Milestones Milestones at at the PHENIX the PHENIX experiment at RHIC experiment at RHIC Máté Csanád, Eötvös University Budapest Máté Csanád, Eötvös University Budapest for the for the PHENIX collaboration PHENIX collaboration • Milestone #1: High p Milestone #1: High p t suppression suppression • Milestone #2: The erfect Milestone #2: The erfect fluid of quarks fluid of quarks • Heavy flavour Heavy flavour • Chiral dynamics Chiral dynamics • Further results Further results
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Milestones at the PHENIX experiment at RHIC Máté Csanád, Eötvös University Budapest for the PHENIX collaboration Milestone #1: High p t suppressionMilestone.
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MilestonesMilestones atat the PHENIX the PHENIX experiment at RHICexperiment at RHIC
Máté Csanád, Eötvös University BudapestMáté Csanád, Eötvös University Budapestfor the for the PHENIX collaborationPHENIX collaboration
• Milestone #1: High pMilestone #1: High ptt suppression suppression• Milestone #2: The erfect fluid of Milestone #2: The erfect fluid of
quarksquarks• Heavy flavourHeavy flavour• Chiral dynamicsChiral dynamics• Further resultsFurther results
The Plan circa 2000The Plan circa 2000• Use RHIC’s unprecedented capabilitiesUse RHIC’s unprecedented capabilities
– Large √sLarge √s →→• Access to reliable pQCD probesAccess to reliable pQCD probes• Clear separation of valence baryon number and glueClear separation of valence baryon number and glue• To provide definitive experimental evidence for/against To provide definitive experimental evidence for/against
• Two small detectors, two large detectorsTwo small detectors, two large detectors– Complementary Complementary && overlapping capabilities overlapping capabilities – Small detectorsSmall detectors: BRAHMS and PHOBOS: BRAHMS and PHOBOS
• 3-5 year lifetime3-5 year lifetime
– Large detectorsLarge detectors: STAR and PHENIX: STAR and PHENIX• Major capital investmentsMajor capital investments• Longer lifetimesLonger lifetimes• Potential for upgrades in response to discoveriesPotential for upgrades in response to discoveries
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Since then …Since then …• Accelerator complexAccelerator complex
• ScienceScience– 100 publications in Phys. Rev. Letters100 publications in Phys. Rev. Letters– Major discoveriesMajor discoveries
• Future: RHIC-II and eRHICFuture: RHIC-II and eRHIC– Key science questions identifiedKey science questions identified– Accelerator and experimental upgrade programAccelerator and experimental upgrade program
underwayunderway
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Event geometryEvent geometry• In these complicated events, we have a In these complicated events, we have a
posteriori control over the event geometry:posteriori control over the event geometry:– Degree of overlapDegree of overlap, number of participants (N, number of participants (Npartpart))– Orientation with respect to overlap (Reaction Plane)Orientation with respect to overlap (Reaction Plane)
Central Central Au+AuAu+Au
NNpartpart~300~300
Reaction Reaction
PlanePlane
Peripheral Peripheral Au+AuAu+Au
NNpartpart~~5500
d+Ad+Auu
p+p+pp
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PHENIXPHENIX capabilities capabilities• Central armCentral arm, , |y|<0.35|y|<0.35, , Δφ=Δφ=ππ
– Tracking: DC, PC and TECTracking: DC, PC and TEC– Calorimetry: Calorimetry: PbGl and PbSc PbGl and PbSc ((EMCal)EMCal)– Particle ID: Particle ID: RICH RICH and and TTOFOF
• Muon armsMuon arms, 1.2<, 1.2<|y|<|y|<2.4, 2.4, ΔφΔφ=2=2ππ– TrackingTracking: : 3 muon tracker3 muon tracker– IIdentificationdentification 5 detection planes5 detection planes– Front absorber to stop hadronsFront absorber to stop hadrons
• No direct photon suppression until 14 GeVNo direct photon suppression until 14 GeV– DDecreasing trendecreasing trend at >14 GeV at >14 GeV– Isospin, shadowing and energy loss, see F. Arleo, Isospin, shadowing and energy loss, see F. Arleo, hep-ph/0601075hep-ph/0601075
• SSuppressionuppression of of ππ00 stays nearly constant stays nearly constant up to 20 up to 20 GeV/cGeV/c
• Direct photons are not inhibited by hot/dense mediumDirect photons are not inhibited by hot/dense medium
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J/J/ΨΨ suppressionsuppression in Au+Au in Au+Au
• Even J/ Even J/ ΨΨ suppressed! suppressed!– beyond extrapolations from beyond extrapolations from
• RRAAAA ~ 0.3 for central ~ 0.3 for central collisionscollisions
• Larger suppression at |Larger suppression at |y|>1.2y|>1.2
Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 232001 (2007)
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Milestone #2: The perfect fluidMilestone #2: The perfect fluid
• Momentum distribution axially Momentum distribution axially
symmetric?symmetric?
• Azimuthal angle w.r.t. reaction placeAzimuthal angle w.r.t. reaction place
• Elliptic flow vElliptic flow v22: azimuthal asymmetry: azimuthal asymmetry– Measures collective behaviorMeasures collective behavior– Zero vZero v22 for a rare gas for a rare gas
Top Story 2005Top Story 2005According to the American Institut of According to the American Institut of Physics the top physics story in 2005 Physics the top physics story in 2005
was the discovery of the perfect liquidwas the discovery of the perfect liquid
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Perfect fluid of quarksPerfect fluid of quarks
• Relevant variable: not pRelevant variable: not ptt, but transverse kinetic energ , but transverse kinetic energ KEKEtt
• Elliptic flow scales with number of constituent quarks!Elliptic flow scales with number of constituent quarks!• Degrees of freedom: quarks?Degrees of freedom: quarks?
Even d, D and Even d, D and ΦΦ flow flow• Strange and even charm quarks participate in the flowStrange and even charm quarks participate in the flow• vv22 for the φ follows that of other mesons for the φ follows that of other mesons• vv22 for the d follows thatof other barions for the d follows thatof other barions• vv22 for the D follows that of other mesons for the D follows that of other mesons
nucl-ex/0703024
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 172301 (2007)
Heavy flavourHeavy flavour• Electrons from Electrons from
heavy flavour heavy flavour measuredmeasured
• Even heavy flavour Even heavy flavour is suppressedis suppressed
• Even heavy flavour Even heavy flavour flowsflows
• SStrong coupling of trong coupling of charmcharm+bottom+bottom to to the mediumthe medium
• SSmall mall charmcharm+bottom+bottom relaxation time in relaxation time in medium and small medium and small viscosityviscosity
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Signal of chiral dynamicsSignal of chiral dynamics
•SSignificant excess at ignificant excess at mmeeee<< 1GeV/c 1GeV/c in in Au+AAu+Auu
•Not in p+pNot in p+p
•Not in peripheral Au+AuNot in peripheral Au+Au
•Present in central Au+AuPresent in central Au+Au
•Enhancement of Enhancement of ηη’, ’, ηη, , ωω??
arXiv:0706.3034 [nucl-ex]
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Restoration of chiral Restoration of chiral symmetry?symmetry?
• Prediction: mass of Prediction: mass of ’ decreases in hot ’ decreases in hot and dense matter due to Uand dense matter due to UAA(1) symmetry (1) symmetry restorationrestoration
• Idea: measure Idea: measure (m(mtt) at low momenta!) at low momenta!Hot and dense matter:Hot and dense matter:Modified Modified ’’ mass mass
Enhanced Enhanced ’’ production production
Decay:Decay:’’+++ + ++-- ((00++++++−−)+)+++++−−
with long lifetimewith long lifetimeAverage Average pptt: 138 MeV: 138 MeV
More non interacting More non interacting ’s at 138 MeV’s at 138 MeV
(m(mtt) measures fraction of ) measures fraction of
interacting interacting ’s’s
Hole in Hole in (m(mtt))
Hot and dense matter:Hot and dense matter:Modified Modified ’’ mass mass
Enhanced Enhanced ’’ production production
Decay:Decay:’’+++ + ++-- ((00++++++−−)+)+++++−−
with long lifetimewith long lifetimeAverage Average pptt: 138 MeV: 138 MeV
More non interacting More non interacting ’s at 138 MeV’s at 138 MeV
(m(mtt) measures fraction of ) measures fraction of
interacting interacting ’s’s
Hole in Hole in (m(mtt))
nucl-ex/nucl-ex/05090420509042
PHENIX PRELIMINARY
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Three particle correlationsThree particle correlations
• Two angles:Two angles: ΔΦ ΔΦ and and ΔΔΘΘ• Simulations: jet deflection and Mach structuresSimulations: jet deflection and Mach structures• DataData: compatible with: compatible with Mach cone like structure Mach cone like structure
• UUnderlying vnderlying v22 contribution not subtracted contribution not subtracted yet yet
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3D 3D two-pion two-pion source imagingsource imaging• A new technique A new technique
• Distribution of pair Distribution of pair separation measuredseparation measured
• Information on Information on hadronizationhadronization
• In LCMS: expected In LCMS: expected elongation in out (x) elongation in out (x) directiondirection
• Excess: elongation on the x Excess: elongation on the x and z axis; why?and z axis; why?
• Model-dependent answer: Model-dependent answer: Resonance decays and Resonance decays and ΔτΔτ=2fm/c=2fm/c PHENIX PRELIMINARY
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Critical phenomenaCritical phenomena• Density correlations measuredDensity correlations measured
– Well described by Negative Binomial DistributionsWell described by Negative Binomial Distributions– Interpolating between Bose-Einstein and PoissonInterpolating between Bose-Einstein and Poisson
– Basic parameter k ↔ Basic parameter k ↔ ξξ ↔ susceptibility ↔ susceptibility χχωω=0=0~|T-T~|T-Tcc||-1-1
• Parameter Parameter ξξ monotonical in temperature monotonical in temperature• Not at the critical point!Not at the critical point!
Summary and conclusionsSummary and conclusions• High pHigh ptt hadrons suppressed hadrons suppressed
→ → strongly interacting matterstrongly interacting matter– Even J/Even J/ΨΨ and heavy flavour, photons not and heavy flavour, photons not
• Flow effects observed, quark number Flow effects observed, quark number scalingscaling
→ → perfect fluid of quarksperfect fluid of quarks– Scaling valid for Scaling valid for ππ, K, D, , K, D, φφ, p, d, p, d
– Even charm and bottom flowEven charm and bottom flow
• Details being exploredDetails being explored– Source geometrySource geometry
– Critical phenomenaCritical phenomena
Thank you for your Thank you for your attentionattention
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System size dependence of System size dependence of ππ00
RRAAAA
RRAAAA is the same in Cu+Cu and Au+Au at equal N is the same in Cu+Cu and Au+Au at equal Npartpart
M. Csanád for PHENIX, Hadron 2007
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J/J/ΨΨ production in p+p collisions production in p+p collisions
• 10 times more statistics 10 times more statistics thanthan previous previous measurementmeasurement– better constraints on rapidity and pbetter constraints on rapidity and ptt spectrum spectrum– better reference for the nuclear modification factorbetter reference for the nuclear modification factor
Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 232002 (2007)
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J/Ψ RJ/Ψ RAAAA vs vs ppTT in Au+Au in Au+AuPhys. Rev. Lett. 98, 232001 (2007)
No significant No significant change of the change of the pptt distributions distributions with respect to with respect to p+p, but error p+p, but error bars are largebars are large
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J/J/ΨΨ R RAAAA vs rapidity in Au+Au vs rapidity in Au+Au
0-20% 20-40%
40-60% 60-92%
Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 232001 (2007) • PeripheralPeripheral::– no no
modification of modification of the rapidity the rapidity distribution distribution with respect to with respect to p+p collisionsp+p collisions
• Central: Central: – narrowing of narrowing of
the rapidity the rapidity distributiondistribution
• HighHigh p ptt suppression for suppression for φφ and ω,and ω, s similar to imilar to ππ and η and η
• RRdAdA also compatible with (equal to 1) also compatible with (equal to 1)
, p and π in Au+Au@200 GeV 0-10%
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Comparison: Comparison: ρρ mass mass modificationmodification
R.Rapp, Phys.Lett. B 473 (2000)R.Rapp, Phys.Lett. B 473 (2000)R.Rapp, Phys.Rev.C 63 (2001)R.Rapp, Phys.Rev.C 63 (2001)R.Rapp, nucl/th/0204003R.Rapp, nucl/th/0204003
calculations for min calculations for min bias QGPbias QGP, , thermal thermal radiation includedradiation included
Broad range Broad range enhancement enhancement
150 < m150 < meeee < 750 < 750
MeVMeV3.4±0.2(stat.) 3.4±0.2(stat.)
±1.3(syst.)±1.3(syst.)±0.7(model)±0.7(model)
submitted to Phys. Rev. submitted to Phys. Rev. LettLett
arXiv:0706.3034arXiv:0706.3034
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Mean pMean ptt22 vs N vs Npartpart
• <p<ptt22>>
– 0<p0<ptt<5<5 GeV/cGeV/c
• Constant vs Constant vs NNpartpart
– For Au+Au, For Au+Au, Cu+Cu, p+pCu+Cu, p+p
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11stst milestone: new milestone: new phenomenonphenomenon
• Suppression of high pSuppression of high ptt particles: PHENIX result particles: PHENIX result on the cover of Physical Review Letterson the cover of Physical Review Letters
• Is this a medium effect?Is this a medium effect?
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22ndnd: new type of matter: new type of matter
• The new phenomenon is not obserable in d+Au The new phenomenon is not obserable in d+Au
collisionscollisions
• Not the modification of the nucleusNot the modification of the nucleus
• Au+Au: it is a new type of matter!Au+Au: it is a new type of matter!
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Proton spin structure via Proton spin structure via heavy flavorheavy flavor