequency is not in use
and there is no net in progress, members may use the frequency to contact other MARS
members if there is a valid reason to communicate. This is sometimes referred to as “FREE
TIME”. If you plan to use one of the MARS frequencies, make certain that there is no net in
progress and that you use the frequency for MARS related business only. While you may hear
some friendly chatter from time to time, the MARS nets should not be used for casual “Rag
Chewing”. MARS frequencies are Military Frequencies and are not Amateur Bands. If you are in
doubt as to whether or not a net is in progress, use the regular check in procedure and a NCS
should answer you if there is a net.
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6. CHAPTER 6 — MESSAGE FORMAT
6.1. Plaindress Message Format
The “Plaindress” message format used in MARS is simply a plain language form which is not
encrypted or coded. This format contains three sections: a HEADING, a TEXT and an ENDING.
Each of the sections is separated from the others with the proword BREAK. Many messages will
have nothing in the “Ending” section.
The HEADING gives the precedence and time of the message as well as the sender and
addressee of the message as well as the count of words in the message.
The TEXT is the body of the message containing the information from the original sender to the
addressee.
The ENDING, although not always used, is provided for any additional information dealing with
relay instructions or delivery information needed to help move the message through the
system.
6.1.1. Heading
The HEADING is divided into 4 components.
1. The Beginning Procedure
2. The Preamble
3. The Address (Both From and To)
4. The Prefix (Group Count)
6.1.1.1. The Beginning Procedure
Sometimes called “the Procedure” consists of a Preliminary Call and the message serial number.
Serial numbers begin with 1 and the count restarts each month.
e.g. AFA3AA THIS IS AFA3BB NUMBER SEVEN. This is the call sign of the receiving station, the
call sign of the sending station and the message number assigned by the sending station. As this
message is relayed through the MARS system, the Procedure is the one-and-only part that
changes on each relay.
6.1.1.2. The Preamble
The Preamble consists of the Precedence Proword (MARSGRAM, ROUTINE, PRIORITY or
IMMEDIATE) followed by the proword TIME and the Date/Time Group (DTG). Note that the use
of precedence level of IMMEDIATE is highly restricted. The precedence level of FLASH is not
authorized for MARS use. The DTG is composed of the six digit origination time (2 digit day, 2
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digit hour and 2 digit minutes); the zone indicator (always Z – spoken as ZULU); the month; and
the 4 digit year.
e.g. R 012215Z JUNE 2012
Spoken as: ROUTINE TIME ZERO ONE TWO TWO ONE FIVE ZULU JUNE TWO ZERO ONE TWO
The first two numbers indicate the day of the month, the next two the hour and the last two the
minutes. The letter “ZULU” at the end of the numbers indicates (Universal Time Coordinated).
All official time keeping is done in UTC on the basis of the 24 hour clock. The Date/Time group is
used as the reference identifier for all messages and is assigned by the Originating MARS Station
at the time the message is introduced into the system.
This is the complete address of both the Originator and the Addressee.
The Address starts with the proword “FROM” followed by the originator’s name and address.
Some confuse the terms “originator” and “originating station”. The “Originator” is the person or
entity for which the message is being sent. The “originating station” is the MARS station
entering the message into the MARS system. The originator and the originating station are the
same when a MARS operator is sending a message on his/her own behalf; but, they are different
when a MARS operator sends a message from a third party. If the Originator and the Originating
Station are different, then the call sign and location of the Originating station appears after a
“Slant Bar” (/). In voice procedure this is sent as SLANT at the end of the FROM section of the
ADDRESS.
The complete address of the addressee is preceded by the proword “TO”. This address must be
complete enough to make delivery a simple matter for the final MARS station in the relay chain.
Telephone numbers should be included in all addresses.
6.1.1.3. The PREFIX (Now Optional in USAF MARS)
The Prefix is simply the “Group Count” which is a number that reflects the number of words or
groups in the text of a message. The group count is preceded by the proword GROUPS.
Message texts are usually kept to 25 words or less, written 5 words per line on transmission and
reception forms to facilitate counting. Messages may also be sent without a group count. In
that case, the proword ‘GROUP NO COUNT” will be used instead of the proword GROUPS. This
process should be used with judgment. When the group count is eliminated, a valuable check
for accuracy has been lost.
6.2. The Text
The Text is the “body” of the message. It is the information being sent from the originator to
the addressee. The proword BREAK indicates separation of the text from the heading and
ending. BREAK appears at the beginning of the text and at the end of the text. This is the only
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way the proword “BREAK” is used. If you hear it used in place of “OUT”, consider it an error in
that operator’s procedure. Each plain language word, each initial or group of initials, each
numeral or group of numerals is counted as one group in the GROUP COUNT. Hyphenated
words are counted as one group and are always spelled out for clarification. (More details on
this are in the next section of the guide).
6.3. The Ending
In our present format there is generally no ending. However, this section is provided to allow
any “Operators Note” such as comments by any relaying operator who may have any
observation concerning the message. If an operator’s note is added along the relay chain, then
it should be sent along with the message on each subsequent relay.
6.4. Abbreviated Plaindress Message Format
Operational requirements for speed of handling may require abbreviation of plaindress
headings. In such case, any or all of the following may be omitted: (1) Precedence, (2) Date, (3)
Date-time group, (4) Group count. The Abbreviated format is a very valuable tool to be used
during emergencies when stations are in direct communication with each other and the
expedient passage of traffic is a requirement
A message in abbreviated form will contain, at the very least, an address and a text If the
originator and the addressee are MARS stations and they are in direct communication with each
other, then this highly abbreviated form may be used. If there is any intermediate relay station
involved, the DATE/TIME group must be used in case that message needs to be identified at a
later time (The date/time group and the call sign of the originating station are always used to
identify a message.)
The message number, precedence and group count may be eliminated if the message is
between MARS stations and this elimination causes no confusion. Third party health and
welfare messages will not be abbreviated. .
6.4.1. Important Reminder
Once a MARS message has been introduced into the system, the operator at the originating
station is responsible for the content of the message and nothing following the Beginning
Procedure may be changed in the message by any relaying station or operator. If a mistake is
apparent, this may be pointed out in an Operators Note in the ending section. If an operator’s
note is added to the original message, it should remain with the message until delivery to the
addressee.
6.5. Sample Message
6.5.1. Voice Format
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Beg.Procedure { THIS IS AFA3BB MESSAGE NUMBER ONE}
Preamble { ROUTINE TIME ZERO FOUR ONE NINER THREE ZERO ZULU JUNE WUN NINER
NINER FIVE}
Address {FROM SGT. William Smith 4th Infantry Btn. Ft. Sill, Ok 73503 /AFA4XX OK
TO Mr. & Mrs. Joseph Smith 11512 S. State { Chicago, Il 60691 302-921-0078}
Prefix { GROUPS ONE SIX }
BREAK
Text { Enjoying new assignment. Will write long letter explaining new duties. Hope to see you
soon. Bill.}
BREAK
Ending { OP.Note: Do not attempt delivery before 5 PM Chicago time.}
OVER ..............................................................................................................
6.5.2. Digital Format
Here is the same message as sent by digital means (AMTOR, PACTOR Packet, MFSK, MT63 or
Sound Card,.etc.
Beg. Procedure { DE AFA3BB NR 1}
Preamble { R 041930Z JUNE 1995}
Address {FM SGT. WILLIAM SMITH 4TH INF BTN FT. SILL OK 73503 /AFA6XX OK
TO MR AND MRS JOSEPH SMITH 1512 S. STATE, CHICAGO IL 60691, PH 302-921-0078}
Prefix { GR 16}
BT
Text { ENJOYING NEW ASSIGNMENT. WILL WRITE LONG LETTER EXPLAINING NEW DUTIES.
HOPE TO SEE YOU SOON. BILL.}
BT
Ending {OP. NOTE: DO NOT ATTEMPT DELIVERY BEFORE 5 PM CHICAGO TIME.}
K
NNNN
6.5.3. Digital Format – without explanation of sections
This is how the digital format looks without the section explanations:
DE AFA3BB NR 1
R 041930Z JUNE 1995
FM SGT. WILLIAM SMITH 4TH INF BTN FT. SILL OK 73503 /AFA6XX OK
TO MR AND MRS JOSEPH SMITH 1512 S. STATE, CHICAGO IL 60691, PH 302-921-0078
GR 16
BT
ENJOYING NEW ASSIGNMENT. WILL WRITE LONG LETTER EXPLAINING NEW DUTIES.
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HOPE TO SEE YOU SOON. BILL.
BT
OP. NOTE: DO NOT ATTEMPT DELIVERY BEFORE 5 PM CHICAGO TIME.
K
NNNN
6.5.4. Messages via Voice
It can be seen that the digital format is the best way to write out a message prior to sending via
voice as well, as it has all the relevant pieces and it is relatively simple to read out the digital
form for transmission by voice. Not however, that passing a message by voice is usually faster
(requiring less repeats) if the transmission is slowed down to a natural cadence but at about 12-
14wpm, and never above 20wpm. This means speaking slowly with pauses at the right points.
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7. CHAPTER 7
7.1. Message Handling
When sending or receiving messages, keep in mind that information to be written down and
prowords are the only things to be transmitted. If you will make some copies of the MARS
MESSAGE FORM and keep them at your operating position. It will make both sending and
receiving traffic very simple. The message form has spaces for five words per line for a
maximum of five lines for the message text. This makes it easy to count the number of words.
The prowords are designed to alert the receiving station as to what will follow. In most cases
prowords are not written down.
Before sending messages, you must become familiar with the prowords and know how they are
used in message transmission. Prowords are detailed in ACP-125(F), located at
http://jcs.dtic.mil/j6/cceb/acps/acp125/ACP125F.pdf. As you monitor the traffic nets it will
become evident that operators who use the prowords as they are intended are those who avoid
making up their own non-MARS prowords. They are also the ones who avoid making extra
comments during message transmission. You will probably notice that these well trained
members are the ones who get their traffic on the way with the least difficulty. Unfortunately,
you will occasionally hear supposedly trained MARS operators using other than the prescribed
procedure, but these are the exception.
SPEAK SLOWLY AND DISTINCTLY. We pride ourselves in the ability to move traffic through the
system accurately and quickly. Speed however, is secondary to accuracy. The few seconds
gained by speaking too fast are frequently lost when the receiving station is forced to ask for
fills. When sending traffic say words no faster than you can easily write them. This means
saying words at a speed no faster than 20wpm. Very few people can write longhand at speeds
in excess of 28wpm even in a perfect classroom setting. So, slow things down. 12-14wpm may
sound slow, but if you are never asked for a fill, the overall transmission time and efficacy of the
net improves.
Never say “ROGER” for a message or a fill unless you are certain that you have received it
correctly. The proword “SAY AGAIN” is the only way to ask for fills. Do not hesitate to use “SAY
AGAIN” for any part of a message that you question. “SAY AGAIN” is used with “ALL AFTER”,
“ALL BEFORE”, “WORD AFTER” and “WORD BEFORE”. Requests for fills may use combinations of
these to clarify your request.
e.g. SAY AGAIN ALL AFTER Birthday and BEFORE New York.
Never say “ROGER” for a message if the number of words or groups in the text do not agree
with the number in the GROUP COUNT. Our system makes it quite easy for a receiving station
Recognizing that these factors may affect the speed of service of any given message, the
following general time objectives apply:
Precedence Category Time Objective
FLASH Not fixed. Handled as fast as humanly possible with a time objective
of less than 10 Minutes. (Note that FLASH is not used in MARS).
IMMEDIATE 30 Minutes to 1 Hour.
PRIORITY 1 to 6 Hours.
ROUTINE 3 Hours to the start of business on the next working day.
Note 1: The objectives include the overall handling time from the time accepted by the
communications facility at the point of origin to delivery to the addressee at the point of
destination.
7.5.3. Punctuation
Generally, punctuation will not be used in the text of a MARS message. If you absolutely need
to use punctuation to clarify the meaning of a text, then use only these approved abbreviations
and count each one as a group and include it in the GROUP COUNT. Here are a few of the most
common punctuations.
Some confusion results in the distinction between Hyphen and DASH. If DASH is used, it is
spelled out and counted as a group, making it necessary to count what came before and after as
separate groups. If hyphen is used, it is simply said as part of a group and allows the
hyphenated word to be counted as one group. e.g. R-390 is sent as I SPELL ROMEO HYPHEN
THREE NINER ZERO and is counted as one group.
7.6. Passing Traffic
The NCS will direct stations to pass traffic based on the precedence of each message and the
availability of addressee(s) or another station to relay that traffic. Higher precedence traffic will
normally be passed before lower precedence traffic unless stations are not available to handle
the higher precedence traffic. NCS will then direct the holding station on how to proceed.
e.g AFA1AA THIS IS AFN3TD, CALL AFA7BB PASS ONE PRIORITY KANSAS OUT Note that since the
transmission from AFN3TD ends with the proward OUT, AFA1AA needs make no response to
AFN3TD.
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Having heard the directions of the NCS, the sending station calls the receiving station.
e.g. AFA7BB THIS IS AFA1AA, ONE PRIORITY OVER
Assuming AFA2BB copies AFA1AA well, he sends
e.g. AFA1AA THIS IS AFA7BB, OVER
If AFA7BB does not copy well he must notify AFA1AA of the problem using correct radio check
prowords
e.g. AFA1AA THIS IS AFA7BB, WEAK READABLE, OVER Or
AFA1AA THIS IS AFA7BB, UNREADABLE, OVER
Once communications has been established between the two stations AFA1AA proceeds to pass
the traffic.
e.g. THIS IS AFA1AA MESSAGE, (continue with the message header and text, pausing
and unkeying the microphone approximately every 20 seconds to allow for a station with higher
precedence traffic to break in.) AFA1AA ends his/her transmission with the proword OVER (If
there are additional messages to send to this station, with the proword MORE TO FOLLOW,
OVER.).
Assuming AFA7BB copied the message completely and does not need repetitions he sends
THIS IS AFA7BB, ROGER OUT
Or, to accept another message
THIS IS AFA7BB, ROGER OVER
If AFA7BB did not copy the message completely or missed it, he/she will ask for repeats using
the proword SAY AGAIN and ALL BEFORE, ALL AFTER, etc. or other identifiers within the
message:
e.g. THIS IS AFA7BB, SAY AGAIN ALL AFTER TO AND BEFORE BREAK, OVER
Note that this is different from the use of VERIFY. SAY AGAIN indicates that you missed
something and want it repeated, whereas VERIFY indicates that you have the copy but are
asking for a verification of the data to make sure you have it word for word accurate. In actual
message passing the use of these terms will often be confused. If you have the message fully
copied down, then requesting VERIFY is appropriate. If you have completely missing words or
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sections of the message or the entire message, then SAY AGAIN is the appropriate choice of
proword.
7.7. Delivering Messages
MARS messages are relayed through the system with the intention of getting them close enough
to their destination for a local telephone call. Since this is not always possible, a few guidelines
for delivery should be mentioned. Generally, if you are the closest station to the destination,
you are expected to accept traffic. Members are never asked to have “out of pocket” expense
for delivery. i.e. using your own postage or paying for long distance telephone. However, if you
feel generous, you may deliver this way, but DELIVERY BY COLLECT TELEPHONE CALL IS NOT
ALLOWED.
When messages cannot be delivered in the Air Force channels, refiling is encouraged. The
Amateur Band NTS and the ARMY MARS or NAVY/MarineCorps MARS nets provide channels for
refiling.
7.8. Service Messages
If you receive a message and cannot deliver it for any reason, i.e. addressee moved and left no
forwarding address, incomplete or wrong address, party unknown etc., you must originate a
"SERVICE" message back to the originating station. In the text of your service message refer to
the DATE/TIME Group (DTG) of the original message and state briefly your reason for non-
delivery. Note that the DATE/TIME group (DTG) is the only reference to use. Do not use the
message number, as it changes on each relay.
In practice you will see the group count eliminated and the word SERVICE or the initials SVC in
place of a number. While this practice is in common usage it is not the most correct method.
Previous training material has always advised to always count groups and use the word Service
as the first word of the text to indicate the nature of the message. This is one of several
practices where prescribed procedure has been changed by certain operators and then the
entire system slips into a practice which may be in error.
7.9. Refile (MARS to Amateur)
Here are the steps to follow when you find that you must refile a message into the NTS
(National Traffic System) on the amateur band. It will help if you are familiar with the amateur
message format.
1. The message number may change or stay the same.
2. The precedence will probably stay the same. NOTE: Precedence for Amateur messages are
Emergency, Priority, Welfare and Routine.
3. Put your amateur call sign as the station of origin.
4. The check number will be the MARS group count less any signature. (In the amateur format
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the signature appears outside the text)
5. Place of Origin is City, State or Country via MARS
6. Time filed is the hours and minutes only from the MARS message
7. Date is Month Day and Year.
8. The address is the TO: address from the MARS message. (There's no provision for a FROM
address)
9. The prosign BT (pronounced BREAK) separates the Text from the heading.
10. The Text will be the same except for any signature. ie."Signed John","Love Bill" etc.
and these will follow the text after the second BT.
11. Since there is no provision for a From address in the amateur message, it is recommended
that the from address from the MARS message be added with the signature as an ending
since information is already available.
The following is a MARS message and then below that is the same message as refiled into the
Amateur Band NTS.
DE AFA3BB NR 1
R 041930Z JUNE 2008
FROM SGT WILLIAM SMITH 4TH INF BTN FT SILL OK 73530
TO MR AND MRS JOSEPH SMITH 11515 STATE CHICAGO IL 60691 302-921-
0078
GR 16
BT
ENJOYING NEW ASSIGNMENT WILL WRITE LONG LETTER EXPLAINING NEW
DUTIES HOPE TO SEE YOU SOON BILL
BT
OVER
Same message as filed into the NTS (Amateur)
NUMBER 1 ROUTINE K0UER CHECK 15 OKLAHOMA VIA MARS TIME 1930Z 4 June 08 TO: MR
AND MRS JOSEPH SMITH
11512 STATE CHICAGO, IL 60691
302-912-0078
BT
ENJOYING NEW ASSIGNMENT X WILL WRITE LONG LETTER EXPLAINING NEW
DUTIES X HOPE TO SEE YOU SOON BT SIGNED BILL
Optional: SGT WILLIAM SMITH
4th INF BTN
FT SILL OK 73505
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NOTE: The ARRL Amateur system uses an XRAY in the text for all punctuation. It is not counted
in the check or group count.
7.10. Refile (Amateur to MARS)
Since the MARS message format is really more precise and you are trained in drafting MARS
messages, this should be easier than the above procedure. Here are a few important things you
should ask the sending station if you are asked to take traffic from the Amateur band and refile
it into MARS: Is there a complete FROM Address, with telephone number? If the message
cannot be delivered will you be able to reach the sender for notification? Is the text a subject
that is acceptable on the MARS circuits? (See page 7-3 ”Originating Messages”).
1. Re-number to fit your MARS sequence
2. Assign a proper MARS precedence.
3. New date/time group should reflect the Time originated into MARS
4. Complete From and To Address.
5. Move any signature up into the Text and eliminate any "XRAYS" from the Amateur
message to arrive at an actual MARS Group Count and TEXT.
If the Amateur message has an HX instruction (see Attachment 4 for the meaning of these
codes), these instructions can be written out in the ending of your MARS message. In the MARS
Heading there is no provision for HX instructions. If you receive a message which uses one, put
it in plain language as an operators note at the end of your MARS message. Make certain if you
accept an amateur message with HX instructions that the sender knows that MARS will not
allow a collect call for delivery.
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8. CHAPTER 8 — ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION (EEI)
8.1. How to Draft and Send an EEI Message
Have on hand, a copy of MESSAGE FORM for EEI REPORTS and the ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
of INFORMATION (EEI) Event Identifiers and use these as guides when drafting the EEI
message. When drafting an EEI message for voice transmission put a regular MARS heading on
it. E.g.
Number
Precedence, Date/Time Group
FROM (your Name, Station and State)
TO AAN3EEI VA (See note)
INFO AFD4EC SC
Your Region or Division Emergency Coordinator
Your SMD
Other INFO Addressees
Note: Actual EEI’s are addressed to AAN3EEI VA; Exercise EEI’s are addressed to AFN2EC NY.
Use the following format for your text….
BT
MARS EXERCISE or ACTUAL EVENT
SUBJ: EEI REPORT
1. REF. EVENT IDENTIFIER: (Use applicable event identifier from page 8-3 or plain language if
not on Identifier List)
A. INCIDENT LOCATION TIME: (Specify Town, City, County or State-wide area)
B. EMERGENCY MEDICAL: (Operational, Damaged, Destroyed, or Field Facilities available, etc.)
C. LOCAL TRANSPORTATION: (Indicate whether roads, bridges, local airports, railroads are
affected and status – open, restricted, closed, damaged, destroyed. Provide enough
information to disaster relief officials to aid in deciding how to get assistance to the affected
area.)
D. GENERAL DAMAGE DESCRIPTION: (General description of damage or impact on Major
structures such as Government buildings, schools, residences, commercial properties, public
facilities; Fire stations, etc. Include location of shelters if applicable.)
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E. UTILITY STATUS: (Gas, Water, Commercial Power, Sanitation Systems – Operational,
Damaged, Destroyed, Needed.)
F. COMMUNICATIONS STATUS: (Telephone, Radio, Cellular Phone – Operational, Damaged,
Unavailable)
G. SOURCE OF INFO: (Indicate Source of Information if different from originator of the message.
Include MARS Call sign, Name of Official and Agency, Radio/TV Call sign or Network as
applicable.)
H. REMARKS: (Include comments about expected changes in status of any of the above items
such as power companies expect power to be cut for (specify estimated time). If applicable,
include expected time of next report.)
MARS EXERCISE or ACTUAL EVENT (Same as beginning)
BT
NNNN
You can take this message to TRANSCON Voice net or you can send it to a Digital Representative
on your Division voice net who can relay it to one of the digital systems. Keep your descriptions
brief and use NA if a category is “Not applicable” or “Not Affected”.
If you have occasion to report an actual event use the same format with the following
exceptions: Replace the words “MARS EXERCISE” with “ACTUAL EVENT” at both places in the
Text. An actual event message must be sent by the most expedient method available. Email is
allowed for actual events ONLY. When sending email, use the addresses: [email protected]
and use an email subject line of //MARS P/ ACTUAL EVENT EEI.
8.2. Essential Elements of Information (EEI) Event Identifiers
(Reference: U. S. Army MARS National Emergency OPLAN 4-02, Dated 03 April 2002. Applicable to Air Force and Navy-Marine Corps MARS services). EVENT: ……………………………………………………………………………IDENTIFIER:
AIR CRASH............................................................................... FALLEN STAR AIRBORNE POISON GAS...................................................... ….POISON AIR BIOLOGICAL EVENT................................................................. BAD BUG BOMBING INCIDENT............................................................... LOUD BANG BRIDGE DAMAGE/LOSS (MAJOR) .......................................... LOST SUPPORT CHEMICAL SPILL .................................................................... POISONED GROUND CIVIL UNREST/RIOT................................................................ BAD MAGIC DAMAGING HAIL.................................................................... FALLING ICE
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EARTHQUAKE......................................................................... ROLLING THUNDER FLOOD.................................................................................... TALL WATER FOREST/GROUND FIRE........................................................ …SCORCHED GROUND GAS LEAK/EXPLOSION (MAJOR)............................................. HOT AIR HEAVY WINDS (ONLY)........................................................... MIGHTY WIND HURRICANE........................................................................... HOWLING WIND ICY ROADS/INTERSTATE/FREEWAYS..................................... BLACK ICE INTERSTATE BLOCKED/DAMAGED (MAJOR) ........................ BLOCKED LANE MAJOR COMMUNICATIONS LINK DOWN............................. LOST COMM NUCLEAR............................................................................... NUCLEAR GRAYSTONE OIL SPILL/WATER.................................................................. DARK WATER POWER OUTAGE (MAJOR) ................................................... DARK DAY SEARCH/RESCUE................................................................... SECURE HAVEN SEISMIC SEA WAVE............................................................... TSUNAMI SHIP WRECK/INCIDENT........................................................ .DEEP SEA TERRORIST THREAT............................................................... HIDDEN SHADOW TORNADO..............................................................................VIOLENT TWISTER TRAIN WRECK/DERAILMENT................................................. BROKEN TRACKS VOLCANO.............................................................................. BRAZEN BRIMSTONE WATER DAM BREAK/DAMAGED........................................... FAST WATER WINTER SNOW STORMS.......................................................WHITE BLANKET COMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT ROLE(S) IDENTIFIERS: EVENT:…………………………………………………………………………… IDENTIFIER: FEMA SUPPORT.................................................................... FEDERAL RESPONSE JCS SUPPORT........................................................................ JOINT LIONS NATIONAL GUARD/RESERVE SUPPORT............................ ….CIVIL COVER NCS SUPPORT...................................................................... .TOP COVER NDMS SUPPORT................................................................... MEDICAL LINK SHARES SUPPORT................................................................. COMMON FORTUNE
8.3. Message Form for EEI Reports (Voice)
__________________THIS IS________________ NUMBER _______
ROUTINE or (PRIORITY) TIME_____________ZULU___________ _________ (6 digit
Date time ) (Month) (Year)
FROM ____________________________CALL SIGN___________ _____ (Name) (call sign)
(State)
TO CALL SIGN AAN3EEI VA or AFN2EC NY
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Note: Actual EEI’s are addressed to AAN3EEI VA; Exercise EEI’s are addressed to AFN2EC NY.