MIL-STD-271, Requirments for NDT

AMSC N/A DISTRIBUTI

- MIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986 SUPERSEDING MIL-STD-Z71E(SHIPS) 31 October 1973 (See 9 .2 )

MILITARY STANDARD

REQUIREMENTS FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHODS

AREA NDTI ON STATEMENT A Approved f o r p u b l i c release; d i s t r i b u t i o n u n l i m i t e d

/THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS 97 - - . - PAGES. ''

Provided by IHS Licensee=VSE Corp Specs/9957810104 Not for Resale, 02/24/2009 06:53:47 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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NIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY NAVAL SEA SYSTENS CONNAND

Washington, DC 20362-5101

Requirements for Nondestructive Testing Methods.

1. This Standard is approved for use by the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) and is available for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense.

2. For contracts or acquisition orders which invoke priox issues of this document, the contractor shall not use this issue without prior contractual approval.

3 . Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data which may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command, SEA 5523, Department of the Navy, Washington, DC 20362-5101 by using the self-addressed Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter.

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MIL-STD-271F ND W 7777933 0057830 O W ~~

MIL-STD-Z71F(SH) 27 June 1986

FOREWORD

This s tandard covers nondestruct ive tes t ing method requirements for radiographic , magnet ic par t ic le , l iqu id pene t ran t , u l t rasonic , eddy current and visual inspect ions. These requirements are des igned to ensure the in tegr i ty and r e l i a b i l i t y of inspections performed. This standard does not contain acceptance c r i t e r i a f o r t h e i n s p e c t i o n methods def ined.

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FlIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

CONTENTS

Paragraph 1 . 1.1 1 . 2 1 .3 1.4 1 .5 1 . 5 . 1

1.5.2 1 .5 .3 1 .5 .4 1 .5 .5 1 .5 .6 1.5.7 1.6 1 . 6 . 1 1 .6 .1 .1 1 .6 .1 .2 1 .6 .2 1 . 6 . 3 1.6.5 1 .6 .5 .1 1.6.5.2 1.6.6 1 . 7 1 .8

SCOPE ............................................ General ......................................... Class i f i ca t ion ..................................

General def ini t ions ............................. Acceptance standards ............................ Time of inspection .............................. Authorized representat ive of the Naval Sea

Systems Command (NAVSEA) ....................... Government inspector ............................ Act iv i ty ........................................ Nominal thickness ............................... Nondestructive test examiner ..................... Nondestructive test operator .................... Nondes t ruc t ive t es t inspec tor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personnel qualification requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . Hours o f t r a in ing and experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other methods ................................... Cer t i f ica t ion of personnel ......................

Nondestructive test p e r s o n n e l c e r t i f i c a t i o n . . . . .

Recer t i f i ca t ion ................................. Vis ion t e s t s .................................... General ......................................... Brightness discrimination ....................... Records ......................................... Procedure qual i f icat ion and approval . . . . . . . . . . . . Maintenance of inspection records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

1 1 1 1 1 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5

2 . APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS ............................. 2 . 1 Government documents ............................ 2.1 .1 Spec i f ica t ions and s tandards .................... 2.2 Other publications ..............................

5 5 5 5 6 2.3 Order of precedence .............................

3 . 3 .1 3.1.1' 3.1.2 3 .1 .3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.1.7 3.1.8 3.1.9 3.1.10 3.1.11 3.1.12 3.1.13 3.1.14

RADIOGRAPHY ...................................... Energy .......................................... Film holders or casset tes ....................... F i l t e r s ......................................... Intensifying screens ............................ Maximum effect ive radiat ion source dimension . . . . Wultiple f i lm technique ......................... Penet rameter sens i t iv i ty ........................ Radiograph ....................................... Radiograhic f i lm density ........................ Radiographic inspection ......................... Radiographical ly s imilar mater ia ls ..............

Defini t ions .....................................

Material th ickness (T. ) .........................

Penetrameter ....................................

Shielding .......................................

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6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8

I .. -~ . .

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FfIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

I 3

1 -*

-Paragraph

.

3.1.15 . 3-1.16 3.1.17 3.2 3 .2 .1 3.2.1.1

3.2.2 3 .2 .2 .1 3.2.2.2 3.3 3 . 3 . 1 3.3.2 3 .3 .3 3 .3 .3 .1 3.3.3.2 3.3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 3 .3 .8 3.3.9 3.3.10 3.3.11 3.3.12

3.3.13 3.3.14 3.3.15 3 .4

3.4.1.2 3 .4 .2 3 . 4 . 3 3 .4 .4 3 .4 .4 .1 3.4.4.2 3.4.5 3.4.6

3 .4 .6 .1 3 .4 .6 .1 .1

3.4.6.1.2

3.4.6.1.3 3 .4 .6 .2

CONTENTS . Continued

Page

Source ........................................ Source-to-fi lm distance ....................... Specimen thickness (T. ) ........................ General requirements .......................... Extent of radiographic inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiographic Shooting Sketch (RSS) f o r

cas t ings ...................................... Radiographic procedure ........................ Minimum radiographic procedure requirements . . . Survey of radiographic faci l i t ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiography requirements ...................... Direct ion of radiat ion ........................ S c r e e n s , f i l t e r s , and masking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Film .......................................... Fi lm qua l i ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Film density .................................. Multiple f i lm techniques ...................... Filmless techniques ........................... Radiation sources ............................. Source- to-f i lm dis tance ....................... Radiographic location markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fi lm iden t i f i ca t ion ........................... Maintenance of radiographic records . . . . . . . . . . . Darkroom f a c i l i t i e s ............................ Fi lm viewing f a c i l i t i e s ....................... Surface preparation of components and welds p r io r t o r ad iog raphy .........................

Safe ty ........................................ I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of radiographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiographic records .......................... Penetrameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penetrameter material ......................... Dissimilar metal welds ........................ Other metals ..................................

'Penetrameter dimensions ....................... Penqt rameter ident i f ica t ion

Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castings and forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acceptanc standards .......................... Number, '8, l o a t i o n , and placement of pene-

t rameters \i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penetrameter location ......................... Film-side penetrameter technique (double-

Fi lm-si penetrameter technique (s ingle- xposure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Separate block penetrameter technique . . . . . . . . . Requirements for casting and forgings . . . . . . . . .

L, Pene2Kameter s e l e c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

d wall exp 'sure) ...............................

8 9 9 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12

13 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7

1 7 1 7

1 7

18 18 18

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Paragraph 3 . 4 . 6 . 3 3 . 5 3 . 5 . 1 3 . 5 . 2 3 .6 3 . 6 . 1 3 . 6 . 2 3.7 3 . 7 . 1 3 .7 .2 3 . 7 . 2 . 1 3 . 7 . 2 . 2 3 .8 3 .9 3.10 3 . 1 1

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 2 . 1 4 . 2 . 2 4 . 2 . 3 4 . 2 . 4 4 .2 .5 4 . 2 . 6 4 . 2 . 7 4 .2 .8 4 . 2 . 9 4 .2 .10 4 . 2 . 1 1 4 . 3 4 . 3 . 1 4 . 3 . 1 . 1 4 . 3 . 1 . 1 . 1 4 .3 .1 .2 4 . 3 . 1 . 3 4 . 3 . 1 . 3 . 1 4 . 3 . 1 . 3 . 2 4 . 3 . 1 . 4 4 .3 .1 .5 4 . 3 . 1 . 5 . 1 4 . 3 . 1 . 6 4 . 3 . 1 . 6 . 1

4 . 3 . 1 . 6 . 2 4 . 3 . 1 . 7

PiIL-STD-27lF(SII) 27 June 1986


Page

Requirements for welds ...................... 18 Shims ....................................... 20 Shims for backing r ing welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Shims f o r consumable inser t welds . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Radiographic quali ty levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 -X--ray radiography ........................... 2 1 Radioisotope radiography .................... 21 Single-wall and double-wall radiography . . . . . 22 Single-wall radiography ..................... 22 Double-wall radiography ..................... 22 Double-wall exposure/single-wall viewing .... 22 Double-wall exposure/double-wall viewing . . . . 23 Radiography of parts ........................ 23 Radiography of repair welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Radiography of castings and forgings . . . . . . . . 23 Radiographic film ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING .................... Intended use ................................ Defini t ions ................................. Arc s t r i k e s ................................. Black l ight ................................. Circular method ............................ Continuous method ........................... Fluorescence ................................ Longitudinal method ......................... Magnet ic par t ic les .......................... Residual method ............................. Relevant indications ........................ Indica t ion .................................. Non-relevant indications .................... Magnetic par t ic le inspect ion requirements ... Method ...................................... Ligh t ing i n t e s t area ....................... Procedure ................................... Surface preparat ion ......................... Cleaning and masking ........................ Cleaning solut ion ........................... Direction of magnetization .................. Demagnetization .............................

General requirements ........................

Demagnetizing apparatus ..................... Equipment accuracy .......................... Dc portable prod and s ta t ionary magnet ic p a r t i c l e equipment .........................

Yoke equipment .............................. Magnetizing current .........................

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23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 27 27 27

27 27 27


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PIIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

Paragraph 4 . 3 . 2 4 . 3 . 2 . 1 4 . 3 . 2 . 1 . 1 4 .3 .2 .2 4 . 3 . 2 . 2 . 1 4 . 3 . 2 . 3 4 . 3 . 2 . 4 4 .3 .2 .5 4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 1 4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 2 4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 3

4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 4

4.3.2.5.5

4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 6 4 .3 .2 .5 .7 4 .3 .2 .6 4 . 3 . 2 . 6 . 1 4 . 3 . 3 4 . 3 . 3 . 1

4 . 3 . 3 . 2 4 .3 .3 .2 .1 4 .3 .3 .3 4 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 1 4 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 2 4 .3 .3 .3 .3 4 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 4 4 . 3 . 3 . 4 4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 1 4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 2 4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 3 4 . 4 4 .5 4 .6

5 . 5 . 1 5 . 2 5 . 2 . 1 5 . 2 . 2 5 .2 .3 5 .2 .4 5 . 2 . 5 5 .2 .6 5 .2 .7


Wet method .................................. 27 General requirements ........................ 27 Equipment ................................... 28 Vehicles .................................... 28 Cleaning and drying ......................... 28 Magnet ic par t ic les .......................... 28 Suspensions .................................. 28 Procedure ................................... 28 Continuous methods .......................... 28 Residual method ............................. 28 Circular magnet izat ion; central conductor

( i n d i r e c t method) .......................... 29 Circular magnet izat ion; item as conductor

( d i r e c t method) ............................ 29 Circular magnetization; magnetizing

cur ren t .................................... 29

Longitudinal magnetizing current . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Concentrat ion of suspension tes t . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

General requirements for magnetic

Longitudinal magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Maintenance of suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Dry powder method ........................... 30

p a r t i c l e s .................................. 30 Applying par t ic les .......................... 30 Removal of excess pa r t i c l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Magnetizing procedures ...................... 31 Circular magnet izat ion ...................... 31 Longitudinal magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 Yoke magnetization .......................... 31 Magnetizing current (prod methods) . . . . . . . . . . 31 Magnetizing technique (yoke and prod) . . . . . . . 31 Weld inspec t ion ............................. 31 Base metal .................................. 31 Continuous method ........................... 31 Non-relevant indications .................... 32 Fina l c leaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Arc s t r i k e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING ..................... 32 Intended use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Defin i t ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Developers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Black l i g h t ................................. 32 Emulsif ier .................................. 32 Sel f -emuls i f iab le ........................... 32 Post-emulsif iable ........................... 33 Penetrant remover ........................... 33 Fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

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MIL-STD-27LF ND m 7777733 0057835 T m MIL-STD-Z71F(SH) 27 June 1986


Page

Paragraph 5.3 5.3.1 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.2.1 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.3.1

5.6.4 5.6.4.1 5.6.4.3 5.6.4.4 5.6.5 5.6.5.1 5.6.5.2 5.6.6 5.6.6.1 5.6.6.2 5.6.6.3 5.6.7 5.6.8 5.6.9 5.7

6 . 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5 6.1.6 6.1.7 6.1.8 6.1.9 6.1.10 6.1.11 6.1.12 6.1.13 6.1.14 6.1.15 6.1.16

Inspect ion methods ............................ Type of l iqu id pene t ran t mater ia l . . . . . . . . . . . . . General requirements .......................... Equipment requirements ........................ Procedure ..................................... Change of penetrant mater ia ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surface preparat ion ........................... General requirements .......................... Finished surfaces ............................. Test procedures ............................... Pre- tes t c leanl iness .......................... Temperature ................................... Penetrat ion time .............................. Application o f emulsifier (groups I I , V

and VI) ...................................... Removal of penetrant .......................... Groups I and VI1 mater ia l s .................... Groups II , V and V I ........................... Groups III and IV only ........................ Surface drying ................................ Groups II through V I .......................... Application of developer ...................... Dry developer ................................. Ligh t ing i n t e s t a r ea .......................... Final c leaning ................................

Groups I and VI1 ..............................

Nonaqueous wet developer ...................... Aqueous wet developer .........................

Safety precautions . Tes t r e su l t s . . . . . . .

ULTRASONIC TESTING . . Defini t ions . . . . . . . . Acoust ical ly s imilar Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . Amplitude r e j ec t i on Angle beam t e s t i n g .

1

..........................

..........................

..........................

.......................... mater ia l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... eve1 (ARL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........................

A-scan ........................................ As-welded condi t ion ........................... Attenuation ................................... Back r e f l e c t i o n ............................... Cal ibra t ion ................................... Calibrat ion s tandard .......................... Cathode ray tube .............................. Class of weld ................................. Compressional wave ............................ Continuous scan ............................... Couplant ...................................... Delay control .................................

33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35

35 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 38

38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39

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Paragraph 6 .1 .17 6 . 1 . 1 8 6 . 1 . 1 9 6 . 1 . 2 0 6 . 1 . 2 1 6 . 1 . 2 2 6 . 1 . 2 3 6 . 1 . 2 4 6 .1 .25 6 . 1 . 2 6 6 . 1 . 2 7 6 . 1 . 2 8 6 . 1 . 2 9 6 . 1 . 3 0 6 . 1 . 3 1 6 . 1 . 3 2 6 . 1 . 3 3 6 . 1 . 3 4 6 . 1 . 3 5 6 . 1 . 3 6 6 . 1 . 3 7 6 . 1 . 3 8 6 . 1 . 3 9 6 . 1 . 4 0 6 . 1 . 4 1 6 . 2 6 . 2 . 1 6 . 2 . 2 6 . 2 . 3 6 . 2 . 4 6 . 2 . 5 6 . 2 . 6 6 . 3 6 . 4 6 . 4 . 1 6 . 4 . 1 . 1 6 . 4 . 1 . 2 6 . 4 . 1 . 3

6 . 4 . 1 . 4 6 . 4 . 2 6 . 4 . 2 . 1 6 . 4 . 3 6 . 4 . 4 6 .5 6 . 5 . 1 6 . 5 . 1 . 1

COhTENTS . Continued

Page .

Discont inui ty ................................. 39 Disregard level (DRL) ......................... 39 Frequency ..................................... 39 Ful l sc reen he ight ............................ 39 Gain control .................................. 39 IIW block ..................................... 39 Indica t ion .................................... 39 I n i t i a l p u l s e ................................. 40 In t e r f ace ..................................... 40 Linea r i ty ..................................... 40 Longitudinal wave ............................. 40 Megahertz (MHz) ............................... 40 Peak ind ica t ion ............................... 40 Reference cal ibrat ion s tandard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Reflect ion .................................... 40 Resolution .................................... 40 Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Search un i t ................................... 40 S e n s i t i v i t y ................................... 40 Shear waves ................................... 40 Skip d i s tance angle beam t e s t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 Test sur face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Ult rasonic tes t s e n s i t i v i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Ultrasonical ly sound mater ia l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Procedure and t e s t methods .................... 41 Test method s e l e c t i o n ......................... 41 Sur face f i n i sh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Testing speed ................................. 41 Couplant ...................................... 41 Test symbols .................................. 42 Cal ibra t ion ................................... 42 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 General requirements .......................... 42 Equipment requirements ........................ 42 Basic instrument qual i f icat ion - pulse echo . . . 42 Shear wave t ransducer ......................... 43 Basic instrument qual i f icat ion - thickness

gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Frequency of bas ic ins t rument qua l i f ica t ion . . . 43 Inspection procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Procedure requal i f ica t ion ..................... 44 Discont inui ty evaluat ion ...................... 4 4 Records ....................................... 44 Test methods .................................. 0 4 Forgings, wrought and extruded material . . . . . . . 44 Tes t ca l ib ra t ion , l ong i tud ina l wave . . . . . . . . . . . 44

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Paragraph 6.5.1.2 Ring forgings ............................. 45 6 .5 .1 .2 .1 T e s t ca l ib ra t ion , shea r wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6 .5 .1 .2 .2 T e s t ...................................... 46 6.5.1.2.3 Longi tudinal wave tests of r ing forg ings . . 46 6 .5 .1 .2 .3 .1 Tes t ca l ib ra t ion , l ong i tud ina l wave . . . . . . . 46 6.5.1.2.3.2 Test ing - longi tudina l wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 6.5.1.3 Rectangular forgings ...................... 46 6 .5 .1 .3 .1 T e s t ca l ib ra t ion , l ong i tud ina l wave . . . . . . . 46 6 .5 .1 .3 .2 Tes t ing - longi tudina l wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 6.5.1.4 Round and mult is ided forged or wrought

bars inc luding d i sc o r pancake forgings . . 47 6 .5 .1 .4 .1 Test ca l ib ra t ion , l ong i tud ina l wave . . . . . . . 47 6.5.1.4.2 Test ing - longi tudina l wave ............... 47 6.5.2 Plate and shee t ........................... 47 6 .5 .2 .1 6.5.2.2 6.5.2.2.1 6 .5 .2 .2 .2 6.5.2.2.3 6.5.2.3 6 .5 .2 .3 .1 6.5.2.3.2 6 .5 .2 .3 .2 .1 6.5.2.3.2.2 6 .5 .3 6.5.3.2

6.5.3.3 6.5.4 6 .5 .4 .1 6.5.4.2 6 .5 .4 .2 .1 6.5.4.2.2 6.5.4.2.3 6.5.4.2.4 6 .5 .4 .2 .4 .1

6 .5 .4 .2 .4 .2

6.5.4.3

6 .5 .4 .3 .1 6.5.4.3.2 6.5.4.3.3 6 .5 .4 .3 .3 .1 6.5.4.3.3.2 6.5.4.3.4 6 .5 .4 .3 .4 .1

Surface preparat ion ....................... Shear wave t e s t ing t echn ique .............. Grid tes t procedure ....................... Continuous scanning procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . Longitudinal wave t e s t ing t echn ique ....... Tes t ing ca l ib ra t ion ....................... Test procedures ........................... Continuous method ......................... S t a t i c method ............................. Pipes and tubes . seamless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Test c a l i b r a t i o n . r a d i a l d e f e c t s

de tec t ion ................................ Tes t . r ad ia l de fec t s ...................... Ultrasonic inspect ion of weldments ........ Scope ..................................... General requirements ...................... Scanning .................................. Surface f in i sh ............................ Limitations ............................... Reference cal ibrat ion s tandards ........... Butt welds. corner welds and tee welds f o r

d i scon t inu i t i e s i n to t he t h rough member .. Detect ion of lack of penetrat ion i n f u l l .

penet ra t ion tee welds .................... Specif ic requirements for but t and corner welds ....................................

Instrument ................................ Search un i t s .............................. Cal ibra t ion ............................... Class I welds ............................. Class II and III welds .................... Procedure .................................

Tes t ca l ib ra t ion ..........................

Longi tudina l d i scont inui t ies ..............

47 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48

49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 50

50

50

50 50 50 50 50 51 51 51

1

Y

I

X

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MIL-STD-271F N D ~

Paragraph 6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 2 6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3 6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 4 6 . 5 . 4 . 4

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 1

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 1 . 1 6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 1 . 2 6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 1 . 3

. 6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2 . 1 6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2 . 2 6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2 . 3 6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2 . 4 6 . 5 . 4 . 5 6 . 6 6 . 6 . 1 6 . 6 . 2 6 . 6 . 3 6.7 6 . 7 . 1 6 . 7 . 1 . 1 - 6 . 7 . 2 6 . 7 . 3 6 . 7 . 4 6 . 7 . 4 . 1 6 . 7 . 4 . 2 6 . 7 . 4 . 3

6 . 7 . 4 . 4

6 . 7 . 5 6 . 7 . 6

7 . 7 . 1 7 . 2 7 . 2 . 1 7 . 2 . 2 7 . 2 . 3 7 . 3 7 . 3 . 1 7 . 3 . 1 . 1 7 . 3 . 1 . 2 7 . 3 . 2 7 . 3 . 3 7 . 4

llIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986


Transverse d i scont inui t ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compressional wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discont inui ty evaluat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Speci f ic requi rements for welds o f t ee

j o i n t s ................................... Detection of l ack o f pene t r a t ion i n fu l l pene t ra t ion tee welds ....................

Search uni ts ............................... Cal ibra t ion ............................... Procedure ................................. Detec t ion of d i scont inui t ies in to the

through member ........................... Inspection zone ........................... Search uni ts .............................. Cal ib ra t ion ............................... Procedure ................................. Record of inspect ion resul ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thickness measurements .................... Scope ..................................... Cal ibra t ion ............................... Method .................................... Bonding ................................... Scope ..................................... Method .................................... Transducers ................................ Cal ib ra t ion o f t e s t equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scanning .................................. Continuous scanning ....................... In te rmi t ten t scanning ..................... Cal ib ra t ion fo r u l t r a son ic t e s t ing o f nonpara l le l sur faces .....................

Continuous scanning of nonparallel s u r f a c e ..................................

Marking ................................... Flaw p l o t t i n g .............................

EDDY CURRENT TESTING ....................... Scope ..................................... Defin i t ions ............................... End (edge) effect ......................... L i f t - o f f e f f e c t ........................... Stand-off ................................. Eddy current inspection requirements . . . . . . General requirements ...................... Nethod .................................... Sur face f i n i sh ............................ Procedure ................................. Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equipment requirements ....................

Page

5 1 5 2 5 2

5 2

5 2 5 2 5 2 5 3

5 3 5 3 5 3 53 5 4 5 4 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 56 56 56

57

57 57 57

57 57 57 57 57 57 58 58 58 58 58 58 58

xi . . . . " ~ .

~.


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1

Paragraph 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.5 7.5.1 7.5.2 7.6 7.6.1 7.6.2 7.6.3



Page

Eddy current instrument ........................ 59 Performance verification reference block . . . . . . . 59 On-site verification/standardization . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Verification .................................... 59 Standardization ................................ 59 Test technique ................................. 59 Toe of weld scan ............................... 59 Weld scan ...................................... 59 Inspection of surfaces other than welds . . . . . . . . 60

8 . VISUAL INSPECTION ............................... 60 8.1 Scope .......................................... 60 8.2 Reference standard ............................. 60

8.4 Inspection techniques .......................... 60 8.5 Dimensional inspection accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 8.6 Lighting ....................................... 60

8.3 Procedure requirements ......................... 60

9 . NOTES ........................................... 61 9.1 Subject term (key word) listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 9.2 Changes from previous issue .................... 61

I FIGURES

Figure 1 .

2 .

3 .

4 . 4A . 4B . 4c .

5 .

6 . 7 . 7A . 8 . 9 .

Recommended X-ray voltage settings and radioisotope sources to be used with various steel and similar alloys ............................ 62

Recommended X-ray voltage settings and radioisotope sources to be used with various copper-base and similar alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

radioisotope sources to be used with various aluminum. magnesium and similar alloys . . . . . . . . 64 Penetrameter designs ........................... 65 Penetrameter identification notching . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Maximum allowed Ug ............................. 67 Recommended increase in source-to-film distance for various radioisotope sources with lengths greater than 1/8 inch ......................... 68

Recommended X-ray voltage settings and

Examples of material thickness (T, ) and

Magnetic field indicator ....................... 73 Skip distance example .......................... 74 Accepted scanning techniques for butt welds . . . . 75 Typical ultrasonic calibration plot for vertical linearity ............................ 76 Typical reference calibration standard (sensitivity) ................................. 77 .

specimen thickness (T, ) ....................... 69-72

P

c

?

xii . . . .

c ..


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Figure 10.

11.

Tab le

12 13. 14.

15.

16.

17.

18. 19.

I. II. III. IV. V.

VI. VI1 .

FIGURES - Continued Page

Typical viewing screen calibration (butt welds) I

(with dB control) ............................. 78 Typical viewing screen calibration (butt welds) (without dB control) .......................... 78

Scanning procedures for welds ................... 79 Scanning procedure for tee welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Typical viewing screen calibration (tee welds) (with dB control) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Typical viewing screen calibration (tee welds) (without dB control) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Surface opposite attachment member accessible .................................... 82 Surface opposite attachment member not accessible .................................... 82 Ultrasonic weld inspection record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83. Recommended probe-to-weld attitude for eddy current standardization and scanning operations .................................... 84

TABLES

Examples of penetrameter identification . . . . . . . . 16 Penetrameter placement for welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Allowable film-side penetrameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Definition of radiographic quality levels . . . . . . 21 Winimum radiographic quality levels for Iridium-192 radiography of nonstructural welds ......................................... 22 Calibration hole size for longitudinal test . . . . 45

square and “U” bottom notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Calibration reference notch dimensions of

xiíi Provided by IHS Licensee=VSE Corp Specs/9957810104

Not for Resale, 02/24/2009 06:53:47 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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PIIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

1. SCOPE

1.1 General. This standard covers . the requirements for donducting nondes t ruc t ive t es t s used in de te rmining the p resence o f sur face and i n t e r n a l d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s i n m e t a l s . I t a l so conta ins the minimum requirements necessary t o q u a l i f y n o n d e s t r u c t i v e t e s t and inspection personnel, procedures, and nondes t ruc t ive t es t equipment . This s tandard does no t conta in acceptance c r i t e r i a f o r n o n d e s t r u c t i v e tests.

1.1.1 Areas to be t e s t ed sha l l be spec i f i ed i n t he app l i cab le d rawings , specif icat ions, contract or purchase order . Nondestruct ive test markings incorpora ted in d rawings sha l l be in accordance wi th AWS A2.4.

1 . 1 . 2 S ince ca l ib ra t ion p rocedures a r e s e l f - con ta ined i n t h i s document, t h e tes t instruments and standards contained herein are not included in Ca l ib ra t ion Programs defined by MIL-STD-45662 with the except ion of l inear measuring tools such as mechanical calipers and micrometers.

1 . 2 Class i f ica t ion . This s tandard covers the fo l lowing types o f t es t methods :

(a) Radiography (b) Magnet ic par t ic le (c) Liquid penetrant (d) Wltrasonic (e) Eddy cur ren t ( f ) Visual inspect ion

1.3 Acceptance standards. The s tandards for acceptance sha l l be as s p e c i f i e d i n t h e a p p l i c a b l e s p e c i f i c a t i o n , c o n t r a c t , o r o r d e r .

1 . 4 Time of inspection. Unless otherwise specified herein or in the appl icable specif icat ion, acceptance inspect ion shal l be performed on. an item i n the f ina l su r f ace cond i t ion and f ina l hea t t rea ted condi t ion , except as spec i f i ed i n 1 .4 .1 , 1 .4 .2 , 1 .4 .3 and 1 .4 .4 .

1.4.1 Radiographic inspection may be performed a t the fol lowing t imes:

(a) Before or af ter stress r e l i e f . (b) Before or after heat treatment where the heat treatment does not

require quenching of the i tem i n a l i qu id medium.

1.4.2 Cast ing or forgings may be rad iographed in the as -cas t , as - forged , or rough machined conditions, provided the requirements of 3.4.4.2 are met.

1 .4 .3 Weldments that require contouring or machining may be radiographed i n t h e as-welded condi t ion provided the surface condi t ion does not interfere wi th the in te rpre ta t ion o f the rad iographs and the penetrameter select ion i s

$+ .,. based on the requirements of 3.4.4.

1 .4 .4 The f ina l magne t i c pa r t i c l e i n spec t ion may be accomplished within ..- 1/32 inch of the f ina l machined base metal surface, provided a ha l f wave r e c t i - f i ed d i r ec t cu r ren t (dc ) d i r ec t magne t i za t ion method is used for the inspec t ion .

1


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blIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

. I

1.5 General def ini t ions.

1 .5 .1 Authorized representat ive of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). Unless otherwise specif ied, the Commander of a Naval Shipyard, the Supervisor of Shipbui lding or their delegated representat ive.

1 .5 .2 Government inspec tor . Government o f f i c i a l who is charged with the respons ib i l i ty for assur ing tha t the mater ia l s , p rocesses , fabr ica t ion technique and tes t ing personnel meet spec i f i ca t ion and cont rac tua l requirements . In this regard, he or she may be as follows:

(a) For Government shipyards: The Shipyard Commander o r h i s

(b) For commercial shipyards: The Supervisor of Shipbui lding or his

(c) For other organizations: The cognizant Government inspec tor ,

delegated representat ive.


h i s r ep resen ta t ive o r t he r ep resen ta t ive of another Government agency designated by or through the cognizant Government inspec tor .

representa t ive .


(d) For Forces Afloat: The squadron commander or h i s de lega ted

(e) For .Naval Repa i r Fac i l i t i e s : The commanding o f f i c e r o r h i s

1 .5 .3 Act iv i ty . A p a r t i c u l a r s i t e of any commercial o r Government act ivi ty performing work wi th in the scope of th i s s tandard .

1 .5 .4 Nominal thickness . That thickness specif ied on plans o r drawings without application of any allowed tolerance.

1.5.5 Nondestructive test examiner. Personnel t o whom t h e a c t i v i t y ass igns the respons ib i l i ty and au thor i ty to examine and ce r t i fy nondes t ruc t ive tes t personnel to insure that their personnel are competent and q u a l i f i e d t o perform the applicable tests in conformance with contractural requirements. This is t h e i n d i v i d u a l t o whom t h e a c t i v i t y a s s i g n s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of approving nondestructive test procedures and workmanship s tandards.

1;5.6 Nondestruct ive tes t operator . The individual performing or ac tua l ly apply ing the test method.

1 .5 .7 Nondestruct ive tes t inspector . The individual who accepts or r e j ec t s t he i n spec ted pa r t by comparison of t h e t e s t r e s u l t s w i t h t h e acceptance standards.

1 .6 Nondestruct ive tes t personnel cer t i f icat ion. Personnel performing nondes t ruc t ive t e s t ing sha l l be cer t i f ied in accordance wi th the gu ide l ines of ASNT Recommended P rac t i ce No. SNT-TC-lA, 1980 Edi t ion. Each a c t i v i t y s h a l l develop a wr i t t en p rac t i ce , as required by ASNT Recommended P rac t i ce No. SNT-TC-lA, 1980 Ed i t ion , i den t i fy ing t he r equ i r emen t s r e l a t ive t o t he guidel ines . The w r i t t e n p r a c t i c e s h a l l be made a v a i l a b l e t o t h e Government Inspector upon reques t . The guidelines of ASNT Recommended P rac t i ce No. SNT-TC-lA, 1980 Edi t ion shal l be considered as minimum requirements, except as modified herein.

2


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MIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

1.6.1 Personnel qual i f icat ion requirements . Nondestruct ive test examiner pe r sonne l sha l l be qua l i f i ed by examinations administered by t h e Employing +

Act iv i ty , American Socie’ty for Nondestruct ive Test ing (ASNT), o r o the r ou t s ide agency. The specific examination shall be prepared and administered by t h e employing ac t iv i ty o r an ou ts ide agency . The employing a c t i v i t y s h a l l i d e n t i f y minimum passing grade requirements when t h e b a s i c and method examinations are administered by ASNT, which issues grades on a p a s s / f a i l b a s i s . I n t h i s case, the pass ing grade for the bas ic and method examinat ion shal l be ass igned a numerical score of 80 percent .

1 . 6 . 1 . 1 Hours of t ra in ing and exper ience . The number of hours of t ra ining and experience for a l l nondes t ruc t ive t e s t pe r sonne l sha l l be i n accordance with ASNT Recommended P rac t i ce No. SNT-TC-lA, 1980 Edi t ion . However, the hours for personnel who perform only one operation of a nondes t ruc t ive t e s t method t h a t consis ts of more than one operation, or perform nondestruct ive tes t examinat ions of l imited scope, may be less than t hose spec i f i ed i n ASNT Recommended P r a c t i c e No. SNT-TC-lA, 1980 Edi t ion, provided the time o f t r a i n i n g and experience is desc r ibed i n t he wr i t t en p rac t i ce , and any l i m i t a t i o n o r r e s t r i c t i o n o n t h e c e r t i f i c a t i o n is descr ibed i n t h e w r i t t e n p r a c t i c e and i n c e r t i f i c a t i o n r e c o r d s .

1 .6 .1 .2 Other methods. For nondestructive test methods not covered by ASNT Recommended P rac t i ce No. SNT-TC-lA, 1980 Edi t ion , personnel sha l l be qualified to-comparable levels of competency by the administration of comparable examinat ions on the par t icular method involved.

1 .6 .2 Cer t i f ica t ion of personnel . The employing a c t i v i t y is responsible for the adequacy of the program and is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c e r t i f i c a t i o n of a l l l e v e l s of nondes t ruc t ive t es t personnel .

1 .6 .3 Recer t i f ica t ion . Nondes t ruc t ive t es t personnel sha l l be recer t i f ied by examination at 3-year in te rva ls (as a minimum) in accordance with the a c t i v i t y ’ s written pract ice . This re-examinat ion shal l be as comprehensive as t h a t employed i n t h e i n i t i a l c e r t i € i c a t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n , p e r s o n n e l who perform production NDT s h a l l b e r e c e r t i f i e d by examination i f t h e y have not performed tests ( fo r which they a re cer t i f ied) for a period of 6 months; this re-examinat ion need only consist of an approved operational examination administered by t h e a c t i v i t y ’ s tes t examiner.

1 .6 .4 The Government Inspector may reques t an opera t iona l o r wr i t ten examination be administered i f t h e r e i s reason t o be l i eve t ha t an i nd iv idua l i s unable t o competent ly per form a t the l eve l tha t the ind iv idua l is c e r t i f i e d .

1 . 6 . 5 V i s i o n t e s t s .

1 .6 .5 .1 General . A l l n o n d e s t r u c t i v e t e s t p e r s o n n e l s h a l l b e r e q u i r e d t o pass a v i s ion t es t . The v i s i o n t e s t must be current a t the time of examination and v i s i o n tests s h a l l be conducted annual ly . Vis ion tes t ing shal l be conducted by a qua l i f i ed t echn ic i an , u s ing s t anda rd t e s t methods for determining visual acu i ty . The s tandard o f acceptance for v i s ion tes t s sha l l be :

“ 3


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(b)

1 .4 .5 .2 i n 1 . 5 . 7 , s h a


Natural or corrected near dis tance acui ty such that the individual is capable of reading J1 l e t t e r s on the Standard Jaeger 's Test type char t for near vis ion, or equivalent type tes t . This requirement must be met by one or both eyes.

A b i l i t y t o d i s t i n g u i s h between colors when required by the work.

Brightness discr iminat ion. A l l radiographic personnel as defined 11 addi t iona l ly be t es ted for b r igh tness d i scr imina t ion , us ing tes t

radiographs containing randomly d is t r ibu ted pene t rameters , wi th vary ing dens i t ies and s i z e s .

1 .6 .5 .3 The cor rec t ive a ids used for v i s ion tests must be used during cer t i f icat ion examinat ion and a l l subsequent inspections and tests performed.

1.6,6 Records. Employing ac t iv i t ies sha l l main ta in ind iv idua l nondes t ruc- t ive t es t personnel records inc luding the fo l lowing:

(a) Training and experience. (b) Results of al l current examinations which can be correlated to

the examination administered and a master copy of each examina- t i o n . When ASNT is used for examiner cer t i f icat ion, the ASNT l e t t e r may be used for the basic and method examinations.

(c) A r eco rd o f v i s ion t e s t s no t ing co r rec t ive a ids u sed . (d) Records s h a l l be maintained for the current and preceding cer t i f i -

ca t ion per iod un less o therwise s ta ted .

A l l o f the above records sha l l be made a v a i l a b l e t o t h e Government Inspector upon request .

1 .6 .7 Transfer of NDT c e r t i f i c a t i o n s t o o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s is prohibi ted except as authorized by NAVSEA.

1 . 7 Procedure qual i f icat ion and approval . Nondestruct ive tes t ing methods specif ied herein shal l be performed in accordance with wri t ten procedures .

1 . 7 . 1 Act ivi t ies performing NDT shal l develop and maintain a wr i t t en procedure for each method performed and cer t i fy tha t each procedure is i n accordance with the requirements of t h i s s t anda rd . Th i s ce r t i f i ca t ion s t a t emen t shal l be par t of each wri t ten procedure and signed by the cognizant examiner of t h e a c t i v i t y .

1 . 7 . 2 Each procedure shall have been qualified by proving that known d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s , e i t h e r n a t u r a l o r a r t i f i c i a l , c a n b e r e l i a b l y d e t e c t e d and evaluated. Data documenting th i s p rocedure demonst ra t ion sha l l be p rovided to t h e Government Inspector upon request. This requirement does not apply to procedures approved under prior revisions of this standard.

1 . 7 . 3 Procedures shall be approved by the cognizant examiner of the a c t i v i t y and reviewed by t h e Government Inspector . The Government Inspector may request demonstrat ion of the procedure during ini t ia l review of the p rocedure o r a t any time there is reason t o b e l i e v e it i s unable to provide adequate resul ts .

4 Provided by IHS Licensee=VSE Corp Specs/9957810104


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MIL-STD-271F N D W 3 3 7 3 3 1 1 0 0 5 3 8 4 5 2 W


1 .7 .4 Procedures sha l l no t be t ransfer red from one a c t i v i t y without the specific approval of NAVSEA.

1.8 Maintenance of inspection records. Records shall be mai. spec i f i ed i n t he app l i cab le sh ip spec i f i ca t ions , f ab r i ca t ion spec i f i ca t ions and o ther documents invoking t h i s s t a n d a r d .

2 . APPLICABLE DOCUNENTS

to another

ntained as

2 . 1 Government documents.

2 . 1 . 1 Spec i f ica t ions and s tandards . Unless o therwise spec i f ied , the fo l lowing spec i f ica t ions and s t anda rds o f t he i s sue l i s t ed i n t ha t i s sue of t h e Department of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards (DoDISS) s p e c i f i e d i n t h e s o l i c i t a t i o n form a p a r t of t h i s s t a n d a r d t o t h e e x t e n t spec i f i ed he re in .

SPECIFICATIONS

FEDERAL P-D-680 - Dry Cleaning Solvent.

MILITARY EIIL-1-25135 - Inspect ion Mater ia ls , Fenetrants .

STANDARDS

MILITARY MIL-STD-278 - Fabr ica t ion Welding and Inspection; and

Cast ing Inspect ion and Repair for Machinery, Piping and Pressure Vessels in Ships of the United States Navy.

Special Purpose Components. PIIL-STD-792 - I d e n t i f i c a t i o n Marking Requirements f o r

MIL-STD-45662 - Calibration Systems Requirements.

(Copies of specifications and standards required by contractors in connec- t ion wi th spec i f ic acquis i t ion func t ions should be ob ta ined from the cont rac t ing a c t i v i t y o r as d i rec ted by the c o n t r a c t i n g o f f i c e r . )

2.2 Other publ icat ions. The following documents form a p a r t o f t h i s s tandard to the ex ten t spec i f ied here in . Unless o therwise spec i f ied , the issues of the documents which a r e DoD adopted sha l l be those l i s ted in the i ssue o f the DoDISS s p e c i f i e d i n t h e s o l i c i t a t i o n . The issues of documents which have not been adopted shal l be those in effect on t h e d a t e of t h e c i t e d DoDISS.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM) D 3699 - Standard Specification for Kerosine. (DoD adopted)

(Appl ica t ion for copies should be addressed to the American Soc ie ty fo r Test ing and Mater ia ls , 1916 Race S t ree t , Ph i lade lphia , PA 19103.)

5


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PlIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY (AW) A2.4 - Symbols f o r Welding and Nondestructive Testing Including

Brazing. (DoD adopted)

(Applicat ion for copies should be addressed to the American Welding Society, Inc. , 550 NW LeJeune Road, P.O. Box 351040, Niami, FL 33135.)

SOCIETY OF AUTONOTIVE ENGINEERS (SAE) AMS 3161 - Inspect ion O i l , Odorless

(Application for copies should be addressed to the Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096.)

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING (ASNT) SNT-TC-1A. - Recommended Pract ice for Nondestruct ive Test ing

Personnel Qualification and C e r t i f i c a t i o n .

Supplement A - Radiographic Testing Nethod. Supplement B - Magnetic Particle Testing Nethod. Supplement C - Ultrasonic Test ing Method. Supplement D - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method. Supplement E - Eddy Current Testing Nethod.

(Applicat ion for copies should be addressed to the American Society for Nondestruct ive Test ing, Inc. , 4153 Arl ingate Plaza, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.)

(Nongovernment s tandards a re genera l ly ava i lab le for re fe rence from l i b r a r i e s . They a r e a l s o d i s t r i b u t e d among nongovernment standards bodies and using Federal agencies.)

The documents c i t e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n a r e f o r g u i d a n c e and information.

2.3 Order of precedence. In the event of a c o n f l i c t between t h e t e x t of th is s tandard and the r e f e rences c i t ed he re in , t he t ex t o f t h i s s t anda rd sha l l take precedence.

3 . RADIOGRAPHY

3.1 Def in i t ions . The fo l lowing de f in i t i ons a r e app l i cab le t o radiography:

3.1.1 Energy. A property of r ad ia t ion which determines its penet ra t ing a b i l i t y . I n X-ray radiography, energy i s usually determined by t h e acce le ra t ing vo l t age app l i ed t o t he anode and is expressed as ki lovol ts (kv) or mi l l i on e l ec t ronvo l t s (MeV). In gamma-ray radiography, energy i s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the source.

3.1.2 Film holders or cassettes. Lightproof containers for holding radiographic f i lm with or without intensifying screens. These f i lm holders or ca s se t t e s may be r i g i d o r f l e x i b l e .



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KïL-STD-271P(SH) 27 June 1986

3 .1 .3 F i l t e r s . Shee t s o f l ead o r o the r ma te r i a l s p l aced i n t he r ad ia t ion beam, e i t h e r a t t he X-ray tube between the specimen and the film, or behind the f i l m t o improve image q u a l i t y by s e l e c t i v e l y removing low energy components from t h e r a d i a t i o n beam.

3.1.4 Intensifying screens. Sheets of lead or layers of f luorescent c r y s t a l s between which the f i lm is p laced to decrease the exposure time,

3 . 1 t h e pene ma te r i a l

' 5 Material th ickness (Tm). The thickness of mater ia l upon which t rameter i s based for piping system welds , including repair welds . The thickness is the nominal thickness or actual th ickness , if measured,

of t h e s t r e n g t h member, and does not include reinforcements, backing rings O r

s t r i p s . The s t r eng th member i s def ined as the th inner o f the sec t ions be ing jo ined ( see 3 .4 .4) .

3 .1 .6 Maximum ef fec t ive rad ia t ion source d imens ion . The maximum source or focal spot dimension projected on the cen te r of the radiographic f i lm. For example, a cyl indrical i sotope source whose length i s g rea t e r t han i t s diameter w i l l have a grea te r e f fec t ive rad ia t ion source d imens ion when o r i en ted coax ia l ly i n t h e c e n t e r o f a p ipe for a panoramic exposure than when the ax i s of the source is pos i t ioned a t r igh t ang le s t o t he p ipe .

3 . 1 . 7 Mult iple f i lm technique. A procedure in which two o r more films of the same or d i f fe ren t speed a re used in the same film holder, and exposed simultaneously.

3.1.8 Penetrameter. A device whose image i n a radiograph i s used t o de te rmine rad iographic qua l i ty l eve l . I t is not in tended for use in judging the s i ze no r fo r e s t ab l i sh ing accep tance o f d i scon t inu i t i e s .

3 . 1 . 9 Penet rameter sens i t iv i ty . An ind ica t ion o f t he ab i l i t y o f t he radiographic procedure to demonstrate a cer ta in d i f fe rence in spec imen th ickness (usua l ly 2 percent ) . It is the r a t io exp res sed a s a percentage of the thickness of a penetrameter whose o u t l i n e is d i s c e r n i b l e i n a rad iograph to the mater ia l thickness (T,) of the specimen radiographed.

. 3.1.10 Radiograph. A v i s i b l e image on film produced by the pene t r a t ion of rad ia t ion th rough the mater ia l be ing tes ted . When two superimposed films a r e exposed simultaneously in the same f i lm holder , to be viewed la ter as a superimposed pair , the superimposed pair of exposed f i lm consti tutes the radiograph.

3.1.11 Radiographic f i lm density. A quant i ta t ive measure of f i lm blackening, defined by the equat ion:

Where : d = dens i ty . I = t h e l i g h t i n t e n s i t y i n c i d e n t on the f i lm . 1; = t he l i gh t i n t ens i ty t r ansmi t t ed t h rough t he f i lm .



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NIL-STD-27LF ND m 7777733 00578Lt8 8 m ~~ ~

~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~~


3.1.12 Radiographic inspection. The use of X-rays and gamma-rays, o r b o t h , t o d e t e c t d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s i n m a t e r i a l by p resen t ing t he i r images on recording medium s u i t a b l e f o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n by a qua l i f ied inspec tor ( see 1 .5 .7) .

3 .1 .13 Radiographical ly s imilar mater ia ls . l ia ter ia ls which have s imi l a r X-ray o r gamma-ray absorp t ion charac te r i s t ics , regard less of chemical compos it ion.

3.1.14 Shielding. Sheets of lead or other material used to absorb sca t te red rad ia t ion .

3.1.15 Source. A machine o r r ad ioac t ive ma te r i a l which emits pene t ra t ing rad ia t ion .

3.1.16 Source-to-fi lm distance. The d is tance between the rad ia t ion source and the f i lm.

3.1.17 Specimen thickness (Ts). The to ta l th ickness to be rad iographed . This is the thickness upon which the source- to- f i lm d is tance is based, and is a l so t he t h i ckness upon which penetrameters are based for structural castings, and s t ruc tura l welds .

3.2 General requirements. The radiographic method o f t e s t ing i s used for de te rmining the p resence o f d i scont inui t ies in a l l fe r rous and nonferrous metals. Radiographic inspection specified herein i s intended t o apply t o a l l items requir ing radiographic inspect ion in compliance with appl icable specif icat ions, drawings, contracts , or purchase orders , and one of t h e following shall be used:

(a) X-ray machine. (b) Iridium-192. ( c ) Cobalt -60. (d) Cesium-137. (e ) The use of other radiat ion sources requires specif ic NAVSEA

approval.

3 . 2 . 1 Extent of radiographic inspection. A l l procurement documents, drawings, or both shal l specify the extent of radiographic inspect ion, when it i s required. This information shal l include the number of areas and items t o be rad iographed , the po in t in fabr ica t ion when radiography shall be performed, t h e q u a l i t y level of inspect ion and the acceptance s tandard to be appl ied. Drawings specifying radiographic coverage requirements shall employ radiographic symbols tha t a r e i n acco rdance w i th AWS A 2 . 4 .

3 . 2 . 1 . 1 Radiographic Shooting Sketch (RSS) fo r ca s t ings . The cas t ing des igne r sha l l s e l ec t and ident i fy , in accordance with AWS A2.4, areas requiring radiography on the engineering drawing. The cont rac tor o r ac t iv i ty performing the inspect ion shal l prepare the RSS which shows film placements and radiat ion direct ions to assure adequate radiographic coverage as specif ied by the engineering drawing. The RSS s h a l l be val idated by a signature of a ce r t i f i ed r ad iog raph ic i n spec to r . The requirements of 3.3.14 herein provide spec i f ic de ta i led requi rements which s h a l l be contained on the RSS.

8

. - ." ~ ~~ - ~~ ~~

I . ..


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3.2.2 Radiographic procedure. Radiographic inspection procedures sha l l con ta in a s a minimum, the following elements:

3 . 2 . 2 . 1 Piinimum radiographic procedure requirements.

(a) X-ray machine information. (1) Model and type (2) Nanufacturer (3) Foca l spot s ize ( 4 ) Vol tage ra t ing

(b) Isotope source information (1) Type of isotope (2) Source strength (maximum) ( 3 ) Source dimensions

(c) Film processing methods (d) Fersonnel qual i f icat ions (e) Film type ( f ) Viewing f a c i l i t i e s (9) Film density requirements including density measuring equipment

(h) Method of providing f i lm ident i f icat ion in accordance with 3 .3 .8 ( i ) The requi rements o f th i s s tandard tha t apply

used

3.2.2.2 Survey of radiogra-phic faci l i t ies . The Government Inspector sha l l pe r fo rm r ad iog raph ic f ac i l i t i e s and procedure surveys o f ac t iv i t ies to ensure tha t t he o rgan iza t ion is performing radiographic inspection in accordance with the requi rements o f th i s s tandard . The surveys may be conducted a t 12-month intervals unless the qual i ty of radiographic performance dictates a need for more f requent surve i l lance . The Government Inspec tor sha l l main ta in a record of t h e r e s u l t s of each survey. The r eco rds sha l l i nc lude su f f i c i en t i n fo rma t ion t o e s t a b l i s h t h a t t h e a c t i v i t y i s performing radiographic inspection in accordance with i t s procedure and this s tandard.

3.3 Radiography requirements.

3 .3 .1 Direct ion of radiat ion. Unless otherwise specif ied, the d i r e c t i o n of t h e c e n t r a l beam of r a d i a t i o n s h a l l b e a s n e a r l y c e n t r a l t o t h e area being examined and perpendicular to the surface of the f i lm as poss ib l e .

3 .3 .2 Sc reens , f i l t e r s , and masking. A l l radiographs produced with a source of 150 kv o r g r e a t e r s h a l l employ a f r o n t and back lead screen in con tac t w i th t he f i lm . In t ens i fy ing s c reens and f i l t e r s sha l l be a s fo l lows :

(a) In tens i fy ing sc reens . Lead ox ide o r l ead fo i l sha l l be u sed a s i n t ens i fy ing s c reens . Lead oxide, however, shall only be used for energies between 100 and 300 kv. Intimate contact between the screens and the f i lms should be maintained during exposure.

0 . 7 FleV or g rea te r ( inc luding Cobal t -60) , a l e a d f i l t e r w i t h a minimum thickness of 0.010 inch shall be placed between the specimen and the film. The f i l t e r may be l oca t ed e i the r i n

. ( b ) F r o n t f i l t e r s . When using radiat ion sources with energies of


--```,,``,`,`,,`,,`,,``,,`,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

MIL-STD-271F N D m 9 9 7 9 3 3 3 0059850 b m


the f i lm holder and may be combined wi th t he i n t ens i fy ing screen, or may be located i n f ront o f the f i lm ho lder . However, i f t h e f i l t e r is loca ted i n f ron t of the f i lm ho lder , t he s c reens sha l l be p l aced i n con tac t w i th t he f i lm , a s i n ( a ) above.

(c) Back f i l t e r s . Lead f i l t e r s s h a l l be used behind the film holder to p revent sca t te red rad ia t ion from t h e f l o o r , w a l l s , a i r , o r other surrounding objects from fogging the f i lm. Each holder shal l have a l e a d l e t t e r "B" a minimum of 1 / 2 inch high and a minimum of 1/ 16 inch thick posit ioned behind the f i lm and within the area of f i lm to be read. When performing panoramic exposures, one lead l e t t e r "B" may be placed in each quadrant. The l e a d l e t t e r "B" is not required for radiography of circumferent ia l welds with an inside diameter less than 3 / 4 inch which are performed by the s ingle wal l exposure technique. I f t he image o f t h e l e t t e r "B" shows a l i g h t image on a darker background, the rad iograph sha l l be re jec ted . A darker image of t h e l e t t e r "B" on a l i g h t e r background i s not cause for re ject ion provided the darker image does not interfere with the f i lm evaluat ion.

3 . 3 . 3 - Film. Radiographs shall be made on f i n e g r a i n , e x t r a - f i n e g r a i n or u l t ra - f ine g ra in , sa fe ty base f i lm. High-speed , medium or coarse g ra in f i lms shal l be used only when authorized by NAVSEA o r i t s authorized repre- s en t a t ive.

3 . 3 . 3 . 1 Film qual i ty . Radiographs presented for interpretat ion shal l b e f r e e from blemishes o r f i lm a r t i fac ts which might mask or be confused with defects in the material being examined. I f doubt ex is t s concern ing the t rue na tu re of an indication on the f i lm, the rad iograph sha l l be re jec ted . Typica l blemishes are as follows:

(a) Fogging caused by l i gh t l eaks i n t he p rocess ing room o r casse t tes , defec t ive sa fe l igh ts , exposure marks caused by improper processing, or old film.

water marks, o r chemica l s ta ins .

intensifying screens and the f i lm .

marks, o r s t a t i c e l e c t r i c i t y marks.

loca l ized a reas .

(b) Mechanical processing defects such as s t reaking, a i r bel ls ,

(c) Blemishes caused by d i r t i n c a s s e t t e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y between

(d) Pressure or lead marks, scratches, gouges, f inger marks, crimp

(e) Loss of detai l caused by poor f i lm-to-screen contact in

3 . 3 . 3 . 2 Film density. The dens i ty sha l l be 1 . 5 t o 4 .0 f o r s i n g l e f i l m viewing and 2 .0 t o 4 .0 for superimposed film viewing in the area being examined for acceptance. For cas t ings and forg ings , the dens i ty sha l l be 1 .5 t o 4 . 0 i n the area being examined for acceptance for bo th the s ing le and superimposed film viewing. When the thickness of the par t var ies considerably in the area under examination, two o r more f i l m s , e i t h e r of equal or of different speeds may be exposed simultaneously in the same fi lm holder and the resu l tan t rad iograph submi t ted for in te rpre ta t ion e i ther as single or superimposed film, whichever



--```,,``,`,`,,`,,`,,``,,`,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

MIL-STD-273F ND W 7777733 0057853 8 W

tlIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

is b e t t e r s u i t e d f o r t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f any small port ion of the area covered by the exposure. For the small po r t ion of the area under immediate examination, t he dens i ty o f e i t he r th'e s ingle or the superimposed f i lm shal l be in accordance with the aforementioned requirements.

3 . 3 . 3 . 3 Multiple f i lm techniques, Film techniques with two o r more f i lms of t h e same o r d i f f e r e n t s p e e d s i n t h e same f i lm holder sha l l be permi t ted , p ro- v ided the appl icable rad iographic qua l i ty l eve l for a s p e c i f i c a r e a i s demonstrated.

3 . 3 . 4 Filmless techniques. The use of f i lmless t echniques sha l l be l imi t ed t o i n -p rocess i n spec t ion and sha l l no t be permi t ted for f ina l acceptance inspec t ion un less spec i f ica l ly au thor ized by NAVSEA.

3 . 3 . 5 Radiation sources. Recommended X-ray machine voltage settings and gamma-ray sources to be used with various specimen thicknesses are shown on f igu res 1, 2 and 3 . Cobal t -60 sources shal l not be used on nominal material th icknesses l ess than 1 inch. Other vol tage set t ings or sources may be used provided the required qual i ty levels are maintained.

3 . 3 . 6 Source- to-f i lm dis tance.

3 - 3 . 6 . 1 The source- to- f i lm d is tance sha l l be such tha t the geometr ic unsharpness (Ug) values of f igure 4B are not exceeded. Source-to-fi lm distance (SFD) sha l l be ca l cu la t ed as fol lows:

SFD = t + ug

Where :

Ug = Geometric unsharpness

F = Maximum ef fec t ive rad ia t ion source d imens ion in inches ( see 3.1.6)

t = Specimen th ickness T in inches S

SFD = Distance, in inches, between radiat ion source and source s ide of specimen

3 . 3 . 6 . 2 When a gap between the specimen and film holder i s unavoidable, t h e SFD sha l l be increased by t h e r a t i o o f :

t + gap t

3 . 3 . 6 . 3 When using radioisotope sources whose l eng ths a r e g rea t e r t han 1 /8- inchY the SFD shal l be increased in accordance with f igure 4C t o compensate for increased dispers ion caused by s i d e e f f e c t s .

3 . 3 . 6 . 4 When accessibi l i ty does not permit compliance with the above, a shor te r source- to- f i lm d is tance i s allowed provided the following conditions are met :


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(a) The requi red qua l i ty l eve l i s obtained. (b) The grea tes t poss ib le source- to- f i lm d is tance is used. (c) The radiographic record shows what access ib i l i ty condi t ions

l imited the source- to-f i lm dis tance and ind ica t e s t he ac tua l source- to-f i lm dis tance used.

3.3.7 Radiographic location markers. The images of the loca t ion markers for the coordinat ion of the par t wi th the f i lm shal l appear on t h e f i lm wi thout in te r fe r ing wi th the in te rpre ta t ion and w i t h such an arrangement t h a t it i s evident that complete coverage was obtained. These marker positions s h a l l be marked on t h e p a r t and the pos i t i on of the markers shall be maintained on the par t dur ing radiography. When using a technique in which r ad ia t ion passes through two wal ls and the welds in both walls are viewed for acceptance, and t h e e n t i r e image of the object being radiographed i s shown on the rad iograph, only one location marker i s required on the base metal a t the center of the area being examined. Markings shal l be in accordance with MIL-STD-792.

3 .3 .8 F i lm ident i f ica t ion . A system of posi t ive ident i f icat ion of the f i lm sha l l be used and each f i lm shall have a un ique i den t i f i ca t ion r e l a t ing it t o t h e item being inspected. As a minimum, the fol lowing addi t ional information shal l appear on each radiograph or in t he r eco rds accompanying each radiograph:

(a) Iden t i f i ca t ion of the o rganiza t ion making the radiograph. (b) Date of exposure. ( c ) Iden t i f i ca t ion of t h e p a r t , component or system and, where

(d) Whether the radiograph i s o f t he o r ig ina l a r ea o r a r epa i r a r ea . appl icable , the weld j o i n t i n t h e p a r t , component or system.

3.3.9 Maintenance of radiographic records. Radiographic records shall be maintained in accordance with 1.8.

3.3.10 Darkroom f a c i l i t i e s . Darkroom f a c i l i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g equipment and materials, shall be capable of producing uniform, blemish-free radiographic negat ives .

3 .3 .11 Fi lm viewing faci l i t ies . Viewing f a c i l i t i e s s h a l l be so constructed as to afford the exclusion of object ionable background l ight ing of a n i n t e n s i t y t h a t may cause re f lec t ion on the radiographic f i lm.

3 .3 .11 .1 Equipment used for rad iographic in te rpre ta t ion sha l l p rovide the fol lowing minimum fea tu res :

(a) A l i gh t sou rce o f su f f i c i en t i n t ens i ty con t ro l l ed t o a l l ow the se lec t ion of optimum in tens i t ies for v iewing f i lm dens i t ies spec i f i ed i n 3 .3 .3 .2 . The requi red in tens i ty range may be provided by the use of a separate high intensi ty viewing port . The l igh t enc losure sha l l be so designed to provide a uniform level of i l lumination over the entire viewing surface.

temperature a t the viewing port such that f i lm emulsions shal l not be damaged during 1 minute of continuous contact with the viewing surface.

(b) A su i tab le fan , b lower o r o ther cool ing device to p rovide s tab le


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MIL-STD-271F N D W 99999LL 0059853 L W

FlIL-STD-27lF(SH) 27 June 1986

(c) An opal glass front in each viewing port , except for high

(d) A set of opaque masks t o s u i t t h e s i z e s of radiographs t o be

(e) Densitometers (FlacBeth Node1 TD-102, or equa l ) sha l l be

i n t e n s i t y viewers used for high densi ty f i lm.

viewed.

provided for assuring conformance with film density requirements.

3 . 3 . 1 2 Surface preparation of components and welds pr ior to rad iography. Neta1 components s h a l l be f ree of scale , surface s lag, adhering or imbedded sand, or other surface conditions which may in t e r f e re w i th p rope r i n t e rp re t a - t i o n of radiographs. With the exception of undercuts at the toe of the weld which are within specif icat ion a l lowances, the contour of welds shal l be blended smoothly and gradual ly into the base metal . Excessive weld r ipples or weld s u r f a c e i r r e g u l a r i t i e s OG t he ou t s ide ( and i n s ide , i f a cces s ib l e ) sha l l be removed by any sui table mechanical process to such a deg ree t ha t t he r e su l t i ng radiographic contrast due to any i r r egu la r i ty canno t mask or be confused with t h e image of a de fec t . "

3 . 3 . 1 3 Safety. Radiographic tes ts shal l be performed under protected condi t ions such that personnel shal l not receive a whole-body radiat ion dosage exceeding the maximum permit ted by c i t y , s tate or na t iona l codes .

3 . 3 . 1 4 I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of radiographs. To a i d i n t h e p r o p e r i n t e r - pretat ion of radiographs, a sketch, drawing, written procedure or equivalent record shal l be prepared t o show the setup used t o make each radiograph. The information shal l accompany each radiograph (or a group of radiographs i f t h e same information appl ies) . Reference to a s tandard setup is accep tab le i f desc r ip t ions o f t h i s s t anda rd s e tup a r e made ava i l ab le . The informat ion sha l l

Number of films and film type.. Location of each film on the radiographed item. Orientation of location markers. Location of radiation source, including source-to-fi lm distance

and approximate angle of beam. The k i lovol tage and foca l spo t s i ze ( fo r X-ray machines). The i so tope t ype , i n t ens i ty ( i n cu r i e s ) , and physical dimensions. Type of mater ia l , and mater ia l th ickness . Type of weld j o i n t , f o r example, but t wi th backing r ing. Whether o r i g i n a l o r r e p a i r . Par t and drawing number. Plater ia l -groups and penetrameter s izes and the r equ i r ed qua l i t y

Single or double wall viewing. Type and thickness of intensifying screens and f i l t e r s . Applicable acceptance standards. Signature of the radiographic operator .

l e v e l .

3 . 3 . 1 5 Radiographic records. Radiographic records shall contain the following:

(a) The informat ion spec i f ied in 3 . 3 . 1 4 . (b) Notation of acceptable and rejectable discontinuities. Any



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I -

MIL-STD-27LF N D m 77777LL 0057854 3 m

MIL-STD-B71F(SH) 27 June 1986

ques t ionab le d i scon t inu i ty i n t he a r ea of i n t e r e s t which is due t o a sur face condi t ion sha l l be v i sua l ly ver i f ied and noted.

(c) Date of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . (d) Disposi t ion (accept / re ject) of the item radiographed. (e) Signature of the radiographic inspector .

3.3.16 Radiographs and r eco rds sha l l be made a v a i l a b l e t o t h e Government Inspector upon request .

3 .4 Penetrameters . Penetrameters shal l be employed f o r a l l r a d i o - graphs , except as spec i f ied in 3 .8 , and the penetrameter image will be employed t o determine the radiographic qual i ty level .

3.4.1 Penetrameter material . Material grouping for penetrameter mater ia l shal l be as fol lows, except that penetrameters of a lower group number may be used for any material group of a higher number providing the appl icable q u a l i t y l e v e l i s maintained. For material not l isted, the penetrameter ma te r i a l sha l l be a s spec i f i ed i n 3 .4 .1 .2 .

Mater ia l , Group I Penetrameters, Group I

Carbon s teel Penetrameters made of any of t hese Al loy s tee l mater ia l s may be used interchangeably. S t a in l e s s steel Manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze

Mater ia l , Group I T Penetrameters, Group II

Aluminum bronze Nickel-aluminum-bronze

Penetrameters made of any of these mater ia l s may be used interchangeably.

Mater ia l , Group III Penetrameters, Group III

Nickel-chromium-iron alloy Nickel-chromium-iron alloy.

Iwfaterial, Group I V Penetrameters, Group I V

Nickel-copper alloys Copper-nickel al loys

Penetrameters made of any of these mater ia l s may be used interchangeably.

Mater ia l , Group V Penetrameters, Group V

Tin bronze Gun metals Valve bronze

Penetrameters made of any of these mater ia l s may be used interchangeably.

3.4.1.1 Dissimilar metal welds.

3.4.1.1.1 For welds made between d iss imi la r meta ls in any one group, the grade penetrameters for that-group or penetrameters of a lower grade number s h a l l be used, provided the quali ty level as applicable is maintained.


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MIL-STD-27LF N D m 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 0057855 5 m

a

15


3 . 4 . 1 . 1 . 2 For welds made between diss imilar metals not of the same mater ia ls group, two penetrameters shall be used, one on each side of the j o i n t . Each penetrameter shal l be of the grade number represent ing the base metal upon which it i s p laced , o r a lower grade number penetrameter.may be used . Qua l i ty l eve l , a s app l i cab le , sha l l be t he same as would be app l i cab le for s ingle penetrameters of weld joints of s imilar base metals .

3 .4 .1 .2 Other metals. For radiography of materials not herein covered, penetrameters of the same mater ia l may be used, or penetrameters of any o the r material may be used if the following requirements are met. Two blocks of equal thickness, one of the material to be radiographed and one of t he ma te r i a l of which the penetrameters are made, s h a l l be radiographed on t h e same f i lm by one exposure a t t h e lowest energy level to be used for the production radiographs. Densi tometer readings for both mater ia ls shal l be read from the f i lm and s h a l l be between 2 . 0 and 4 . 0 dens i ty fo r bo th ma te r i a l s . If the f i lm dens i ty for the mater ia l to be rad iographed is within plus 15 pe rcen t o r l e s s than the f i lm densi ty for the penetrameter mater ia l , the penetrameter mater ia l may be used for radiography of the product ion mater ia l .

3 . 4 . 2 Penetrameter dimensions. The dimensions of the penetrameter shall conform t o t h o s e shown on f i g u r e 4 .

3 . 4 . 3 Penet rameter ident i f ica t ion . Pene t rameters sha l l be ident i f ied wi th lead numbers or engraved lead s t r ips ind ica t ing the mater ia l th ickness (Tm or Ts a s a p p l i c a b l e ) t o which the pene t rameter appl ies as spec i f ied in t ab le I .

(a) Rectangular penetrameters shal l be ident i f ied with lead numbers

(b) The lead numbers sha l l i nd ica t e t he nomina l ma te r i a l t h i ckness attached t o the penetrameters , as shown on f i g u r e 4 .

(T,) in hundredths of an inch up t o 1 inch, and i n i n c h e s t o the nearest tenth of an inch over 1 inch.

(c) Each penet rameter sha l l be fur ther ident i f ied by permanently marking i t s metal or pr incipal a l loy composi t ion into the surface of the penetrameter, and by notches in accordance with f i g u r e 4A.

3 . 4 . 3 . 1 Lead numbers sha l l be p l aced ad jacen t t o t he c i r cu la r pene t r a - meters t o provide identification of the penetrameter on the f i lm .

3 . 4 . 3 . 2 For the spec ia l l eve ls 1-1T and 1-2T , t h i s l e a d number s h a l l ind ica te one-ha l f the minimum t h i c k n e s s t o which the penetrameter is appl icable , and f o r l e v e l 4-2T, t h i s l e a d number sha l l i nd ica t e tw ice t he minimum thickness t o which the penetrameter i s appl icable .


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TABLE I. Examples of penetrameter ident i f icat ion.

Penetrameter i d e n t i f i c a t ion

number

25 50 75

1 . 0 1 .5 2.0 3 . 0 5.5 9.0 10.0

Penetrameter thickness

Inch

O . 005 . o 10 . O 15 . O20 .O30 .O40 .O60 .110 .180 .200

Min mater ia l thickness T

Inches

O. 25 .50 .75

m

1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.5 9.0

10.0

The 0.005-inch penetrameter shall be used for material thickness less than 0.25 inch unless otherwise specif ied i n the appl . icable specif icat ion or purchase order .

For 2 percent pene t rameter sens i t iv i ty :

(a ) Standard radiographic qual i ty levels.

(1) 2-2T: This requi res tha t a penetrameter whose thickness (T) is no g rea t e r t han 2 percent (1/50) of the mater ia l th ickness of the item being radiographed and a hole d r i l l ed th rough the penetrameter with a diameter equal to twice the th ickness of the penetrameter (2T) s h a l l b e v i s i b l e .

(b) Special radiographic qual i ty levels .

(1) Qual i ty l eve l l -1T radiography. The 1T h o l e i n a penetrameter whose thickness (T) i s no g r e a t e r than 1 percent (1/100) of the mater ia l th ickness s h a l l b e v i s i b l e .

(2) Q u a l i t y level 2-1T radiography. The 1T ho le i n a penetrameter whose thickness (T) is no g rea t e r than 2 percent (1/50) of the material thickness s h a l l b e v i s i b l e .

( 3 ) Quality l eve l 1-2T radiography. The 2T h o l e i n a penetrameter whose thickness (T) is no g r e a t e r than 1 percent (1/100) of the material thickness s h a l l b e v i s i b l e .

(4) Quality level 2-4T radiography. The 4T h o l e i n a penetrameter whose thickness (T) i s no g r e a t e r than 2 percent (1/50) of the material thickness s h a l l be v i s i b l e .

16 . - . -

. .

P


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(5) Qual i ty level 4-2T radiography. The 2T h o l e i n a penetrameter whose thickness (T) is no g rea t e r than 4 percent (1/25) of the mater ia l th ickness s h a l l b e v i s i b l e .

3 .4 .4 Penetrameter select ion.

3 .4 .4 .1 Welds. Penetrameter selection shall be based on the fol lowing: .t

(a) Structural welds: The penetrameter shall be based on specimen

(b) Piping, machinery and pressure vessel welds: The penetrameter thickness Ts as def ined in 3 .1 .17 .

shal l be based on mater ia l th ickness Tm as def ined i n 3 .1 .5 .

3.4.4.2 Castings and forgings. Cast ings or forgings may be radiographed in t he a s - cas t , a s - fo rged , o r rough machined condi t ions provided the surface condition does not mask respec tab le defec ts and the following requirements for penetrameter selection are met:

(a ) S t ruc tura l cas t ings . The penetrameter shal l be based on t h e actual or nominal thickness being radiographed.

(b) Other castings. The penetrameter thickness shal l be based on the .

actual or nominal thickness being radiographed. However, i f t h e thickness to be radiographed exceeds the nominal thickness of the f in i shed p i ece , t he pene t r ame te r s i ze sha l l be based on a th i ck - ness which does not exceed the nominal thickness of the finished piece by more than 20 percent or 1/4 inch, whichever is g r e a t e r . The penetrameter size shall not be based on a th ickness g rea te r than the ac tua l th ickness to be rad iographed . For a reas in cas t - ings which have been end-prepared for welding, the penetrameter s h a l l be selected based on t h e a c t u a l o r nominal thickness of the area adjacent to , but exclusive of , the weld end-preparat ion.

3.4.5 Acceptance standards. Acceptance standards shall be based on the nominal th ickness o f the f in i shed par t except tha t , fo r s t ruc tura l cas t ing , the acceptance s tandards may be based on the actual thickness being radiographed.

3 .4 .6 Number, loca t ion , and placement of penetrameters

3 .4 .6 .1 Penetrameter locat ion. The penetrameter shal l be placed on t h e source s ide of the sect ion being examined. In the inspect ion of i r regular ob jec ts , the pene t rameter sha l l be p laced on t h e p a r t of t h e o b j e c t f a r t h e s t from the f i lm . When performing double-wal l radiography, the penetrameter shal l be placed on the sur face o f the wal l o r wal ls being evaluated nearest the source o f rad ia t ion ( see f igure 5 ) . Where t h i s i s no t p rac t i cab le , t he f i lm s ide t echn ique spec i f i ed i n 3 .4 .6 .1 .1 , 3 .4 .6 .1 .2 , o r t he s epa ra t e b lock t ech - nique of 3.4.6.1.3 may be employed.

3.4.6.1.1 Film-side penetrameter technique (double-wall exposure). The fi lm-side penetrameter placement technique shall be as shown on f i g u r e 5 - 7 . The radiographic technique shal l be demonstrated in a similar sec t ion wi th the applicable penetrameter placed on the sou rce s ide o f t he wa l l fo r which radiography i s des i red , and a s e r i e s of penetrameters , ranging in thickness from

1 7 Provided by IHS Licensee=VSE Corp Specs/9957810104


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MIL-STD-27LF N D m 77779LL 0057858 O W


tha t o f the pene t rameter requi red on the sou rce s ide t o one - fou r th t ha t th ickness , sha l l be p laced on the f i lm s ide . I f the p roper pene t rameter on the sou rce s ide i nd ica t e s t he r equ i r ed qua l i t y l eve l , t he image of the smallest ho le i n t he t h innes t pene t r ame te r c l ea r ly v i s ib l e on the f i lm s ide sha l l be used t o determine the penetrameter and the penetrameter hole to be appl ied in evaluat ing product ion radiographs. Technique radiographs shal l be made a v a i l - ab le for rev iew upon request by t h e Government Inspector . Table III contains a l ist of f i lm side penetrameters which may be used i n l i e u of performing technique radiography and selection of penetrameters as described above.

3 .4 .6 .1 .2 Fi lm-side penetrameter technique (s ingle-wal l exposure) . . For large diameter pipe (8- inch and over) where the d iameters a re such tha t the source may be placed inside the pipe for s imultaneous s ingle-wal l radiography of welds but source-side penetrameter placement is no t f ea s ib l e , a f i lm-s ide penetrameter technique may be employed provided the requirements of 3 . 3 . 6 and the rad iographic qua l i ty level of the source-side penetrameter being 2-2T as required by 3.6. When using an Iridium-192 source, the required source-side penetrameter may be se lec ted from t a b l e V f o r t h e a p p l i c a b l e wall th ickness for single-wall viewing technique, or 2-4T for welds less than 3/4 inch thick, whichever is less r e s t r i c t i v e , and the f i lm-side penetrameter selected from t a b l e I I I .

3.4.6.1.3 Separate block penetrameter technique. The penetrameter may be posi t ioned on a block of rad iographica l ly similar mater ia l p laced as c lose a s p o s s i b l e t o t h e area being radiographed. The b lock sha l l be of thickness equal t o or greater than the th ickness of t h e item being radiographed and, in piping l-inch nominal pipe size and l a r g e r , s h a l l b e p o s i t i o n e d so t h a t t h e p e n e t r a - meter is a t t h e same d i s t ance from the f i lm as it would be i f p l a c e d on t h e source s ide o f the item being radiographed. The f i lm densi ty of the block image sha l l be no t g rea t e r t han 15 percent more than the f i lm dens i ty o f the a rea o f i n t e r e s t . I t may be less dense than the dens i ty o f the a rea o f in te res t .

3.4.6.2 Requirements for casting and forgings. One penetrameter shal l represent an area within which rad iographic dens i t ies do not vary more than plus 30 p e r c e n t t o minus 15 percent from the dens i ty measured a d j a c e n t t o t h e penetrameter. A t l e a s t one penetrameter per radiograph shall be used except as s p e c i f i e d i n 3 . 8 . I f a shim i s posi t ioned under the penetrameter , densi ty measurements s h a l l b e made on t h a t p a r t o f t h e shim adjacent t o the pene- t rameter . When the f i lm dens i ty va r í e s by more than minus 15 t o p l u s 30 percent , two penetrameters used as follows will be sa t i s fac tory . I f one pene t rameter shows an accep tab le s ens i t i v i ty a t t h e most dense port ion of the rad iograph , and t h e second penetrameter shows an accep tab le s ens i t i v i ty a t t he l ea s t dense port ion of the radiograph, these two penet rameters sha l l se rve to qua l i fy the radiograph within the densi ty limits. For components where there are changes in wal l th ickness and wall alignment, and the use of two penetrameters is not practical , the use of one penetrameter i s approved. The required penetrameter dens i ty t o l e rance need not be met; however, t h e d e n s i t y i n a r e a s o f i n t e r e s t s h a l l b e between 1.5 and 4 . 0 . Where only one penetrameter i s used, the penetrameter size sha l l be based on the t h innes t wall being radiographed and shall be placed on the thickest wall s ec t ion .

3 .4 .6 .3 Requirements for welds . The number and placement of penetrameters f o r s p e c i f i c c o n f i g u r a t i o n s s h a l l be as s p e c i f i e d i n t a b l e I I , and the fol lowing:


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MIL-STD-27LF N D m 77977LL 0057859 2 m ~ ~~


3 . 4 . 6 . 3 . 1 The image of the penetrameter or the shim on which t h e penetrameter i s placed shall not be superimposed on t h e weld i n t h e a r e a b e i n g evaluated.

3 . 4 . 6 . 3 . 2 The image of the penetrameter shal l be not greater than 1-1/4 inch from the edge of the weld as shown on the radiograph.

3 . 4 . 6 . 3 . 3 Penetrameters may be placed on the weld ou ts ide the a rea to be read for acceptance.

3 . 4 . 6 . 3 . 4 Penetrameters may be placed with the l ong ax i s e i t he r pa ra l l e l or perpendicular to the length of the weld.

TABLE I I . Penetrameter placement for welds.

Configuration

Welds i n curved sur faces l ess than 2 4 inches i n diameter

Welds i n f l a t s u r f a c e s and curved surfaces 24 inches and g rea t e r diameter ( includes longitudinal welds in pipes and pressure vesse ls )

E s s e n t i a l c i r c u l a r [non-cylindrical welds on one f i lm)

Cylindrical welds radiographed simultaneously using a s e r i e s of f i lm or a s ing le l eng th of r o l l f i l m (panoramic exposure)

Repa i r s i n cy l ind r i ca l welds i n i t i a l l y radiographed using panoramic exposure

. technique

Inspected weld length ( inches)

5 and less

Greater than 5

Less than 10

10 up t o and including 17

Greater than 1 7

Unlimited

Unlimited

Unlimited

19

Minimum no. of

lenetrameter

1

2

3

2

4

I

Penetrameter placement

A t t h e c e n t e r of t h e area of i n t e r e s t

One a t the ex t remi ty and one a t t h e center of the area of i n t e r e s t

A t t he cen te r o f t he a r e a o f i n t e r e s t

One placed a t each extremity of the a r e a o f i n t e r e s t

One p laced a t each extremity and one a t the cen te r of t h e areä o f i n t e re s t

lpproximately 180 degrees apa r t a t the extremity of the area being inspected

)ne i n each quadrant

)ne i n each affected quadrant, provided the technique used is t h e same as t he i n i t i a l r a d i o g r a p h y


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PlIL-STD-Z71F(SW) 27 June 1986

TABLE I I I . Allowable film-side penetrameters.

Required source-s ide

penetrameter

Size S e n s i t i v i t y 25 2T 30 2T 35 2T 40 2T 45 2T 5 0 2T 50 4T 55 2T 55 4T 60 2T 60 4T 65 2T 65 4T 70 2T

”

c

A l lowed f i lm-side

penetrameter

S ize Sens i t i v i ty 25 2T 25 4T 30 4T 35 4T 40 4T 45 2T 45 4T 50 2T 50 4T 55 2T 55 4T 60 2T 60 4T 65 2T

Required source-s ide

penetrameter

S ize Sens i t i v i ty 70 4T 75 2T 80 2T 85 2T 90 2T 95 2T

1 . 0 2T 1 . 2 2T 1.5 2T 1 . 7 2T 2 . 0 2T 2 . 2 2T 2 .5 2T 2 .7 2T

A l lowed f i lm-side

penetrameter

S ize Sens i t i v i ty 65 4T 70 2T 75 2T 80 2T 85 2T 90 2T 95 2T

1 .0 2T 1.0 2T 1 . 0 2T 1 . 0 2T 1 . 2 2T 1 . 2 2T 1.5 2T

3.5 Shims. When not removed, a shim of r i n g o r s t r i p s h a l l be ness of material under

a weld reinforcement o r backing r ing o r backing s t r ip a re mater ia l which is rad iographica l ly s imi la r to the backing placed under the penetrameter to provide the same th i ck - the penetrameter as the average thickness of the weld

reinforcement plus the wall thickness and the backing r ing. The shim s h a l l exceed the penetrameter dimensions by a t l e a s t 1/8 inch on a t l e a s t t h r e e s i d e s , and s h a l l be placed so as no t to over lap the backing s t r ip o r r ing o r re inforcement. The f i lm densi ty of the shim image sha l l no t be g rea te r than 15 percent more than the f i lm dens i ty o f the a rea o f in te res t . I t may be less dense than the f i lm dens i ty of the a rea o f in te res t .

3 .5 .1 Shims for backing r ing welds. When weld images are superimposed, the th ickness o f the sh ims sha l l be equal to twice the average th ickness o f the weld reinforcement plus twice the thickness of the backing r ing.

3 . 5 . 2 Shims f o r consumable inser t welds . When weld images are superimposed, the th ickness o f the sh ims sha l l be equal to twice the average thickness of the outside reinforcement plus twice the average thickness of t h e inside re inforcement .

3 . 6 Radiographic qual i ty levels . Unless otherwise specif ied i n the app l i cab le spec i f i ca t ion , con t r ac t o r drawing, the radiographic quali ty level s h a l l b e 2-2T, except as noted in 3 . 6 . 1 and 3 . 6 . 2 . Penetrameter ident i f icat ion, d e f i n i t i o n of radiographic qual i ty level , and des ign a re spec i f ied in t ab les I and IV, and f igures 4 and 4A, respec t ive ly .

20

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a Provided by IHS Licensee=VSE Corp Specs/9957810104


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a

x

c

a

.

a

TABLE I V , Def in i t ion of rad iographic qua l i ty l eve ls .

I I I Radiographic

q v a l i t y l eve l

Max penetrameter thickness ' (percent)

Plin pe rcep t ib l e hole diameter'

~ l -1T 1 -2T 2- 1T 2-2T 2 -4T 4-2T

, 1T 2T 1T 2T 4T 2T

Equivalent penetrameter s e n s i t i v i t y 3

(percent)

0 .7 1 . 0 1 .4 2 . 0 2.8 4 . 0

Expressed as a percentage of the mater ia l th ickness (T ) o r (T ), as appl icable . m S

' Expressed as multiple of thickness of penetrameter ( T ) . Equivalent penetrameter sensi t ivi ty is that th ickness of the penetrameter ,

expressed as a percentage of the mater ia l th ickness , in which a 2T hole would be v i s ib l e unde r t he same radiographic condi t ions.

3 . ó . 1 X-ray radiography. For welds under the following conditions, a 2-4T q u a l i t y level is acceptable:

(a) For butt welds with permanent backing, where the material

(b) For penetration and connection welds (figures 5-8 and 5-9) where thickness (Tm) is less than 1 /2 inch.

t he Tm thickness is less than 2 inches. 1

3 . 6 . 2 Radioisotope radiography. When rad io iso topes a re used , the q u a l i t y l e v e l and se lec t ion of pene t rameter sha l l , as a minimum, be in accor - dance with table V . For welds and components not specified in table V, t h e 2-4T q u a l i t y l e v e l is acceptable under the following conditions:

(a) Penetrat ion and connection welds (figures 5-8 and 5-9) when t h e

(b) Components and welds, other than above, when t h e T,,, i s l e s s Tml thickness is less than 2 i nches ( app l i cab le t o a l l i so topes) .

than 3/4 inch (appl icable to I r idium-192 only) .


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- MIL-STD-272F ND W '7799912 0059862 2 W


TABLE V . Minimum radiographic qual i ty levels for I r idium-192 radiography of nonstructural welds .

Design material thickness

(inches)

Up t o O . 199 0.200 - .235

.236 - .275 ,276 - .298 ,299 - .321 .322 - .343 ,344 - .359 .360 - .375 .376 - .432 .433 - .489 .490 - .547

Up to 0.500 0.501 - .555

.556 - .600

.601 - .642

.643 - .684

.685 - .725

.726 - .B16

.817 - .906

Type of expo- su re and viewing technique

Double-wall exposure Double-wall viewing

Single-wall viewing (Single- or double- wall exposure)

Source- side penetrameter number'

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

1.0

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

Nominal penetra- neter thickness (inches )

D . O10 . o11 . o 12 . O 13 . O 14 .O15 . O 16 . O17 . O 18 .O19 .o20

D . 010 .o11 .o12 . O13 .O14 ,015 . O16 .O17

Ninimum pe rcep t i - b l e ho le

4T 4T 4T 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T

4T 4T 4T 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T

Nominal iiameter of ?enetrameter

ho le ( inches)

O . 040 .O44 .O48 .O26 .O28 .O30 .O32 ,034 .O36 .O38 .O40

O . 040 .O44 .O48 .O26 ,028 ,030 032

,034

This penetrameter i s t o be used for both inser t and backing r ing joints regard less of t h e amount of reinforcement or thickness of backing r ing.

3 . 7 Single-wall and double-wall radiography.

3.7.1 Single-wall radiography. Radiographs shall be made through s ingle wall t o t h e g r e a t e s t e x t e n t p r a c t i c a b l e . Shims under the penetrameter shal l be in accordance with 3.5.

3.7.2 Double-wall radiography.

3 . 7 . 2 . 1 Double-wall exposure/single-wall viewing. For welds in pipe greater than 3-1/2 inch nominal pipe s ize , only t h e weld c l o s e s t t o t h e f i l m s h a l l be viewed for acceptance. The source sha l l be pos i t ioned in such a loca t ion t ha t t he sou rce - s ide weld image does not obscure the image of t h e fi lm-side weld. Shims under the penetrameter shal l be provided in accordance with 3.5. The minimum source- to- f i lm d is tance sha l l be ca lcu la ted based on the T v a l u e i l l u s t r a t e d on f i g u r e 5-7 and 3.3.6.

S



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~

M IL-STD-271F N D W 7777733 0057863 4 W

a

t

0

ML-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

3 . 7 . 2 . 2 Double-wall exposure/double-wall viewing. Welds i n p i p e o r t u b e 3-1/2 inches or less nominal pipe size may be radiographed using a technique . i n which the rad ia t ion passes th rough two walls and t h e weld in bo th wal l s i s .

viewed for acceptance on t h e same f i lm. The r a d i a t i o n beam may b e o f f s e t from the p l ane of t h e weld a t an ang le su f f i c i en t t o s epa ra t e t he images of source- s i d e and f i lm-side portions of the weld. Shims under the penetrameter shal l be provided in accordance with 3.5. The minimum source - to - f i lm d i s t ance sha l l be calculated using the outside diameter of the pipe or section as the specimen th ickness Ts ( see f igure 5 -6 and 3 .3 .6) .

3.8 Radiography of parts. Penetrameters are not required on each film when placement of the penetrameter on the part would obscure pa r t o r a l l o f t he area bf interest , and where it would not be pract icable to place the pene- t rameter on a b lock ad jacen t t o t he pa r t , a s spec i f i ed i n 3 .4 .6 .1 .3 . However, an in i t ia l t echnique shot wi th the appl icable pene t rameter on t h e p a r t s h a l l demonstrate the specified penetrameter hole, and subsequent exposure without a penetrameter shal l be made, o n l y i f exposed i n t h e same manner as the technique sho t . Whenever the s e tup is changed, and a t l ea s t once each work s h i f t , addi t iona l t echnique shots sha l l be made in p roper sequence to assure tha t the process is being properly control led. The technique shots sha l l accompany t h e subsequently exposed film when presented for in te rpre ta t ion by the rad iographic inspector of each organization or for review by the Government in spec to r . I f mu l t ip l e pa r t s o r components are exposed simultaneously, a t l e a s t one penetrameter sha l l be r equ i r ed on each f i lm plus addi t ional penetrameters as required by t a b l e I I .

3.9 Radiography of repair welds . When weld r e p a i r s a r e made t o c a s t i n g s and forgings, to remove defects revealed by radiography, the original radiographs of the p rev ious ly defec t ive a reas sha l l be submi t ted for rev iew wi th the f ina l acceptance radiographs. For those items where radiography is requi red for the r e p a i r , a sketch showing the locat ion, s ize , and shape of the repair weld shall accompany the radiograph. Penetrameters , locat ion markers or f i lm ident i f icat ion s h a l l n o t b e p l a c e d i n t h e weld repa i r a reas be ing inspec ted .

3.10 Radiography of castings and forgings. Whenever poss ib l e a s ing le - wall technique shall be used; however, for casting and forging areas with nominal internal d imensions 4 i nches o r l e s s a double-wall technique may be used. The minimum source- to-f i lm dis tance shal l be calculated using the outs ide diameter of the i tem radiographed as specimen thickness T .

S

3.11 Radiographic film ownership. Unless otherwise specified, radiographic f i lm and the assoc ia ted inspec t ion records o f an i t em sha l l become t h e property of the purchaser of the i tem. Maintenance of radiographic records sha l l be in accordance wi th 1 .8 .

4 . MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING

4 . 1 Intended use. The inspect ion process is in tended for the de tec t ion of sur face o r near sur face d i scont inui t ies in magnet ic materials. Drawings spec i fy ing magne t i c pa r t i c l e i n spec t ion sha l l employ symbols in accordance with hWS A 2 . 4 .


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4.2 Def in i t ions .

4 . 2 . 1 Arc s t r i k e s . Any local ized heat-affected zone with a change i n the contour of t he su r f ace of t he f i n i shed weld or adjacent base metal r e s u l t i n g from an arc or heat generated by the passage of e lec t r ica l energy between the su r f ace of the f in i shed weld or base metal and magnet tc par t ic le inspec t ion e lec t rodes .

4 .2 .2 Black l ight . Black l ight i s the t e rm popular ly appl ied to the inv is ib le rad ian t energy in tha t por t ion o f the u l t rav io le t spec t runl jus t beyond the b lue of the v i s ib le spec t rum. I t is the range between 320 and 400 nanometers i n wave length.

4 .2 .3 Ci rcu lar method. The c i r c u l a r method cons i s t s of inducing a c i rcular magnet ic f ie ld in the piece such that the magnet ic l ines of force ( in any one plane normal t o t h e a x i s of t he cu r ren t ) t ake t he form of concentr ic rings about the axis of the current. This i s accomplished by passing the cur ren t d i rec t ly th rough the p iece or through a conductor which passes into or through a ho le i n t he p i ece . The c i r c u l a r method is appl icable for the de tec t ion of defects with axis approximately paral le l or radial to the direct ion of the current through the piece.

4.2.4 Continuous method. The continuous method of examination consists of applying or otherwise making ava i lab le on the sur face o f the p iece an ample amount of fe r romagnet ic par t ic les to form sa t i s fac tory ind ica t ions whi le the magnetizing current i s being applied.

4.2.5 Fluorescence. Fluorescence is a term used to desc r ibe t he e f f ec t produced by certain chemical products which exhibi t the property of emit t ing v i s i b l e l i g h t d u r i n g a c t i v a t i o n by black l ight. These materials absorb the inv i s ib l e ene rgy , a l t e r i t s wave length, and emit the energy in the form of l i g h t which is v i s i b l e t o t h e e y e .

4.2.6 Longitudinal method. The longi tudinal method cons i s t s of inducing a magnetic f ield in the piece such that the magnetic l ines of force extending through the p iece a re approximate ly para l le l to the ax is o f the magnet iz ing ~

c o i l , o r t o a l ine connec t ing the two poles when electromagnets are used, and tend to follow the contour of the piece, This method is appl icable for de tec t ion of defects with axes approximately t ransverse to the axis of t he c o i l o r t o a l ine connec t ing the two points of appl icat ion of t he electromagnets.

4 .2 .7 Magnet ic par t ic les . The magnet ic par t ic les used for obtaining pa t te rns o f d i scont inui t ies sha l l be o f a nontoxic , f inely divided ferromagnetic material of high permeability and low r e t e n t i v i t y , f r e e from dele- t e r i o u s r u s t , g r e a s e , p a i n t , d i r t o r o t h e r m a t e r i a l which might i n t e r f e r e wi th the i r p roper func t ion ing . Par t ic les sha l l be o f such s ize , shape and color as to p rovide adequate sens i t iv i ty and cont ras t for the in tended use . Pa r t i c l e s t o be u sed a t elevated temperature shall provide adequate contrast and p a r t i c l e m o b i l i t y a t t h e maximum temperature a t which inspection is t o be performed.


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4.2.8 Residual method. In t h e r e s i d u a l method of examination, the m a g n e t i c p a r t i c l e s a r e a p p l i e d t o t h e p i e c e a f t e r it has been magnetized and the magnet iz ing current i s o f f .

4 . 2 . 9 Relevant indications. Accumulations of magnetic particles caused by d i scon t inu i t i e s i n t he i t em t e s t ed which s h a l l be eva lua ted to the appl icable acceptance c r i te r ia .

4 .2 .10 Indicat ion. Any magnet ica l ly he ld magnet ic par t ic le pa t te rn on the su r face of a pa r t be ing t e s t ed .

4 .2 .11 Non-relevant indicat ions. Accumulat ions of magnet ic par t ic les h e l d t o a par t icu lar a rea caused by conditions which have no bearing on t h e s u i t a b i l i t y of t h e p a r t f o r s e r v i c e . Examples of such ind ica t ions a re as follows :

(a> Magnetic writ ing. Indication i s fuzzy and will be destroyed by demagnetization. These indications are caused by contact wi th o t h e r s t e e l o r magnets while magnetized.

concentrat ion of magnet ic f ie ld .

which occur in forgings under excessive currents .

Change i n sect ion. Indicat ions are broad and fuzzy caused by

Flow l ines . These a re l a rge g roups o f para l le l ind ica t ions

Change in permeabi l i ty .

4.3 Magnetic particle inspection requirements.

4.3.1 General requirements.

4 . 3 . 1 . 1 Method. Magnetic pa r t i c l e i n spec t ion may be performed by e i t h e r t h e wet or dry method. Where p r a c t i c a l , t h e wet method sha l l be used on machined surfaces (250 ra o r smoother ) .

4 .3 .1 .1 .1 L ight ing in t es t a rea . The t e s t a r e a may be adequately i l luminated for proper evaluat ion of indicat ions revealed on t h e t e s t sur face . When f luorescent magnet ic par t ic le mater ia l is used, the inspect ion shal l be accomplished in a darkened a rea us ing b lack l igh t (u l t rav io le t l i g h t ) . The b l ack l i gh t sou rce sha l l be a 100-watt or greater clear mercury f lood l igh t (Westinghouse type B44-4 JPi L i f egua rd , o r equa l ) f i t t ed w i th a h e a t - r e s i s t i n g b l a c k l i g h t f i l t e r (Kopp no. 41 or Corning no. 5874, or equal) which f i l t e r s a u t v i s i b l e l i g h t and t r a n s m i t s u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t . A minimum of 5 minutes shall be allowed for the lamp t o o b t a i n f u l l b r i l l i a n c e b e f o r e beginning the inspection. The l i gh t - to - t e s t - su r face d i s t ance sha l l no t exceed 15 inches for 100-watt source. The maximum dis tance for g rea te r l igh t source sha l l be p ro ra t ed . The l i gh t bu lb and t h e f i l t e r s h a l l b e f r e e o f d u s t and s t a in t o a s su re adequa te b l ack l i gh t i n t ens i ty .

4.3.1.2 Procedure. The magnet ic par t ic le inspec t ion procedure sha l l have t h e proven a b i l i t y t o d e t e c t a 1/16-inch long by 0.006-inch wide by 0.02-inch deep notch (maximum dimensions) oriented 90 degrees to the magnet ic f lux. The no tch sha l l be cu t i n a 3/8-inch low a l l o y steel p l a t e and s h a l l b e f i l l e d f l u s h

25


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with a nonconducting material, such as epoxy, to prevent mechanical holding of t he i nd ica t ing medium. The procedure shal l include as a minimum the fol lowing

Material , shapes, and sizes t o be t es ted . Type and d i r e c t i o n of magnetization to be used. Equipment t o be used for magnetization. Surface preparat ion ( f inishing and cleaning) . Whether wet or d ry method is t o be used. Type of magnet ic par t ic les to be used. Whether continuous or residual method is used. Magnetizing current (amperage, ac or dc). Demagnetization. Test for concentrat ion of par t ic le suspension ( i f any) , Sketches or a cha r t showing the t yp ica l i n spec t ion g r id t o be

Method of p a r t i c l e a p p l i c a t i o n and removal, Applicable acceptance standards.

used.

4 .3 .1 .3 Sur face p repara t ion . Pr ior to inspec t ion , sur faces sha l l be dry and f ree from any contamination which might interfere with the proper formation o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the magnet ic par t ic le pa t te rns . With the exception of undercuts which are within specif icat ion a l lowances, the contour of welds shal l be blended smoothly and gradual ly in to the base meta l . Sur face i r regular i t ies sha l l be removed to t he ex t en t t ha t t hey will no t i n t e r f e re w i th i n t e rp re t a t ion of t he t e s t r e s u l t s . The f ina l magnet ic par t ic le inspec t ion sha l l be per formed in the f i n a l s u r f a c e and hea t - t . rea ted condi t ions as spec i f ied in 1 .4 .

4.3.1.3.1 Cleaning and masking. Grease or o ther mat te r which might i n t e r f e re w i th t he p rope r d i s t r ibu t ion and concen t r a t ion , o r w i th t he i n t ens i ty , cha rac t e r , o r de f in i t i on of magnetic pa r t i c l e i nd ica t ions sha l l be removed from the su r f ace unde rgo ing t he t e s t s . A l l openings shall be plugged to prevent accumulation of magnetic particles or other matter where it cannot be completely o r r e a d i l y removed by washing and a i r b l a s t i n g .

4 .3 .1 .3 .2 Cleaning solut ion. Chlor inated solvents shal l not be used on par t s conta in ing c rev ices .

4.3.1.4 Direction of magnetization. To insure de tec t ion of d i scont i - nui t ies having axes in any d i r e c t i o n , a t l e a s t two separa te inspec t ions sha l l be ca r r i ed ou t on each area. The second inspection shall be with the magnetic f ield a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h a t u s e d i n t h e f i r s t i n s p e c t i o n . A d i f f e r e n t means of magnetizing may be employed for the second inspection of the area.

i



--```,,``,`,`,,`,,`,,``,,`,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

MIL-STD-271F N D m 9977911 00598b7 1 m


4.3.1.5 Demagnetizing apparatus. Demagnetizing equipment shall consist of uni ts , such as the open coi l or box-type demagnet izer , wi th suff ic ient capac- i t y t o demagnetize the item.

4.3.1.5.1 Demagnetization. A l l i tems shall be demagnetized a t t h e f o l - lowing s tages to ob ta in sa t i s fac tory ind ica t ions o f d i scont inui t ies :

( a ) P r io r t o t e s t ing , i f t he ma te r i a l con ta ins s t rong remnant f i e l d s from some previous operat ion and inspec t ion .

(b) After a l l magnet ic par t ic le t es t ing i s completed, i f t h e remnant f i e l d i n t e r f e r e s with t h e removal of the magnetic particles i n c l ean ing t he pa r t o r when spec i f ied in the appropr ia te equipment spec i f i ca t ion .

4 .3 .1 .6 Equipment accuracy. Flagnet ic par t ic le tes t ing equipment shal l be checked for accuracy a t the t ime of purchase and a t an in te rva l no t to exceed 6 months and whenever e lectr ical maintenance is performed which may a f f e c t t h e equipment accuracy.

4 .3 .1 .6 .1 Dc portable prod and s ta t ionary magnet ic par t ic le equipment . To check the equipment ammeter, a s u i t a b l e c a l i b r a t e d ammeter shal l be connected i n se r i e s w i th su i t ab le shun t s and the current through the e lectrodes measured. The amperage measured by the dc ammeter dur ing the t es t sha l l s imul taneous ly be compared t o t h a t i n d i c a t e d on the meter o f the magnet ic par t ic le un i t . The equipment meter shall agree within 5 percent of the current measured by t h e ca l ib ra t ion me te r .

4 .3 .1 .6 .2 Yoke equipment. The yoke equipment s h a l l be checked for adequacy of magnetization strength. With the pole spacing set to the maximum, t h e l i f t i n g power, a s app l i ed t o ca rbon o r a l l oy s t ee l , sha l l be 10 pounds minimum for ac electromagnetic yokes and 40 pounds minimum for permanent magnet yokes. Yokes with pole spacing greater than 8 inches a re to be spec i f ica l ly approved f o r u s e by NAVSEA,

4.3.1.7 Magnetizing current. The magnet iz ing current shal l be based on formulas provided herein or the current shal l be determined by means of a segmented magnetic f i e l d i n d i c a t o r as shown on f i g u r e 6 . Where examination is being performed on complex shapes , t he f i e ld i nd ica to r sha l l be u sed t o determine the adequacy of t h e f i e l d . The cu r ren t o r t echn ique sha l l be modi f ied as necessary to ensure tha t an adequate f ie ld is p r e s e n t o n a l l su r f aces t o be examined. Sui table magnet ic f lux i s ind ica ted when t h e ind ica to r is laid, copper side up, on the work p i ece i n t he a r ea o f i n t e re s t and af ter appl icat ion of the magnet ic par t ic les (and removal of excess p a r t i c l e s f o r t h e d r y powder method), and t h e l i n e s a t 45 and 90 deg rees t o t he a p p l i e d f i e l d a r e c l e a r l y v i s i b l e .

4 .3 .2 Wet method.

4 .3 .2 .1 General requirements . Finely divided magnet ic par t ic les shal l be suspended i n a l iqu id vehic le as the ind ica t ing mater ia l . The magnetic p a r t i c l e s may be e i ther f luorescent or nonfluorescent .


--```,,``,`,`,,`,,`,,``,,`,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

MIL-STD-27LF N D m 44444LL 0054868 3 m ~~ ~~

LIIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

4.3.2.1.1 Equipment, The magnetizing apparatus shall be capable of inducing, i n the i t em under t es t , a magnet ic f lux of sui table intensi ty in the des i r ed d i r ec t ion by e i t h e r t h e c i r c u l a r o r t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l method.

4.3.2.2 Vehicles. The l iquid used as a vehicle for both nonfluorescent and f luorescent magnet ic par t ic les sha l l comply with the following:

(a) Petroleum dis t i l la te conforming to the fol lowing specif icat ions shal l be used:

(1) P-D-680 - Dry cleaning solvent ( type 2 Stoddard so lvent ) .

(2) ASTM D 3699 - Kerosene. (3) SAE ANS 3161 - Kerosene, deodorized.

(b) Tap wa te r w i th su i t ab le ru s t i nh ib i to r s and wetting and antifoaming agents may be subs t i tu ted for the pe t ro leum d i s t i l l a t e ,

(c) Liquid vehicles used with f luorescent magnet ic par t ic les shal l be nonfluorescent.

4 .3 .2 .2 .1 -. Pr io r t o t he app l i ca t ion of t he suspension, a l l o i l , g rease , o r o ther fore ign mat te r sha l l be thoroughly removed from the surface to be tested, Following the removal of the suspension, the piece shall be thoroughly cleaned and dr ied .

4 .3 .2 .3 t l agne t ic par t ic les . Magnet ic par t ic les sha l l be nontoxic and sha l l exh ib i t good v isua l cont ras t . F luorescent magnet ic par t ic les sha l l be r e a d i l y v i s i b l e when exposed t o a f i l t e r e d b l a c k l i g h t , a s s p e c i f i e d i n 4.3.1.1.1.

4.3.2.4 Suspensions, Suspensions shall consist of the l iquid vehicle and e i ther f luorescent or nonfluorescent magnet ic par t ic les , but both types of par t ic les shal l not be used s imultaneously. Viscosi ty of the suspension shal l be l imi t ed t o a maximum of 5.0 centistokes at ambient temperature. Concentration of the suspensions shal l be maintained in accordance with 4 .3 .2 .6 .1 .

4.3.2.5 Procedure. Suspensions shall be applied to i tems being tested by spraying or immersion to ensure thorough coverage of areas requir ing tes ts .

4.3.2.5.1 Continuous methods. For the continuous method, the magnetizing c i rcu i t sha l l be energ ized jus t before d iver t ing the s t ream of suspension from the i t em be ing tes ted , o r jus t before removing the i tem from the suspens ion i f t e s t i n g i s by immersion, and allowed t o remain energized for at least 1/5 second, wi th the resu l t tha t the magnet iz ing cur ren t is applied while the i tem is s t i l l covered with a f i lm of suspens ion suf f ic ien t to g ive sa t i s fac tory ind ica t ions .

4.3.2.5.2 Residual method. For the res idua l method, the i tem shal l be magnetized by the app l i ca t ion of c u r r e n t f o r a t l e a s t 1 / 5 s e c o n d , a f t e r which the magnet iz ing current shal l be turned off and the suspens ion sha l l be appl ied e i the r by spraying or by immersion in the suspension. For appl icat ion by



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MIL-STD-271F ND m 7 7 7 7 7 3 3 0 0 5 7 8 6 7 5 m


immersion, the i tem shall be removed c a r e f u l l y from the suspens ion to avoid washing off the indicat ions. The r e s idua l method sha l l be used on ly for inspec t ion of smal l par t s , such as nu ts , bo l t s , p ins , gears , and o the r s .

4.3.2.5.3 Circular magnetization; central conductor ( indirect method). A cen t ra l conductor sha l l be used in a l l cases where t es t ing o f in te rna l sur faces of enclosed or cyclindrically shaped i tems of small diameter is required. A cenfral conductor may also be used for c i rcular magnet izat ion of other shapes, when appl icable . The conductors shall be as near the inside diameter as prac- t i cab le . I tems sha l l be spaced to avoid contac t , and i f warran ted by the quan- t i t y of work involved , su i tab le f ix tures sha l l be used for p roper o r ien ta t ion .

4.3.2.5.4 Circular magnetization; i tem as conductor (direct method). Where it i s necessary to pass current through the i tem, care shal l be exercised t o prevent arcing or overheat ing at the e l ec t rode con tac t a r eas . Contac t a reas sha l l be clean, i tems shal l be mounted ho r i zon ta l ly between con tac t p l a t e s , and sui table head pressure exer ted to ensure uniform magnetization. When prac t icable , l a rge and heavy items s h a l l be mounted i n su i t ab le f i x tu re s t o ensu re p rope r o r i en ta t ion . When pro tec t ive coa t ings would i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e flow of current, they shall be removed a t t h e a r e a of con tac t . Af t e r t e s t s , t he coa t ing sha l l be r epa i r ed .

4.3.2.5.5 Circular magnetization; magnetizing current. The magnetizing current required for an item depends on i t s shape, configuration, and size. The optimum curren t se t t ing sha l l be de te rmined by means of a segmented magnetic f i e ld i nd ica to r t e s t ed i n acco rdance w i th 4 .3 .1 .7 .

4.3.2.5.6 Longitudinal magnetization. When a solenoid is used t o magnet ize i tems, the solenoid shal l be no la rger than necessary to accommodate the i t em, and i t ems sha l l be o r ien ta ted wi th in the so lenoid to ensure a d e q u a t e f i e l d s t r e n g t h .

4.3.2.5.7 Longitudinal magnetizing current. For longitudinal magnetization us ing a solenoid, the magnetizing force in ampere-turns should be determined in the fol lowing manner for genera l appl ica t ions :

The ampere-turns used shall be 10,00O/L/D t o 30,00O/L/D, where L is t h e length and D is the diameter of the par t . The L/D r a t i o f o r p a r t s b e i n g magnet ized shal l be two o r more. Coi l s are usua l ly e f f ec t ive i n magne t i z ing t he pa r t fo r abou t 8 t o 12 inches from each end o f t he co i l . I f l onge r pa r t s a r e t o be inspected, several magnetizing shots w i l l be requi red . E i ther the ins ide o r the ou ts ide d iameter may be used depending on which su r face i s being inspected. When both sur faces a re to be inspec ted , the l a rger d iameter sha l l be used . Nagnet ic f ie ld ind ica tor sha l l be used as spec i f ied in 4 .3 .2 .5 .5 .

4 . 3 . 2 . 6 Maintenance of suspension. The suspension in use shal l be t e s t ed fo r con ten t of magnetic particles a t intervals depending upon frequency of use, d iscolorat ion and contamination, but in any event a t a minimum of once each day. When the suspension becomes d isco lored by o i l o r con tamina ted w i t h l i n t o r o t h e r f o r e i g n m a t e r i a l t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t p r o p e r d i s t r i b u t i o n and



--```,,``,`,`,,`,,`,,``,,`,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

MIL-STD-27LF N D 9 77777LL 0057870 L 9 ~ ~ I _ _

PfIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

concent ra t ion of the suspens ion or the in tens i ty , charac te r , o r def in i t ion of the depos i t o f the magnet ic par t ic les a re in te r fe red wi th , the conta iner sha l l be drained, thoroughly cleaned and refi l led with clean suspension,

4.3.2.6.1 Concentration of suspension tes t . The t e s t method s h a l l be determined by the o rgan iza t ion . I f fo r any reason the Government Inspector doubts the adequacy of t h e method employed, he sha l l reques t the concent ra t ion t o be checked by the fo l lowing tes t s :

( a ) F i l l a s t anda rd 100-mi l l i l i t e r (mL) g radua te t o t he 100 mL mark with the suspension direct ly from the hose or other device used for pouring it over the p iece in making a t e s t , o r from an immersion tank af ter the suspension has been thoroughly agi ta ted. Let the suspension s tand for 30 minutes t o p r e c i p i t a t e , o r u n t i l t h e s o l i d m a t t e r is apparently a l l down.

(b) Decant the c lean l iquid as far as practicable without loss of magnetic substance.

(c) Refill graduate above magnetic substance with type II Stoddard Solvent in accordance with P-D-680 or acetone for water-base suspension. Shake well and le t s t and fo r 30 minutes t o p r e c i p i t a t e a second time.

(d) Read the he igh t o r volume o f t he p rec ip i t a t e i n t he g radua te . The readings shall be as follows:

(1) The nonfluorescent magnet ic par t ic les : 1 . 2 t o 2 . 4 mL. (2) The f luorescent magnet ic par t ic les : 0 . 1 t o 0 . 7 mL.

(e ) I f the concent ra t ion was checked da i ly , s t eps (b ) and (c) may be omitted.

4 .3 .3 Dry powder method.

4.3.3.1 General requirements for magnetic particles. The magnetic par t ic les used for ob ta in ing pa t te rns o f d i scont inui t ies sha l l be o f a nontoxic, f inely divided ferromagnetic material of high permeabili ty and lcw r e t e n t i v i t y , f r e e from de le t e r ious ru s t , g rease , pa in t , d i r t , o r o the r material which might in te r fe re wi th the i r p roper func t ion ing . Par t ic les sha l l be of such size, shape and color as to provide adequate sensit ivity and cont ras t for the in tended use . Upon rece ip t , each lo t o f magnet ic par t ic les s h a l l b e t e s t e d f o r t h e i r a b i l i t y t o d e t e c t i n t h e v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n known l inear defects 1/16 inch and longer in a weldment. Where l o t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n is not avai lable , the magnet ic par t ic les of each container must be subjected t o the above t e s t .

4 .3 .3 .2 Applying par t ic les . Dry magnet ic par t ic les sha l l be appl ied in such a manner t h a t a l i gh t , un i fo rm, dus t - l i ke coa t ing s e t t l e s upon the surface under test . Automatic powder appl icators shal l not be used for the appl icat ion of dry magnet ic par t ic les unless specif ical ly approved by NAVSEA. Only hand powder appl ica tors a re permi t ted .



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PIIL - STD - 2 7 11; (SH) 27 June 1986

a

4 . 3 . 3 . 2 . 1 Removal of excess par t ic les . Excess d ry par t ic les sha l l be removed by means of a dry air cur ren t of s u f f i c i e n t f o r c e t o remove excess par t ic les wi thout removing relevant indications formed during powder app l i ca t ion . Removal of excess par t ic les sha l l comply with the procedure of 4 . 3 . 1 . 2 and must be accomplished while the magnetic f ield is app l i ed t o t he i t em unde r t e s t .

4 . 3 . 3 . 3 Magnetizing procedures.

4 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 1 Circular magnet izat ion. The method of magnetization and the magnet iz ing current shal l be as specif ied in 4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 3 , 4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 4 and 4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 5 , as appl icable .

4 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 2 Longitudinal magnetization. The method of magnetization and the magnet iz ing current shal l be as specif ied in 4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 6 and 4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 7 .

4 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 Yoke magnetization. Magnetic yokes may be used for magneti- z a t i o n , p r o v i d e d t h e s e n s i t i v i t y t o d e t e c t s u r f a c e d e f e c t s is demonstrated as s p e c i f i e d i n 4 . 3 . 1 . 2 .

4 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 4 Eiagnetizing current (prod methods). For prods, the magnet iz ing cur ren t , d i rec t o r rec t i f ied , sha l l be computed on the basis of 100 t o 125 amperes per inch of prod spacing. Prod distances of less than 2 inches are not recommended, however, prod spacing of l ess than 2 inches may be used, provided prior concurrence of t h e Government Inspector is obtained.

4 . 3 . 3 . 4 Magnetizing technique (yoke and prod).

4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 1 Weld inspect ion. The magnetic f ield shall be induced with the prods or yoke legs placed diagonally, 30 t o 45 degrees , t o t he l ong i tud ina l ax i s a t t he we ld , and repea t ing th i s t es t a long the oppos i te d iagonal o f the weld. During inspection of adjacent areas of the weld, the prods or yoke legs shal l over lap the previous placement by a minimum of 1 inch. A s an a l t e rna t ive , t h e magnet ic f ie lds may be induced by placing the prods or yoke l e g s p a r a l l e l t o t he l ong i tud ina l ax i s of the weld, overlapping the previous placement by a minimum of 1 inch. Subsequent to the longi tudina l p lacement , the weld s h a l l be inspected by p lac ing the p rods o r yoke legs perpendicular to the weld . When t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e i s used , t he a r ea t o be i n spec ted sha l l be l imi t ed t o one - fou r th of the prod or yoke leg spacing on e i t h e r s i d e of a l i ne j o in ing t he p rods o r yoke l egs .

4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 2 Base metal . Base metal s h a l l be inspected using the prod and yoke leg placement requirements of 4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 1 t o e s t a b l i s h a g r i d p a t t e r n .

that assures two-direct ional coverage of inspect ion areas .

4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 3 Continuous method. Inspection shall be carried out by t h e continuous method; that i s , the magnetizing current shall remain on dur ing the per iod the magnet ic par t ic les a re be ing appl ied and whi le excess par t ic les a re being removed.


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FLIL-STD-271F(SIL) 27 June 1986

4 .4 Non-relevant indications. A l l indicat ions revealed by magnetic p a r t i c l e i n s p e c t i o n do not necessar i ly represent defec ts s ince non-re levant i nd ica t ions are sometimes encountered. I f any indicat ions are bel ieved to be non-relevant , the fol lowing methods may be used to prove non-relevancy:

(a ) A t l e a s t 10 percent of each type of indicat ion shal l be explored by removing the surface roughness bel ieved to have caused the type o f ind ica t ion to de te rmine i f defec ts a re p resent . The absence of indications under reinspection by magnetic p a r t i c l e i n spec t ion a f t e r removal of the sur face roughness sha l l be considered t o p rove t ha t t he i nd ica t ions were non-relevant with r e s p e c t t o a c t u a l d e f e c t s . If re inspec t ion reveals any ind ica t ions , these and a l l o f t h e o r i g i n a l i n d i c a t i o n s s h a l l be considered relevant.

(b) A l i q u i d p e n e t r a n t i n s p e c t i o n a f t e r g r i n d i n g t o remove t h e surface roughness believed to have caused the indication.

(c) Other methods approved by the au thor ized NAVSEA representa t ive .

4 . 5 Fina l c leaning . After completion of inspection a l l magnetic p a r t i c l e s s h a l l be removed from a l l p a r t s . A l l temporary plugs shall be removed from holes and c a v i t i e s .

4 . 6 Arc s t r i k e s . Arc s t r i k e s s h a l l b e ground out and reinspected, u s ing t he p rod o r yoke method, o r v i sua l ly i n spec ted a t 5X minimum magnificat íon.

5 . LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

5 . 1 Intended use. The l iqu id pene t ran t test method i s used for de tec t ing the p resence o f sur face d i scont inui t ies in fe r rous and nonferrous materials. Drawings spec i fy ing l i qu id pene t r an t t e s t ing sha l l employ nondestruct ive tes t symbols in accordance with AWS A2.4.

5 . 2 Defin i t ions .

5 . 2 . 1 Developers. The developers specif ied herein may be wet o r d ry mater ia l which draws or absorbs penetrants from a s u r f a c e c r a c k o r d e f e c t t o such an ex ten t tha t ev idence o f the defec t i s v i s i b l e under natural , whi te , or b l ack l i gh t , as appl icable .

5 . 2 . 2 Black l ight . Black l ight as s p e c i f i e d h e r e i n a p p l i e s t o t h e inv is ib le rad ian t energy in tha t por t ion o f the spec t rum jus t beyond the b lue of t h e v i s i b l e spectrum and which has a wave length of between 320 and 400 nanometers.

5 . 2 . 3 Emulsif ier . An emuls i f ie r as def ined herein is an agent which will, when added o r a p p l i e d t o a n o i l - l i k e p e n e t r a n t m a t e r i a l , make t h e penetrant removable from sur faces by water r in s ing .

5 . 2 . 4 Self-emulsif iable . A se l f - emul s i f i ab le ma te r i a l i s an o i l - l i k e material containing an emulsifying agent which makes it water washable as app 1 i e d .



--```,,``,`,`,,`,,`,,``,,`,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

MIL-STD-27LF N D m 77779LL 0059873 7 m \

~~ ~~


5.2.5 Post-emulsif iable . A post-emulsif iable mater ia l i s an o i l - l i k e material which, a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n t o a surface, can be made water washable by app l i ca t ion of an emulsifier.

5.2.6 Penetrant remover. A penetrant remover a s spec i f i ed he re in i s a so lvent - type l iqu id which i s used t o c l e a n dye penetrants from the sur face o f a ma te r i a l .

5 . 2 . 7 Fluorescence. Fluorescence i s a term used t o d e s c r i b e t h e e f f e c t s produced by certain chemical products which exhibit the property of emitting v i s i b l e l i g h t by the ac t iva t ion of b lack l igh t . These mater ia l s absorb the inv i s ib l e ene rgy , a l t e r i t s wave length, and emit the energy in the form of l i g h t which i s v i s i b l e t o the eye .

5.3 Inspection methods. The inspect ion method designat ion shal l correspond t o and use the mater ia l group numbers s p e c i f i e d i n 5 . 3 . 1 .

5 . 3 . 1 Type of l iqu id pene t ran t mater ia l . Unless o therwise spec i f ied , l i qu id pene t r an t ma te r i a l sha l l meet the requirements of MIL-1-25135, and t h e to t a l ha logens and sulphur of each material shall not exceed 1 percent by weight of the residue. Each group of material shall be furnished complete by one manufacturer:

Group I - Consisting of a solvent-removable visible dye penetrant with associated penetrant remover (solvent) and a non-aqueous wet developer.

t r an t w i th a s soc ia t ed emul s i f i e r and a dry , w e t , o r nonaqueous wet developer.

Group III - Consis t ing of a water-washable visible dye penetrant with associated dry, wet, or nonaqueous wet developer.

penetrant and assoc ia ted d ry , w e t , o r nonaqueous wet developer.

penetrant and associated emulsif ier and dry, wet , or nonaqueous wet developer.

f luorescent penetrant and associated emulsif ier and dry, wet, and nonaqueous wet developer.

penetrant with associated penetrant remover ( so lvent ) and dry, wet, o r nonaqueous wet developer.

Group II - Consis t ing of postemulsif iable vis ible dye pene-

Group I V - Consis t ing of a water-washable f luorescent

Group V - Consisting of a postemulsif iable f luorescent

Group V I - Consisting of a h igh in tens i ty pos temuls i f iab le

Group V I 1 - Consisting of a solvent-removable f luorescent



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PfIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

5.4 General requirements. Penetrant testing shall be performed i n accordance with a wri t ten procedure. Group I penetrant material shall be used for a l l welds , except cas t ing inspec t ions and weld r e p a i r s t o c a s t i n g where an appropr ia te g roup l i s ted in 5 . 3 . 1 may be used. The use of other than group I penet ran t mater ia l s for welds no t s ta ted here in sha l l requi re approval by NAVSEA authorized representat ive.

5 . 4 . 1 Equipment requirements. The t e s t equipment operated by q u a l i f i e d nondes t ruc t ive t es t personnel sha l l be capable o f cons is ten t ly ob ta in ing resu l t s of spec i f i ed l eve l of s e n s i t i v i t y .

5 . 4 . 2 Procedure. The l iquid penetrant inspect ion procedures shal l contain, as a minimum, the following information:

(a ) Brand name and specif ic group type, number and l e t t e r designat ion, or both, of penetrant , emulsif ier , penetrant remover, and developer.

(b) Deta i l s of method of precleaning and drying, including c leaning materials used and time allowed for drying.

(c) Detai ls of method of penetrant appl icat ion, the length of t ime that the penetrant remains on the su r f ace , and the temperature of the sur face and penetrant during penetrat ion.

(d) Details of method of removing excess penetrant from the surface, and of drying the surface before applying the developer .

(e ) Deta i l s of the method of applying the developer and the length of developing time before inspect ion.

( f ) Method of post- tes t c leaning. (g) The applicable acceptance standards.

5 . 4 . 2 . 1 Change of penetrant mater ia ls . When the brand or type of pene t ran t , pene t ran t remover ( so lvent ) o r deve loper d i f fe rs from t h a t s p e c i f i e d in the p rocedure , a new procedure shall be prepared which includes a l l t h e information required by 5 . 4 . 2 .

5.5 Surf ace preparation.

5 . 5 . 1 General requirements . Surfaces to be inspected shal l be f ree from s c a l e , s l a g and adhering or imbedded sand or other extraneous mater ia ls . With the exception of undercuts which are within specification allowances, the contour of welds shall blend smoothly and gradually into the base metal. Weld su r face i r r egu la r i t i e s sha l l be removed t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e y w i l l not i n t e r f e re w i th i n t e rpxe ta t ion of t h e t e s t r e s u l t s . The f ina l l i qu id pene t r an t inspec t ion sha l l be per formed in the f ina l sur face condi t ion as s p e c i f i e d i n 1.4 herein. Peening, shot , sand, gr i t , and vapor blast ing shal l not be performed on surfaces which a r e t o be l iqu id pene t ran t inspec ted un less spec i f i - cally approved by the authorized representat ive of NAVSEA.

5 . 5 . 2 Finished surfaces . Surfaces , for which a s p e c i f i c f i n i s h is requi red , sha l l be g iven such sur face f in i sh p r ior to the f ina l l iqu id penetrant inspect ion prescr ibed by the appl icable spec i f ica t ions . Inspec t ion a t in te rmedia te s tages of f ab r i ca t ion sha l l be as spec i f i ed i n t he app l i cab le spec i f i ca t ion .

34


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MIL-STD-271F ND 7777733 0 0 5 7 8 7 5 o m

NIL-STD-Z71F(SH) 27 June 1986

5.6 Test procedures.

5 . 6 . 1 P r e - t e s t c l e a n l i n e s s . A l l sur faces be ing tes ted sha l l be thoroughly cleaned of extraneous material . If a nonvola t i le l iqu id i s used for c leaning, the sur face sha l l be hea ted o r dr ied with hot a i r to assure complete removal of the c leaner . A s a f ina l c leaning opera t ion each sur face sha l l be d ipped , sprayed, wiped, or brushed with t r ichloroethylene, t r ichloroethane, perchloro- ethylene, acetone, denatured ethanol, isopropano1,or 1, 1, 2, t r i c h l o r o - 1, 2, 2 , t r i f luoroethane (Freon TF, PCA grade, or equal) and thoroughly dried by removing the excess with a c lean dry c loth or absorbent paper , and allowing the remainder to evapora t e fo r a minimum of 5 minu tes . P r io r t o l i qu id pene t r an t i n spec t ion , t h e s u r f a c e t o b e t e s t e d and any adjacent area within 1 inch o f t he su r f ace t o be t e s t ed sha l l be d ry and f r e e of d i r t , g r e a s e , l i n t , s c a l e and s a l t s , c o a t i n g s , o r o ther ex t raneous mat te r tha t would obscure surface openings or otherwise i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e tes t . I n a d d i t i o n , a l l l i q u i d p e n e t r a n t tests sha l l be per formed pr ior to u l t rasonic inspec t ions on t h e same sur faces to avoid interference between the penetrant dye and any residual couplant.

5 . 6 . 2 Temperature. Maximum penet ra t ion in to ex t remely small openings requi res tha t the pene t ran t and the t es t sur face be main ta ined a t the t empera ture recommended by the pene t ran t manufac turer bu t sha l l in no case be less than 50 degrees Fahrenheit ( 'F). The temperature of the penetrant and t h e t e s t s u r f a c e sha l l no t exceed 100'F, except that for group I mater ia ls the temperature of the t e s t s u r f a c e may be a maximum of 150'F o r t h e maximum temperature recommended by the manufacturer, whichever i s l e s s . Due t o t h e flammable nature of liquid pene- t r an t i n spec t ion ma te r i a l s , t he u se of an open flame for heating purposes shall be prohibi ted. Special condi t ions requir ing deviat ion from t h e above requirement require approval by an authorized representat ive of NAVSEA.

5 .6 .3 Penet ra t ion t ime. The sur face to be t es ted sha l l be thoroughly and uniformly coated with penetrant by flooding, brushing, immersion, or spraying. Unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer, and approved by the authorized representat ive of NAVSEA, o r when s p e c i f i e d i n t h e a p p l i c a b l e ma te r i a l o r equipment spec i f ica t ion , the pene t ran t dwel l ing time fo r t he va r ious penetrant groups shal l be as fol lows:

Penetrant Minimum penet ra t ion time (group 1 (minutes) I 15 II 15 III 25 IV 25 V 15 VI 10 VI I 15

Maximum penet ra t ion time (minutes)

20 20 30 30 20 15 20

5.6.3.1 Application of emulsifier (groups II, V and VI). The emuls i f i e r sha l l be appl ied in accordance wi th the manufac turer ' s ins t ruc t ion and in accor - dance with 5.4.2.



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5 . 6 . 4 Removal of penetrant.

5 . 6 . 4 . 1 Groups I and VI1 mate r i a l s , The excess penetrant shal l be removed from a l l su r f aces a s fo l lows :

(a) A s much excess 'penetrant as poss ib l e sha l l be removed by f i r s t wiping the surface thoroughly with a c lean dry c loth or absorbent paper.

surface with a c lean c loth or absorbent paper dampened with a penetrant remover spec i f i ed by the pene t ran t mater ia l manufacturer.

(b) The remaining excess penetrant shall be removed by wiping the

5 . 6 . 4 . 2 Flushing of the surface with any l iquid fol lowing appl icat ion of the pene t ran t and pr ior to deve loping sha l l be p rohib i ted .

5 . 6 . 4 . 3 Groups II , V and V I . After a specif ied penetrat ion t ime (see 5 . 6 . 3 ) , the emuls i f ie r sha l l be appl ied . The dwelling time of the emulsi- f i e r s h a l l be i n accordance with the manufacturer ' s ins t ruct ion and in acco r - dance with 5 . 4 . 2 . Subsequent t o completion of emulsification, the emulsifier s h a l l b e removed from the su r f ace of t h e p a r t by employing a warm water spray not exceeding 120'F and 40 pounds per square inch (psi) pressure. After washing, items t o be inspected using groups V and VI s h a l l be checked under a black l ight to ensure complete c leaning. Alternat ively, the penetrant shal l be removed by use of the c leaner specif ied by the manufacturer of the penetrant.

5 . 6 . 4 . 4 Groups III and I V only. The penet ran t sha l l be removed from sur faces by swabbing with a c lean l in t - f ree c lo th sa tura ted wi th c lear water o r by spraying with water not exceeding 120'F and 40 psig. After washing, items t o be inspected using group IV s h a l l be checked under a b l a c k . l i g h t t o ensure complete cleaning.

5 . 6 . 5 Surface drying.

5 . 6 . 5 . 1 Groups I and VII. The drying of t e s t s u r f a c e s a f t e r t h e removal of the excess penetrant shall be accomplished only by normal evaporat ion, or by blot t ing with absorbent paper or c lean, l int - f ree c loth. Forced a i r circulat ion in excess of normal vent i la t ion in the inspect ion area shal l not be used. Unless otherwise specif ied by the penetrant manufacturer , t he t ime fo r su r f ace d ry ing a f t e r removal of excess penetrant and p r i o r t o appl ica t ion of the deve loper sha l l be l imi ted to a maximum of 10 minutes.

5 . 6 . 5 . 2 Groups II through V I . The dry ing of t es t sur faces sha l l be accomplished by us ing c i r cu la t ing a i r , b lo t t ing wi th paper towels o r c lean l in t -

i f r e e c l o t h o r by normal evaporation. I t i s important- that dur ing the drying operat ion, no contaminating material be introduced onto the surface which may cause misinterpretat ion during the inspect ion operat ion. The t ime for surface drying operation shall be in accordance with the manufacturer 's instructions.


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MIL-STD-271F N D M 7777911 0057877 4 M


I "

a

e

5.6.6 Application of developer.

5 . 6 . 6 . 1 Nonaqueous wet developer. A nonaqueous w e t developer specif ied by the penetrant manufacturer shal l be used. Immediately pr ior to appl icat ion the deve lop ing l i qu id sha l l be kep t ag i t a t ed i n o rde r t o p reven t s e t t l i ng of s o l i d particles d i spe r sed i n t he l i qu id . The developer shall be uniformly app l i ed i n a t h i n c o a t i n g t o t h e t e s t s u r f a c e by spraying. If the geometry 0.f the i tem being inspected precludes the use of a spray, a brush or s imi la r appl i - cator shal l be used provided it r e s u l t s i n a uniform, thin coating of developer. Pools of wet developer in cav i t i e s on t he i n spec t ion su r f ace sha l l no t be permi t ted s ince these pools will d ry t o an excess ive ly heavy coating in such a reas r e su l t i ng i n t h e masking of i nd ica t ions . In spec t ion sha l l be made a minimum of 7 minutes and no l a t e r t h a n 30 minutes af ter the developer has dr ied. For groups I and V I 1 penetrant material, only the nonaqueous wet deve loper sha l l be used.

5 .6 .6 .2 Dry developer. Dry developing powder s h a l l be applied only on dry surfaces so tha t ma t t ing will be prevented. The powder s h a l l b e t h i n l y but uniformly appl ied to provide a dusty appearance immediately after drying of the tes t sur face . Time f o r development of indications after the developing powder has been appl ied shal l be control led and k e p t t o a minimum.

5 . 6 . 6 . 3 Aqueous wet developer. This type of developer shall be uniformly app l i ed t o su r f aces by dipping, spraying or brushing, as soon as p o s s i b l e a f t e r removal of a l l excess pene t ran t bu t in no case to exceed 10 minutes. When using l iquid- type developers , it i s necessary tha t they be cont inua l ly ag i ta ted in o rde r t o p reven t s e t t l i ng o f so l id pa r t i c l e s d i spe r sed i n t he l i qu id . Concen t r a - t i o n s of wet developer i n c a v i t i e s on the i n spec t ion su r f ace sha l l no t be permit ted s ince these pools w i l l d r y t o an excessively heavy coat ing in such a r e a s r e s u l t i n g i n t h e masking of i nd ica t ions .

5 . 6 . 7 L i g h t i n g i n t e s t a r e a . When using the dye penetrant inspection, groups I , II, and I I I , t h e test a rea sha l l be adequate ly i l lumina ted for proper evaluation of indicat ions revealed on t h e t e s t s u r f a c e . When t h e f luorescent pene t ran t i s used, the inspect ion shal l be accomplished in a darkened area using a b l ack l i gh t . The b l ack l i gh t sou rce sha l l be a 100-watt or greater clear mercury Eloodlight (Westinghouse type H44-4 JM Lifeguard, or equa l ) f i t t ed w i th a h e a t - r e s i s t i n g b l a c k l i g h t f i l t e r (Kopp no. 41 or Corning no . 5874, o r equa l ) which f i l t e rs ou t v i s ib le l igh t and t r a n s m i t s u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t . A minimum of 5 mfnutes s h a l l be allowed for the lamp t o o b t a i n f u l l b r i l l i ance before beginning the inspec t ion . The l i g h t - t o - t e s t - s u r f a c e d i s t a n c e shal l not exceed 15 inches for 100-watt source. The maximum d i s t ance fo r g rea t e r l i gh t sou rce sha l l be p ro ra t ed . The l i g h t b u l b a n d t h e f i l t e r s h a l l b e f r e e o f dus t and s ta in to assure adequate b lack l igh t in tens i ty .

5.6.8 Final cleaning. When the inspec t ion is concluded, the penetrant mater ia l s sha l l be removed as soon as possible by means of water or solvents in accordance wi th 5 .6 .1 and wi th appl icable c leaning spec i f ica t ions .

5 .6 .9 Safety precaut ions. Penetrant inspect ion mater ia ls shal l be used in accordance wi th a l l appl icable sa fe ty regula t ions .


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f l I L - S T D - 2 7 L F N D 99997LL 0 0 5 7 8 7 8 ~~~~ ~ ~ . ~~. ~~ -

EIIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

5 .7 Tes t r e su l t s .

5 .7 .1 A l l i nd ica t ions i n weld c r a t e r s s h a l l be considered .relevant and shal l be evaluated in accordance with the appl icable acceptance s tandards. For o ther ind ica t ions which a re be l ieved to be nonre levant , such as those which may occur on casting surfaces, 10 percent of each type of indicat ion shal l be explored by removing the surface condi t ion bel ieved t o have caused the indica- t i ons and retested. Confirmation of nonrelevancy also may be made by o ther methods when approved by t h e Government Inspector . The location of nonrelevant ind ica t ions and the method of confirmation shall be recorded in the inspection r epor t .

6 . ULTRASONIC TESTING

6 .1 Def in i t ions . The fo l lowing de f in i t i ons a r e app l i cab le t o u l t r a son ic t e s t i n g .

6 .1 .1 Acous t ica l ly s imi la r mater ia l . The same type of material as t h a t t o be inspected or another material which has been experimentally proven t o have an acous t ica l ve loc i ty wi th in p lus o r minus 3 percent for th ickness t es t ing , and for amplitude comparison test the back reflection amplitude from equal th icknesses sha l l be wi th in p lus o r minus 10 percent of each other as measured on t h e CRT. This tes t s h a l l be conducted on samples having equal contour and su r face f i n i sh fo r bo th t he sound en t ran t and r e f l e c t i v e s u r f a c e s .

6.1.2 Amplitude. When r e f e r r i n g t o an indication on the cathode ray tube, amplitude i s t h e v e r t i c a l h e i g h t of t he i nd ica t ion measured from t h e lowest t o t he h ighes t po in t on the ind ica t ion .

6 .1 .3 Amplitude r e j e c t i o n l e v e l (ARL). The hor izonta l l eve l on t h e cathode ray tube which is es tab l i shed as e i ther a percentage of f u l l s c a l e he ight o r as a dec ibe l (dB) level based on the peak amplitude of the signal received from t h e a p p l i c a b l e r e f l e c t i v e s u r f a c e i n t h e c a l i b r a t i o n s t a n d a r d .

6 .1 .4 Angle beam t e s t i n g . A t e s t ing t echn ique i n which the t ransducer i s a t an angle other than perpendicular (90 d e g r e e s ) t o t h e t e s t s u r f a c e and the u l t r a son ic waves en te r t he ma te r i a l (v i a a wedge o r o the r medium), i n a d i r ec t ion an -gu la r t o t he t e s t su r f ace .

6.1.5 A-scan. A method of da ta p resenta t ion on a cathode ray tube u t i l i z i n g a ho r i zon ta l base l i ne which indicates elapsed time when reading from l e f t t o r i g h t . A ver t i ca l de f l ec t ion i n t he base l i ne i nd ica t e s ref lected s ignal ampli tude.

6 .1 .6 As-welded condi t ion. The condition of weld metal, welded joints, and weldments af ter welding and removal of s l a g , s p a t t e r , and so f o r t h , p r i o r t o any thermal or mechanical treatment.

6.1.7 Attenuation. Loss of u l t r a son ic i n t ens i ty a s t he beam passes through the material .

6 .1 .8 Back r e f l ec t ion . Ind ica t ion of t h e echo from t h e f a r boundary of the mater ia l under t es t .

38 . . Provided by IHS Licensee=VSE Corp Specs/9957810104


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6 .1 .9 Cal ibra t ion . Adjus tment o f the u l t rasdnic sys tem to g ive des i red ind ica t ion he ight and pos i t i on from known ref lec t ing s tandards as requi red for the inspection being performed.

6 .1 .10 Cal ibrat ion s tandard. See reference cal ibrat ion s tandard.

6.1.11 Cathode ray tube. An e l ec t ron t ube i n which a con t ro l l ed beam of e lec t rons from the cathode i s used t o reproduce an image on a f luorescent screen a t t h e end of the tube.

6.1.12 Class of weld. Weld c l a s ses I , II and III are used t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e between c r i t i c a l and less c r i t i c a l welds and r e l a t e t o accep tance c r i t e r i a . Weld c l a s ses are def ined by app l i cab le f ab r i ca t ion documents.

6.1.13 Compressional wave. Those waves i n which t h e p a r t i c l e motion of t h e atoms of the ma te r i a l i s e s s e n t i a l l y i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n as t h e wave propagat ion.

6.1.14 Continuous scan. A scanning pract ice in which each pass with the t ransducer overlaps the previous pass by a t l e a s t 25 percent .

6.1.15 Couplant. Any ma te r i a l , u sua l ly a l iquid or semi- l iquid, used between the face o f the search un i t and t h e t e s t s u r f a c e t o p e r m i t o r improve t ransmiss ion of the u l t rasonic wave from t h e s e a r c h u n i t t o t h e material under t es t .

6.1.16 Delay control. A means o f pos i t i on ing t he des i r ed pa t t e rn t o t he l e f t o r r i g h t on the cathode ray tube.

6.1.17 Discontinuity. Anything within a material which w i l l cause a de t ec t ab le i n t e r rup t ion o r change i n an u l t rasonic beam.

6.1.18 Disregard level (DRL). The hor izonta l l eve l on the cathode ray t u b e e s t a b l i s h e d a t a given level below the ampli tude re ject ion leve l (ARL).

6.1.19 Frequency. The number of cycles the wave completes per unit of time .

6.1.20 Ful l screen height . The h ighes t po in t on the cathode ray tube used for eva lua t ion and recording purposes, designated as 100 pe rcen t o r s ca l e 10.

6 .1 .21 Gain con t ro l . A control which var ies the amplif icat ion of the ul t rasQnic system. Also considered the sensi t ivi ty control .

6.1.22 IIW block. A s tandard test block designed by the In t e rna t iona l I n s t i t u t e o f Welding (IIW) t o check the operation of the ul t rasonic system and sea rch un i t s or t ransducers .

6 .1 .23 Ind ica t ion . A s ignal caused by a beam be ing re f lec ted from a d i scon t inu i ty o r a boundary surface.

39


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6 . 1 . 2 4 I n i t i a l p u l s e . The s i g n a l on the l e f t s ide o f t he v i ewing s c reen caused by the r e f l ec t ions from the t e s t su r f ace o r t r ansduce r f ace .

6 .1 .25 Interface. The boundary between two mater ia l s which a r e i n contact with each other.

6 .1 .26 Linear i ty . The cha rac t e r i s t i c o f an instrument that i s revealed by a l i n e a r change in re f lec ted s igna l ampl i tude and horizontal displacement. The v e r t i c a l l i n e a r i t y i s determined by p l o t t i n g the change i n r a t i o s of signal amplitude from two re f l ec t ing a r eas . The ho r i zon ta l l i nea r i ty i s determined by p lo t t i ng t he d i s t ance t he s igna l is displaced a long the sweep aga ins t t he change in ma te r i a l t h i ckness .

6.1.27 Longitudinal wave. Another name for compressional wave,

6 , l . 28 Elegahertz (#Hz). One mi l l i on he r t z .

6.1.29 Peak ind ica t ion . The maximum height or amplitude of an ind ica t ion rece ived from any one r e f l ec t ive su r f ace u s ing a constant gain s e t t i n g .

6.1.30 Reference calibration standard. A sample of material acoustically similar t o t h e m a t e r i a l t o b e t e s t e d c o n t a i n i n g known re f l ec to r s w i th which the ul t rasonic system i s ca l ib ra t ed and acceptance/reject ion levels es tab l i shed .

6 .1 .31 Reflect ion. The phenomenon by which a wave s t r i k e s a boundary and changes the direct ion of i t s propagation.

6.1.32 Resolution. The a b i l i t y t o c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h s i g n a l s o b t a i n e d from two re f lec t ive sur faces wi th a minimum di f fe rence in depth . Near sur face reso lu t ion is t h e a b i l i t y t o c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h a s igna l from a r e f l e c t o r a t a minimum dis tance under the near surface without interference from t h e i n i t i a l pu lse s igna l . Far sur face reso lu t ion i s t h e a b i l i t y t o c l ea r ly d i s t i ngu i sh s igna l s from re f l ec to r s d i sp l aced a minimum dis tance from t h e back sur face when the sound beam is normal t o t h a t back surface.

6.1.33 Scanning. The moving of the search un i t (o r un i t s ) a long a test su r face t o t r ansmi t t he sound beam in to the mater ia l be ing tes ted .

6.1.34 Search unit . The t ransducer a f f ixed to a su i t ab le dev ice t o obta in the des i red wave propagation.

6 .1 .35 Sens i t iv i ty . The measure of t he ab i l i t y o f t he u l t r a son ic equ ip - ment t o d e t e c t d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s .

6.1.36 Shear waves. When t h e d i r e c t i o n of propagation of a wave i s pe rpend icu la r t o t he d i r ec t ion of v ib ra t ion o f pa r t i c l e s of t h e medium i n

I which t h e wave t r a v e l s , t h e wave i s s a i d t o be a t ransverse o r shear wave.



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6.1.37 Skip dis tance angle beam t e s t ing . In pa r t s hav ing pa ra l l e l su r f aces , t he d i s t ance between the point of sound beam ent ry and t h e f i r s t po in t where the bot tom-ref lected beam r e t u r n s t o t h e e n t r a n t s u r f a c e ( s e e f i g u r e 7 ) .

6 .1 .38 Test sur face . Any boundary of material under test .

6.1.39 Transducer. The element which transmits sound vibrations into the ma te r i a l t o be t e s t ed and r ece ives r e f l ec t ed v ib ra t ions . The active element of t he t r ansduce r i s def ined as the e f fec t ive t ransmi t t ing a rea .

6 .1 .40 Ultrasonic tes t s e n s i t i v i t y . The s e n s i t i v i t y a t which t h e t e s t will be conducted.

6 .1 .41 U l t r a son ica l ly sound material. A material having no d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s wh ich cause d i sce rn ib l e u l t r a son ic i nd ica t ions a t t he r equ i r ed t e s t s ens i t i v i ty l e v e l .

6.2 Procedure and tes t methods. The t e s t methods which follow apply t o t h e inspec t ion of forg ings , cas t ings , ro l led o r ex t ruded shapes , bar s tock , p la te , weldments, pipe and tubing, bonded mater ia l s , and metal sheet. As descr ibed herein, the procedures are largely manual. Automation, however, may be appl ied t o t h e s e methods when it serves to minimize operator induced variables. Testing can be performed more easi ly and reproducibly on p a r t s which have the simple geometr ies associated with ear ly s tages of fabr ica t ion . Inspec t ion methods o ther than those spec i f ied in this sec t ion may be used, provided approval i s based on procedura l qua l i f ica t ion ob ta ined from the authorized NAVSEA rep resen ta t ive . A l l tests s h a l l b e performed in accordance with a wri t ten inspect ion procedure approved i n accordance with 1 . 7 .

6 .2 .1 T e s t method se l ec t ion . The method o r methods requi red for inspec t ion of a component is spec i f ied by t h e equipment o r m a t e r i a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n o r o t h e r f a b r i c a t i o n document. Selection of a t e s t method or combination of methods sha l l be based upon the conf igura t ion and the o r ien ta t ion of expec ted d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s i n t h e items t o be inspected.

6 .2 .2 Sur face f in i sh . Sur faces o f meta ls sha l l be c lean and f ree o f d i r t , l o o s e s c a l e , l o o s e p a i n t , o r o t h e r l o o s e f o r e i g n m a t t e r . S u r f a c e f i n i s h e s of material t o be inspected by contact method sha l l have a f in i sh o f 250 r a o r smoother. For materials to be inspected by t h e immersion method, t h e s u r f a c e f i n i s h of t h e c a l i b r a t i o n s t a n d a r d s h a l l n o t b e any smoother than t h a t o f t h e material t o be t es ted . Sur face waviness sha l l no t in te r fe re wi th t es t .

6 .2 .3 Test ing speed. Rotat ion or speed of the par t or search uni t shal l be cont ro l led as c lose ly as poss ib l e and s h a l l be consis tent with operator readout capabi l i ty . In any case , t he t e s t speed sha l l no t exceed t he maximum speed a t which the cal ibrat ion s tandard can be scanned to produce a c l e a r l y reso lved ind ica t ion .

6 .2 .4 Couplant . A couplant shall be used which causes acoustic coupling between the transducer and the par t be ing inspec ted . This couplant sha l l no t be in jur ious to the mater ia l . Glycer in o r g lycer in mixed with water or



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I'lIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

a lcohol a re some materials which.may be used as a couplant. The couplant sha l l be removed from t h e p a r t a t t h e c o m p l e t i o n of the inspec t ion .

6 . 2 . 5 Test symbols. Drawings specifying ultrasonic inspection shall employ symbols in accordance with AWS A2.4.

6 .2 .6 Ca l ib ra t ion , P r io r t o any inspection, the equipment shall be ca l ibra ted , us ing the p roper ca l ibra t ion s tandard , and sha l l be rechecked a t l eas t once per 8 -hour sh i f t , and a t the completion of t e s t i n g . I f a recheck ind ica t e s r eca l ib ra t ion i s requi red , a l l i t ems tes ted s ince the l as t ins t rument check s h a l l be re inspected. During tes t ing, any realignment of the search unit o r any change in search uni t , ins t rument set t ings or scanning speed from t h a t used f o r c a l i b r a t i o n s h a l l r e q u i r e r e c a l i b r a t i o n .

6 . 3 Equipment. Ultrasonic equipment shall consist of the following:

(a) Ult rasonic instrument . Electronic instrument capable of producing, receiving and displaying high f requency e lectr ical pulses a t the required f requencies and energy levels. The instrument shall have a demonstrable capabi l i ty to meet t h e ca l ib ra t ion r equ i r emen t s fo r spec i f i c tests.

(b) Search uni ts . Search uni ts shal l be capable of t ransforming electr ical impulses to mechanical sound energy a t s p e c i f i c frequencies. With the su i t ab le coup lan t , it s h a l l be capable of t ransmi t t ing the sound in to t he ma te r i a l and rece iv ing the re turn ing sound energy, or both.

t ransducer shal l be one of a set of two s imi la r t ransducers set apart t o be used for equipment qualification only. These t ransducers sha l l be 1 / 2 inch in diameter and 2.25 MHz.

(d) Cal ibrat ion s tandards. To provide a basis for f law evaluat ion in u l t r a son ic t e s t ing , ca l ib ra t ion t e s t s t anda rds sha l l be used f o r b a s i c c a l i b r a t i o n of test equipment and t o e s t a b l i s h acceptance o r re jec t ion l eve ls .

(c) Master transducer (compressional wave only) . The master

6 . 4 General requirements.

6 . 4 . 1 Equipment requirements.

6 . 4 . 1 . 1 Basic instrument qual i f icat ion - pulse echo.

(a) The v e r t i c a l l i n e a r i t y s h a l l be checked by positioning the master transducer over the depth resolution notch in an IIW block or equal, so t h a t t h e s i g n a l from the notch is a t a height of three scale divis ions (30 percent screen height) , and t h e s i g n a l from one of the back surfaces is a t a height of s i x scale d iv is ions (60 percent screen height) . A curve is then plotted showing the deviations from the above es tabl ished 2:l ra t io tha t occurs as the ampl i tude o f the s igna l from t h e notch is ra i sed in increments o f one sca le d iv is ion un t i l the back r e f l e c t i o n s i g n a l r e a c h e s f u l l s c a l e , and then is lowered in increments of one sca l e d iv i s ion (10 percent ) un t i l the no tch s ignal reaches one scale divis ion. A t each increment , the ra t io



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r- MIL-STD-27LF ND - 77777LL 0057883 T - MIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

of t h e two s igna l s is determined. The r a t i o s a r e p l o t t e d on the graph a t the pos i t ion cor responding to the l a rger s igna l . Between t h e limits of 20-and 80 percent (2 and 8 scale d iv i s ions ) of t he s c reen he igh t , t he r a t io sha l l be w i th in 10 percent of 2 : l . Ins t rument se t t ings used dur ing inspec t ion sha l l no t cause v a r i a t i o n o u t s i d e t h e 10 percent limits establ ished above. (See f i g u r e 8 f o r a t y p i c a l p l o t . )

(b) When the t ime-d i s t ance r e l a t ionsh ip (ho r i zon ta l l i nea r i ty ) displayed on t h e sweep of the cathode ray tube is a funct ion of t h e t es t , the dis tance shal l be determined by p l o t t i n g s ignal displacement against known thickness in the range of 1 t o 5 inches in 1- inch increments , the limits t o be within plus o r minus 3 percent . A s an a l t e rna t ive , mu l t ip l e back r e f l ec t ions from 1-inch block may be used.

equivalent with the master t ransducer . The equipment must - resolve t o t h e b a s e l i n e a n 80 percen t o f fu l l s ca l e i nd ica t ion from t h e large (50-mill imeter (mm)) hole 5 mm from the su r f ace fo r nea r f i e l d r e s o l u t i o n and the dep th r e so lu t ion no tch fo r f a r f i e ld .

(c ) The resolut ion shal l be determined using the IIW s t e e l b l o c k o r

6 . 4 . 1 . 2 Shear wave transducer. Shear wave search un i t s sha l l have a re f rac ted angle in the range as spec i f ied in 6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 2 , wi th in t he limits of p lus o r minus 3 degrees of the designated angle a t 68 & 10°F, as determined by t h e s teel IIW block.

6 . 4 . 1 . 3 Basic instrument qual i f icat ion - thickness gauge. A t l e a s t two r ead ings sha l l be made on each of a s e r i e s o f t e s t b locks r ep resen ta t ive o f the ranges of the instrument . Variat ions between the t rue thickness and t h e determined thickness shall be reduced to plus or minus percentage var ia t ion and t h i s v a l u e p l o t t e d on a graph. Plus or minus v a r i a t i o n from zero sha l l be p l o t t e d on the ho r i zon ta l ax i s and the percent of the readings p lo t ted on t h e v e r t i c a l a x i s . A s u f f i c i e n t number of readings shal l be made t o ' 8 c c u r a t e l y de te rmine the th ickness t es t ing charac te r i s t ics o f the ins t ruments . A t l e a s t 95 percent of t h e t o t a l number of readings shal l be within plus or minus 3 percent of the true value; For thicknesses of 0.150 inch or less, the readings sha l l be w i th in p lus o r minus 0.005 inch of the t rue va lue .

6 . 4 . 1 . 4 Frequency of basic instrument qualification. The basic instrument qua l i f ica t ion sha l l be per formed and documented a t i n t e r v a l s n o t t o e x c e e d 6 months or whenever maintenance is performed which affects the equipment function.

6 . 4 . 2 Inspect ion procedure. The ul t rasonic inspect ion procedures shal l contain, as a minimum, the fol lowing information:

(a) Materials, shapes , o r . s i z e s t o b e t e s t e d o r t o b e exempt from

(b) Automatic defect alarm and recording equipment or both. (c) Special search units, wedges, shoes, or saddles. (d) Rotating, revolving feeding mechanisms. (e) Stage of manufacture when t e s t w i l l be made. ( f ) The su r face from which t h e test shall be performed. (g) Sur face f in i sh . (h) Couplant:.

t e s t .



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( i ) Descr ip t ion of t h e c a l i b r a t i o n method. ( j ) Scanning. (k) Mode of t ransmission. (1) Transducer size and frequency. (m) Acceptance standards. (n) Method of recording inspect ion resul ts .

6 .4 .2 .1 Procedure requal i f icat ion. Changes t o t h e u l t r a s o n i c i n s p e c t i o n procedure within the scope of this sect ion that affects the technical aspect

Changes outs ide a t the parameters o f th i s sec t ion or a change t o a m a t e r i a l t h a t is n o t a c o u s t i c a l l y s i m i l a r t o t h a t f o r which the procedure has been qualified

l of the procedure shall be approved by t h e u l t r a s o n i c t e s t examiner p r i o r t o u s e . I

~ shal l require requal i f icat ion of the procedure.

6 .4 .3 Discont inui ty eva lua t ion . I f d i scont inui t ies a re de tec ted , the sea rch un i t sha l l be d i r ec t ed t o maximize the s ignal ampli tude from t h e d iscont inui ty for eva lua t ion .

6 .4 .4 Records. Records of ul t rasonic inspect ion shal l contain the following:

Description and unique ident i f icat ion. Approved procedure ident i f ica t ion . Instrument manufacturer and model number. Transducer size and type. Search beam angle. Test frequency. Coup l an t . Cal ibra t ion s tandard number. Acceptance standard used. Date of inspection. Signature of inspectors.

l 6.5 T e s t methods.

6 . 5 . 1 Forgings, wrought and extruded material. Tests of forgings, wrought bars , and extruded material shall be made a t t h e same frequency used t o c a l i b r a t e the equipment . Cont ro ls sha l l be se t dur ing the ca l ibra t ion and sha l l no t be changed during the production test . Determination of the size of d i scon t inu i t i e s s h a l l b e made by comparison to the re fe rence s tandard ho les as spec i f ied in 6 .5 .1 .1 .

6 .5 .1 .1 Tes t ca l ibra t ion , longi tudina l wave. Unless otherwise specif ied, when tes t ing forgings, including r ing, rectangular rounded, mult is ided disc or pancake and a l l wrought bars us ing longi tudina l waves, t h e c a l i b r a t i o n c r i t e r i a of t a b l e V I sha l l apply .

44

I


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TABLE V I . C a l i b r a t i o n h o l e s i z e f o r l o n g i t u d i n a l t e s t .

Sect ion thickness ( inches )

Less than 1/2 1 / 2 t o l e s s t h a n 1-1 /2

1-1 /2 t o less than 2-1 /2 2-1/2 to l e s s t han 3 -1 /2 3-1/2 t o less than 4-1/2 4-1/2 t o less than 5-1/2 5-1/2 to l ess than 6-1 /2 6-1/2 and over

NOTES :

Diameter of f l a t bottomed hole (FBH)

(inches & O . 005)

I

1/32 1/ 16 3/32

5/32 3/ 16 7/32

1/8

1/4

c

1. A l l f l a t bot tomed holes shal l have bot toms paral le l to t he en t r an t o r t o t he t angen t o f t he en t r an t su r f ace .

2 . The ca l ibra t ion s tandard sha l l be wide enough t o permit sound t ransmission to the f la t bot tomed hole wi thou t s ide e f f ec t s .

3 . The ca l ib ra t ion s t anda rd ma te r i a l sha l l be acous t i ca l iy s imi l a r and wi th in 1/8 inch of the mater ia l th ickness to be inspec ted and sha l l be u l t r a son ica l ly sound . Ultrasonical ly sound mater ia l i s defined as a mater ia l which is capable of exhibiting an 80 p e r c e n t o f - f u l l s ca l e r e f l ec t ed s igna l ampl i tude from á spec i f i ed FBH with no more than 20 percent o f fu l l sca le ex t raneous s ignal ampli tude. The s u r f a c e f i n i s h and curvature s h a l l b e s i m i l a r t o t h e t e s t s u r f a c e .

t o a depth of one-half the thickness or 1 inch whichever is less.

frequency.

tha t used for inspec t ion .

pe rmi t t ed fo r ca l ib ra t ion .

4 . F l a t bo t tomed ho le s fo r t e s t s t anda rds sha l l be d r i l l ed

5 . The tes t f requency sha l l be the same a s t h e c a l i b r a t i o n

6 . The couplant used for ca l ibra t ion sha l l be the same as

7 . The use of dis tance ampli tude correct ion curves is

6.5.1.2 Ring forgings.

6 .5 .1 .2 .1 Tes t ca l ib ra t ion , shea r wave. The ca l ib ra t ion s t anda rd f o r t h e ri:;g forgings with wal l th icknesses that do not exceed 20 percent of t h e outs ide diameter shal l have two notches cut axial ly , one on the i n s ide su r f ace and one on the ou t s ide su r f ace of t h e t e s t s t a n d a r d . They sha l l be loca ted so t h a t t h e i r s i d e s a r e smooth and p a r a l l e l t o t h e a x i s of the forg ing and tha t readi ly d i s t inguishable ind iv idua l u l t rasonic ind ica t ions a re ob ta ined . from each notch. Shear wave inspection shall be performed at 3 percent notch s e n s i t i v i t y . The notch shal l be U- o r V-shaped. The dimensions of the notch s h a l l comply wi th t ab l e VII. Scan u n t i l t h e n o t c h i n d i c a t i o n from t h e i n s i d e diameter appears a t t h e f a r t h e s t p o s i t i o n t o t h e l e f t a t which it i s readable. Hove the s ea rch un i t away from the ins ide d iameter no tch un t i l the ind ica t ion


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MIL-STD-271F ND m 7 7 7 7 9 3 3 005388b 5 m


from this notch reappears a long the horizontal t race. Mark these two pos i t i ons on the f ace of the scope. Scan un t i l t he no tch i nd ica t ion from the ou t s ide diameter is produced a t maximum amplitude between these two marks. The amplitude of t h i s no tch i nd ica t ion sha l l be marked on the face of the scope. When t h e t e s t instrument incorporates distance-amplitude controls it is recommended tha t t hey be used where possible to equa l i ze t hese i nd ica t ion ampl i tudes t o form an ARL a t a minimum of 50 pe rcen t o f fu l l s c reen he igh t . I f t h i s is not poss ib le , o r i f the ins t rument i s not equipped with a d i s tance ampl i tude connec t ion c i rcu i t , a dis tance ampli tude curve shal l be constructed on the screen with the lowest point a t a minimum of 20 pe rcen t fu l l s c reen he igh t . Ring forgings with wall thicknesses exceeding 20 percent of their diameters cannot be inspected by circumferent ia l shear wave scan where both inside and outside notches must be monitored. Al ternate ul t rasonic inspect ion methods for these forg ings sha l l be spec i f i ed .

6 .5 .1 .2 .2 Tes t , The r ing shal l be cont inuously scanned and circum- fe ren t ia l ly scanned for the en t i re ou ter sur face . Unless o therwise spec i f ied , t he test s h a l l be performed i n two opposing direct ions. Size and locat ions of indicat ions in excess of that received from the ca l ibra t ion no tches in accordance wi th t ab le VI1 s h a l l be marked on the mater ia l .

6.5.1.2.3 Longitudinal wave t e s t s of r ing forgings.

6 .5 .1 .2 .3 .1 , Tes t ca l ibra t ion , longi tudina l wave. Sound transmission in to the r ing sha l l be conf i rmed by obse rv ing t he f i r s t back re f lec t ion ob ta ined from t h e r i n g . S e n s i t i v i t y of the ins t rument sha l l be ad jus ted un t i l the ind ica t ion from t h e f l a t bottomed hole in the standard i s 80 percent of f u l l sc reen he ight . The ca l ib ra t ion s t anda rd sha l l conform to the requirements of t a b l e V I .

6 .5 .1 .2 .3 .2 Tes t ing - longi tudina l wave. The r ing sha l l be t es ted us ing the continuous method by d i r e c t i n g t h e sound beam r a d i a l l y and a x i a l l y . The a x i a l beam direction scan shall be performed when n o t r e s t r i c t e d by configurat ion o r geometry of t he ma te r i a l unde r t e s t . The f i r s t back r e f l e c t i o n s h a l l b e posi t ioned on the sc reen t o v e r i f y sound transmission and any defec t ind ica t ion sha l l appear be tween the in i t ia l pu lse and t h e f i r s t back re f lec t ion .

6.5.1.3 Rectangular forgings.

6 .5 .1 .3 .1 Tes t ca l ibra t ion , longi tudina l wave. Sound t ransmission into the forging shal l be confirmed by obse rv ing t he f i r s t back re f lec t ion ob ta ined from the forging. Sensi t ivi ty of the instrument shal l be adjusted unt i l the ind ica t ion from the spec i f ied re fe rence ca l ibra t ion s tandard is a t 80 percent of fu l l s c reen he igh t . The re ference s tandard sha l l conform to the requi rements of t ab le V I .

6 .5 .1 .3 .2 Test ing - longi tudina l wave. Rectangular forgings shall be tes ted using the cont inuous scanning method on surfaces such that three major planes shall be covered. Scanning with the sound beam d i r e c t e d a x i a l l y s h a l l be performed when n o t r e s t r i c t e d by configurat ion or geometry of the mater ia l

46

a


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FlIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

a

under tes t . The f i r s t back r e f l e c t i o n s h a l l b e p o s i t i o n e d on t h e s c r e e n t o v e r i f y sound transmission. Suspect areas disclosed under these conditions s h a l l be fur ther evaluated from t h e s i d e o p p o s i t e t o t h a t which was o r i g i n a l l y inspec ted to de te rmine maximum flaw s ignal ampli tude.

6 .5 .1 .4 Round and multisided forged or wrought bars including disc or pancake forgings.

6 .5 .1 .4 .1 Tes t ca l ibra t ion , longi tudina l wave. Sound t ransmiss ion in to the forging shal l be confirmed by o b s e r v i n g t h e f i r s t back re f lec t ion ob ta ined from the fo rg ing . Sens i t i v i ty of the ins t rument sha l l be ad jus ted un t i l the ind ica t ion from the spec i f i ed r e fe rence ca l ib ra t ion s t anda rd i s a t 80 percent of f u l l screen. he ight . The r e fe rence s t anda rd sha l l conform to the requi rements of t ab le V I .

6 .5 .1 .4 .2 Tes t ing - longi tudina l wave. Each bar o r forg ing sha l l be t e s t ed u s ing the continuous scanning method on sur faces such tha t a l l major planes shall be covered. For bars, scanning with t h e sound besm d i r ec t ed ax ia l ly sha l l be per formed on ly when spec i f i ed .

6 .5 .2 P l a t e and shee t .

6 .5 .2 .1 Surface preparat ion. The test s u r f a c e s h a l l b e f r e e o f a l l l o o s e d i r t , r u s t o r any foreign substance which may i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e t es t . The sur faces may have one coat of primer.

6.5.2.2 Shear wave tes t ing t echnique . Shear wave t e s t i n g s h a l l be performed only when spec i f i ed .

6 .5 .2 .2 .1 Tes t ca l ib ra t ion . When spec i f ied , shear wave i n s p e c t i o n s h a l l be performed t o a 3-percent notch sensi t ivi ty . Using any s u i t a b l e means, a ca l ib ra t ion r e fe rence no tch sha l l be formed i n t h e t e s t s u r f a c e o f t h e p l a t e being inspected or acous t ica l ly s imi l .a r tes t p iece . An angle beam search uni t , capable o f t ransmi t t ing a shear wave a t an angle of 45 degrees in the mater ia l be ing tes ted , and a frequency of 2.25 MHz s h a l l be used. The instrument s h a l l b e a d j u s t e d t o d i s p l a y s i g n a l s from the r e fe rence no tch spec i f i ed i n t ab l e V I 1 a t one-ha l f and f u l l s k i p d i s t a n c e . The ampl i tude o f the re f lec ted s igna l from the r e fe rence s t anda rd a t t he ha l f sk ip d i s t ance sha l l be ad jus t ed t o 80 pe rcen t o f fu l l s c reen he igh t . The amplitude of the signal from the r e fe rence s t anda rd a t fu l l sk ip d i s t ance sha l l be marked on the viewing screen. A l i n e s h a l l b e drawn from t h e peak s i g n a l a t h a l f s k i p t o t h e peak s ignal a t f u l l s k i p d i s t ance . Flaws i n t h e p l a t e o r s h e e t b e i n g i n s p e c t e d s h a l l b e e v a l u a t e d t o t h e tes t s e n s i t i v i t y as es tab l i shed by t h i s l i n e .

TABLE VII. Calibration reference notch dimensions of square and "U" bottom notch.

3 f 1 / 2 percent Depth (percent of or 0.005 inch, whichever

th ickness) i s g rea t e r

Width 1 inch (minimum) Length 2 X depth (approximate)



--```,,``,`,`,,`,,`,,``,,`,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

MIL-STD-27LF N D m 79777311 0059888 7 m ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ -


6.5.2.2.2 Grid tes t procedure. When gr id shear wave t e s t i n g i s spec i f i ed , it s h a l l be performed by scanning one major surface i n two direct ions, causing t h e sound beam t o t r a v e l p a r a l l e l t o and pe rpend icu la r t o t he l ong i tud ina l ax i s o r d i r e c t i o n o f r o l l i n g of t he p l a t e . In t he ca se of square cross rol led plate , e i t h e r d i r e c t i o n is acceptable . The sea rch un i t sha l l be moved in pa ra l l e l pa ths on a 6- inch gr id . I f an indicat ion is obtained which has an amplitude of 50 percent o r g rea te r of tha t es tab l i shed in 6 .5 .2 .2 .1 , the ad jacent a rea sha l l be scanned by the continuous scanning method s u f f i c i e n t l y t o e s t a b l i s h t h e s i z e and loca t ion of t he d i scon t inu i ty .

6.5.2.2.3 Continuous scanning procedure. When continuous shear wave t e s t i n g is spec i f i ed , it shall be performed by continuously scanning one major surface completely in two directions, causing the sound beam t o t r a v e l p a r a l l e l t o , and perpendicular to the longi tudina l ax is o r d i rec t ion of ro l l ing of t h e p l a t e . The search un i t sha l l be moved in paral le l paths to accomplish cont inuous scanning unt i l the ent i re dimension i s t raversed .

6.5.2.3 Longitudinal wave tes t ing t echnique .

6 .5 .2 .3 .1 Tes t ing ca l ib ra t ion . A - compressional wave search uni t having a dimension of 1 inch square or 1 inch in d iameter , opera t ing a t a frequency of 2.25 MHz, unless o therwise spec i f ied , sha l l be p laced on a de fec t f r ee a r ea . (A defec t f r ee a r ea i s defined as an area which has been evaluated a t t h e h i g h e s t u l t r a s o n i c s e n s i t i v i t y a p p l i c a b l e f o r t h e t e s t . ) The ul t rasonic instrument gain s h a l l b e a d j u s t e d t o d i s p l a y t h e f i r s t back r e f l e c t i o n a t f u l l s c r e e n h e i g h t . Th i s s ens i t i v i ty l eve l sha l l be u sed t o eva lua te t he p l a t e .

6.5.2.3.2 T e s t procedures.

6.5.2.3.2.1 Continuous method. Continuous scan method t e s t i n g s h a l l be performed by scanning one major surface 100 percent, only when spec i f i ed .

6 .5 .2 .3 .2 .2 S t a t i c method. Testing shall be performed by i n t e r p r e t i n g the cathode ray tube presentat ion when the search un i t has been s ta t ica l ly p laced a t each in te rsec t ing gr id l ine on one major surface of the plate. The gr id pa t te rn sha l l cons is t o f a maximum of 2 - foot squares for a l l p la te and sheet over 1 /2 i n c h t o and including 2-1 /2 inches thick. For plates over 2-1 /2 i n c h e s , t h e g r i d p a t t e r n s h a l l b e 8 inches square. Grid pat terns as spec i f ied here in sha l l p reva i l un less modi f ied by the con t r ac t , o rde r , o r ma te r i a l spec i f i ca t ion . I f an indication i s obta ined , the ad jacent a rea sha l l be scanned i n a 1 - foo t r ad ius c i r c l e by the continuous method t o determine the ex ten t and magnitude of the defec t ive condi t ion .

6.5.3 Pipes and tubes - seamless.

6 .5 .3 .1 P ipe and tube shal l be tes ted, us ing the cont inuous scan method for rad ia l type d i scont inui t ies ex tending longi tudina l ly . Transverse d i scont i - n u i t y t e s t s and a d d i t i o n a l c i r c u l a r t e s t s s h a l l be performed only when and as spec i f i ed . When spec i f ica l ly invoked , 6 .4 .1 .1 sha l l apply .

48


--```,,``,`,`,,`,,`,,``,,`,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

MIL-STD-273F N D W 7779733 0 0 5 7 8 8 7 O W 1


6 . 5 . 3 . 2 Test Cal ibra t ion , rad ia l defec ts de tec t ion . Se lec t a length of pipe or tube of acoust ical ly s imilar mater ia l and t h e same nominal s i z e t o b e t e s t ed fo r u se a s a Ca l ib ra t ion s t anda rd . Fo r ca l ib ra t ion i n t e s t ing fo r r ad ia l de fec t s , two notches shal l be cut ; one on the i n s ide su r f ace and one on the ou t - s ide su r f ace as s p e c i f i e d i n 6 - 5 . 1 . 2 . 1 , The notches shal l be located approximately € - 1 / 2 inches from one end of sample. The notch shall be cut in such a manner t h a t its s i d e s a r e smooth, r a d i a l and extend paral le l to each other and to the longi tudina l ax is o f the p ipe o r tube . Nagni tude o f the ind ica t ion for the no tches sha l l be determined by d i r e c t i n g sound waves circumferentially toward the no tches wi th the search un i t loca ted a t a su i t ab le r ad ia l a r c d i sp l acemen t u s i n g a t l e a s t one f u l l s k i p t e c h n i q u e where poss ib l e ( s ee f i gu re 7 ) . I f the indica t ions from the i n s ide and outs ide notches are unequal , smal l adjustments s h a l l b e made in the angle of incidence to equal ize them. I f the indicat ions cannot be equal ized , the smal le r ind ica t ion sha l l be used as the bas i s for evaluat ion.

6 . 5 . 3 . 3 T e s t , r a d i a l d e f e c t s . When t e s t i n g p i p e and tubes , they sha l l be s e t w i t h t h e i r l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s i n a ho r i zon ta l pos i t i on on motorized rollers o r o t h e r s u i t a b l e mounting which sha l l pe rmi t ro t a t ion of the p ipe o r tube about t he i r l ong i tud ina l ax i s . Ro ta t ion sha l l be con t ro l l ed a t a f a i r l y uniform speed, depending upon t h e r e p e t i t i o n rates es tab l i shed for the t es t un i t be ing employed. I n any case, the per ipheral speed shal l not exceed the maximum speed a t which the ca l ib ra t ion s t anda rd is r o t a t e d f o r c l e a r d e f i n i t e r e s o l u t i o n o f t h e n o t c h being presented. When t h e immersion method is used, the t es t cond i t ions sha l l dup l i ca t e ca l ib ra t ion cond i t ions e spec ia l ly i n r ega rd t o keep ing t he t ube bo re f i l l e d o r d r y d u r i n g t es t , In general , excluding the immersion f luid from t h e tube bore improves the reproducibi l i ty of tes t resul ts . Each pipe shal l be continuous ly scanned.

6 . 5 . 4 Ultrasonic inspect ion of weldments.

6 . 5 . 4 . 1 Scope. This sect ion contains the minimum requirements for the in spec t ion o f s t ruc tu ra l bu t t , corner, and tee welds t o i n s u r e j o i n t i n t e g r i t y as required by spec i f i ca t ions , con t r ac t s and acquisit ion documents.

6 . 5 . 4 . 2 General requirements.

6 . 5 . 4 . 2 . 1 Scanning. Scanning shall be as required to insure complete coverage of the inspection zone (see f igure 7A). I f f u l l c o v e r a g e is not poss ib l e due t o con f igu ra t ion , access ib i l i t y o r base me ta l d i scon t inu i ty , actual coverage shall be recorded and the reason noted for incomplete coverage.

6 . 5 . 4 . 2 . 2 Sur face f i n i sh . The scanning sur faces sha l l be 250 r a or smoother and f r e e of any foreign substance which would i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e t e s t . Velds may be inspected in the as-welded condition, provided the required t e s t s e n s i t i v i t y and inspection coverage can be maintained. The weld reinforcement sha l l be ground f lu sh t o p rov ide a f l a t s u r f a c e when u l t r a son ic i n spec t ion is t o be accomplished by scanning on t h e weld surface. The test su r face may have one coat of primer.

6 . 5 . 4 . 2 . 3 Limitat ions. The requirements of this section were developed for the inspec t ion of welded jo in ts in sh ip hu l l s t ruc tures . These jo in ts cons is t o f bu t t , corner and tee des ign in HY-80, HTS and acous t i ca l ly s imi l a r

49

" Provided by IHS Licensee=VSE Corp Specs/9957810104


--```,,``,`,`,,`,,`,,``,,`,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

MIL-STD-271F N D m 7 7 9 7 9 3 3 0057890 7 r ~


materials ranging from 1 / 2 t o 4 inches in thickness . The use of these requirements on other thicknesses and joint designs shall be reviewed for applicabili ty of t e s t s e n s i t i v i t y and technique by the examiner and demonstrated t o t h e NAVSEA au thor ized representa t ive .

6 .5 .4 .2 .4 Reference ca l ibra t ion s tandards .

6 .5 .4 .2 .4 .1 in to the th rough s imi la r mater ia l

Butt welds, corner welds and t e e welds for d i scont inui t ies member. The ca l ibra t ion s tandards sha l l be acous t ica l ly a s t h a t t o be inspected, and s h a l l be ul t rasonical ly sound.

They s h a l l be capable of providing constant reference sensi t ivi ty levels for a l l angles of search and inspection depth. The s t a n d a r d r e f l e c t i n g s u r f a c e s h a l l be a 3/64-inch diameter hole dri l led through a 1-1/4 inch wide block. The su r face of the t es t b lock sha l l be approximate ly 125 ra a s compared t o sur face f in i sh s tandards . See f igure 9 f o r a t yp ica l r e f e rence ca l ib ra t ion s t anda rd .

6 .5 .4 .2 .4.2 Detect ion of lack of p e n e t r a t i o n i n f u l l p e n e t r a t i o n t e e welds. The cal ibrat ion s tandard shal l be the through member upon which t h e inspec t ion is being performed.

6 .5 .4 .3 Specif ic requirements for but t and corner welds.

6.5.4.3.1 Instrument. The ins t rument sha l l have c i rcu i t ry to p rovide a cont inuous ly increas ing ampl i f ica t ion wi th respec t to time. Th i s c i r cu i t ry compensates for the signal losses with depth as a r e s u l t of sound beam divergence and i ts a t t enua t ion i n ma te r i a l .

6 .5 .4 .3 .2 Search uni ts . The maximum dimension of the t ransducer ac t ive element shall not exceed 1 inch. The nominal frequency should not be less than 2.0 MHz. The t ransducers used for shear wave tests s h a l l be a f f ixed t o a s u i t a b l e wedge designed to induce shear waves i n t h e m a t e r i a l u n d e r t e s t a t the des i red angles . The inspect ion angle shal l be selected using the plate thickness as the pr imary considerat ion as fol lows:

(a) For plate thicknesses 1 / 2 inch to , bu t no t inc luding , 1-1 /2

(b) For plate thicknesses 1 - 1 / 2 inches to , bu t no t inc luding , 2-1/2

(c) For plate thicknesses 2-1/2 inches and over, a 45-degree shear

inches: a 60- t o 70-degree shear wave.

inches: a 45- t o 60-degree shear wave.

wave.

Search uni ts wi th beam angles o ther than those l i s ted may be used t o complement the r equ i r ed s ea rch un i t s fo r t he de t ec t ion and eva lua t ion of d i scont inui t ies .

6 .5 .4 .3 .3 Cal ibra t ion . The instrument range and delay controls shal l be ad jus t ed t o d i sp l ay s igna l s from the r e fe rence ca l ib ra t ion ho le s on the viewing screen for the range of depths to be inspec ted . The a t tenuat ion-cor rec t ion c o n t r o l s s h a l l be ad jus t ed t o compensate for the s igna l losses due to depth .

6 .5 .4 .3 .3 .1 Class L welds. When a dec ibe l cont ro l i s used, the instrument ga in sha l l be ad jus ted t o peak a l l s i g n a l s from the re fe rence ca l ibra t ion ho les within the range of t h e t e s t a t a minimum of 20 percent o f fu l l sc reen he ight . The corresponding depth and location of t h e peaked s igna l s from the re fe rence

c

m 50


--```,,``,`,`,,`,,`,,``,,`,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

IfIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

I-

ca l ib ra t ion s t anda rd sha l l be marked along the base l ine of the viewing screen. The ga in sha l l be increased by 12 dB. A t t h i s g a i n s e t t i n g , t h e l i n e e s t a b l i s h e d by the o r ig ina l s igna l he igh t on the viewing screen i s t h e DRL and t h e ARL is 1 2 dB above t h i s l i n e . For evaluation of indications above the DRL, t h e dB con t ro l is used (see f igure 1 0 ) . When a dB con t ro l is not used, the instrument g a i n s h a l l be a d j u s t e d t o peak a l l s i g n a l s w i t h i n t h e r a n g e of t e s t a t a minimum of 80 pe rcen t o f fu l l screen. The corresponding depth and location of the peaked s i g n a l s from t h e r e f e r e n c e c a l i b r a t i o n s t a n d a r d s h a l l b e marked a long the base l ine of the viewing screen. The screen sha l l be d iv ided by two hor i zon ta l l i nes at 20 percent ( the DRL) and 80 percent ( the ARL) of f u l l s c r e e n h e i g h t ( s e e f fgure 1 1 ) .

6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 3 . 2 Class II and III welds. When a dB cont ro l is used; the in s t rumen t ga in sha l l be ad jus t ed t o peak a l l s igna l s from the r e fe rence c a l i b r a t i o n h o l e s w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f t e s t a t a minimum of 40 percen t o f fu l l screen height . The corresponding depth and location of the peaked signals from the r e fe rence ca l ib ra t ion s t anda rd sha l l be marked along the base l ine of the viewing screen. The ga in sha l l be increased 6 dB. A t t h i s g a i n s e t t i n g , t h e 40 percent l ine on the viewing screen is t h e DRL, and t h e ARL i s 6 dB above t h i s l i n e . For evaluation of indications above the DRL, t h e dB con t ro l is used. When a dec ibe l cont ro l is not used , the ins t rument ga in sha l l be ad jus ted to peak a l l s i g n a l s w i t h i n t h e r a n g e of t e s t a t a minimum of 80 pe rcen t o f fu l l sc reen . The corresponding depth and location of t h e peaked s i g n a l s from t h e re ference Cal ibra t ion s tandard shall be marked along the base l ine of the viewing screen. The screen shall be divided by two h o r i z o n t a l l i n e s a t 40 percen t ( the DRL) and 80 percent ( the ARL) of f u l l s c r e e n h e i g h t .

6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 4 Procedure. The e n t i r e weld volume (excluding the weld reinforcement) and heat affected zone (up t o 1 / 2 inch of base material measured from each weld t o e ) is the inspect ion zone and shal l be scanned with shear waves by d i r ec t ing t he sound beam toward, or across, and along the weld axis.

6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 1 Longi tudina l d i scont inui t ies . To de tec t longi tudina l d i scon t inu i t i e s , t he ax i s o f the sound beam sha l l t raverse the inspec t ion zone i n two opposing direct ions (see f igure 1 2 ) . For welds where two-directional scanning is impract icable , a minimum of one-direction scanning may be approved by t h e examiner on a case bas i s . The s e a r c h u n i t s h a l l b e o s c i l l a t e d t o t h e l e f t and r igh t w i th an included angle of approximately 30 degrees in a r a d i a l motion while continuously scanning perpendicularly toward and away from the weld.

6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 2 Transverse d i scont inui t ies . To de tec t t ransverse d i scont in- u i t i e s f o r welds not ground f lush, the sound u n i t s h a l l be placed on the base metal surface a t t h e weld edge. The sound beam s h a l l be directed by angl ing the search unit approxima-tely 15 degrees toward the weld from the longi tudinal weld axis. Scanning shall be performed by moving the search uni t a long the weld edge from both s ides on one surface and from two opposing direct ions. To d e t e c t t ransverse discont inui t ies for welds ground f lush, the search uni t shal l be o s c i l l a t e d t o t h e l e f t and right, with an included angle of approximately 30 degrees in a radial motion, while scanning along the top of t h e weld from two oppos ing d i rec t ions . I f the weld width exceeds the width of the transducer, continuous scanning shall be performed.

5 1 Provided by IHS Licensee=VSE Corp Specs/9957810104


--```,,``,`,`,,`,,`,,``,,`,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

MIL-STD-273F N D W 7777733 0057892 O W ~~

PiIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3 Compressional wave. If compressional wave t e s t i n g i s employed, cal ibrat ion shal l be accomplished i n accordance with 6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 3 . The weld s h a l l be scanned continuously.

6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 4 Discon t inu i ty eva lua t ion . I f d i scon t inu i t i e s are de tec ted , t h e sound beam s h a l l b e d i r e c t e d t o maximize the s igna l ampl i tude . To determine the length of a d i scon t inu i ty , t he search u n i t s h a l l be moved p a r a l l e l t o t h e d i scon t inu i ty ax i s i n bo th d i r ec t ions from the pos i t ion o f maximum s i g n a l amplitude. One ha l f the amplitude from a poin t where the d i scon t inu i ty s igna l d rops r ap id ly t o t he base l ine sha l l be defined as the ex t remi ty o f the d i scont in- u i t y . A t t h i s po in t , t he s cann ing su r f ace is marked a t t h e p o s i t i o n i n d i c a t e d by the cen te r of the t ransducer . This shal l be repeated to determine the other extremity. When the half ampli tude s ignal from t h e end of t he d i scon t inu i ty a s determined by t h i s method i s below t h e DRL, t h e end o f t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t y s h a l l be defined where the s igna l c ros ses 20 percent o f fu l l sc reen he ight . The length of t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t y s h a l l be def ined as t h e d i s t a n c e between these two marks. The maximum signal ampli tude, length, depth, and pos i t ion wi th in the inspec t ion zone shall be determined and r e p o r t e d f o r d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s y i e l d i n g a s i g n a l ampli tude equal to or exceeding the DRL.

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 Specific requirements for welds of t ee j o i n t s .

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 1 Detec t ion o f l ack o f pene t r a t ion i n fu l l pene t r a t ion t ee welds. This sect ion specif ies the procedures to be used for the ul t rasonic inspect ion of t ee we lds fo r d i scon t inu i t i e s i n t he roo t area. The depth of the inspect ion zone shal l be l imited to through member p l a t e t h i ckness p lus 1 / 4 inch minus 1 / 8 inch. The width of the inspect ion zone shal l be l imited to the thickness of the a t tachment member ( see f i gu re 1 3 ) . The inspec t ion sha l l employ the pu lse- echo compressional wave t e s t ing t echn ique .

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 1 . 1 Search uni ts . The s ize of the t ransducer used for inspect ion s h a l l b e 3 / 4 inch diameter maximum; however, it sha l l no t exceed the th ickness of the a t tachment member. The inspect ion f requency shal l be a minimum of 2.0 NHz .

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 1 . 2 Cal ibra t ion . The instrument range and de lay con t ro l s sha l l be ad jus ted to d i scr imina te and ind ica t e s igna l s on the viewing screen from the inspect ion zone. The sweep l i n e s h a l l be marked indicat ing through member p la te th ickness minus 1 / 8 inch and p l a t e t h i ckness p lus 1 / 4 inch. The instrument g a i n s h a l l be a d j u s t e d t o p e a k t h e f i r s t back r e f l e c t i o n from t h e p l a t e a d j a c e n t t o t h e weld a t least cnce each foot a long the length of t h e weld as spec i f i ed he rea f t e r . When a dB con t ro l is used , the ins t rument sha l l be ad jus ted to peak t h e f i r s t back r e f l e c t i o n a t a minimum of 20 percent of f u l l s c r e e n . The gain sha l l be increased 12 dB. A t t h i s s e t t i n g , t h e 2 0 - p e r c e n t l i n e on the sc reen i s t h e DRL, and t h e ARL is 10 dB above t h i s l i n e ( s e e f i g u r e 1 4 ) . When a dB cont ro l is not used, the viewing screen shal l be divided into three zones with horizontal l i n e s a t 20 percent ( the DRL) and 65 percent ( the ARL) of f u l l s c r e e n h e i g h t . The ins t rument ga in cont ro l sha l l be ad jus ted so t h a t t h e peak o f t he f i r s t back r e f l ec t ion co inc ides w i th t he 80 percen t l i ne (see f igu res 14 and 1 5 ) .



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6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 1 . 3 Procedure. The width of the inspect ion zone shal l be located and marked on the t es t sur face de te rmixed by u l t rasonic o r mechanica l means. The weld shall be continuously scanned within the width of the inspection zone (see f igu re 1 3 ) . I f a d i scon t inu i ty i s loca ted , t he equipment gain shall be recal ibrated on the through member p l a t e a d j a c e n t t o t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t y . The sea rch un i t sha l l t hen be pos i t i oned t o maximize the d i scon t inu i ty s igna l . To determine the length of a d i scon t inu i ty , t he s ea rch un i t sha l l be moved along t h e a x i s of t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t y i n one d i r e c t i o n from the pos i t ion o f maximum signal amplitude. When the amplitude drops below t h e DRL, the scanning surface s h a l l b e marked a t t h e p o s i t i o n i n d i c a t e d by the cen te r of t he s ea rch un i t . This sha l l be one ex t remi ty o f the d i scont inui ty . The process sha l l be repea ted to determine the other extremity. The l e n g t h o f t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t y s h a l l b e t h e d i s t ance between these two marks. The maximum signal amplitude and length’ of discont inui t ies within the inspect ion zone shal l be determined and reported for d i scon t inu i t i e s y i e ld ing a signal amplitude equal to or exceeding the DRL.

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2 Detec t ion of d i scont inui t ies in to the th rough member. This s ec t ion spec i f i e s t he u l t r a son ic i n spec t ion p rocedure t o be u sed fo r t he de t ec t ion of discont inui t ies extending into the through member of f u l l and p a r t i a l p e n e t r a t i o n t e e w e l d s .

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2 . 1 Inspection zone. The depth of the inspect ion zone shal l be from the through member sur face in to the th rough member 1 / 4 inch inc lus ive . The depth of the inspection zone shall be expanded to determine the maximum depth of discont inui t ies extending into the through member. The width of the inspect ion zone shal l be l imited to the thickness of the a t tachment member p lus t he f i l l e t r e in fo rcemen t ( s ee f i gu re 17 ) . I f t he pa r t i cu la r con f igu ra t ion t o be inspected i s not d i scussed in the s tandard , a method should be used which assures that complete coverage of the inspect ion zone w i l l be obtained.

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2 . 2 Search uni ts . The diameter or length or width of the t ransducer shal l not exceed 1 inch. The frequency shal l not be less than 2 .0 MHz. The t ransducers used for shear wave t e s t s s h a l l b e a f f i x e d t o s u i t a b l e wedges designed to induce shear waves in the mater ia l under test a t a s p e c i f i c angle from 45 t o and including 60 degrees. Supplemental beam angles may be used for the de tec t ion and eva lua t ion of d i scont inui t ies .

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2 . 3 Cal ibra t ion . The instrument range and delay controls shall be ad jus ted to d fscr imina te and ind ica t e s igna l s on the viewing screen from the depth of the inspect ion zone. The in s t rumen t ga in sha l l be ad jus t ed t o peak the s igna l from t h e c a l i b r a t i o n h o l e a t a minimum of 20 percen t o f fu l l screen height . The ga in sha l l then be increased by 12 dB. A t t h i s s e t t i n g , t h e l i n e e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e o r i g i n a l s i g n a l h e i g h t on the viewing screen is t h e DRL and the ARL i s 12 dB above t h i s l i n e . When a dB cont ro l i s not used, the ins t rumen t ga in sha l l be ad jus t ed t o peak t h e s i g n a l from t h e c a l i b r a t i o n h o l e t h a t is not more than p lus o r minus 1 / 4 inch from the through member t h i c k n e s s t o a minimum of 80 percent o f fu l l sc reen . The corresponding depth and location of the peaked signals from the r e fe rence ca l ib ra t ion s t anda rd s h a l l b e marked along the base l ine of the viewing screen. The s c r e e n s h a l l be divided by two h o r i z o n t a l l i n e s a t 20 percent . ( the DRL) and 80 percent ( the ARL) of f u l l s c r e e n h e i g h t .


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6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2 . 4 Procedure. Shear wave scann ing fo r d i scon t inu i t i e s i n to t he through member i n any t e e weld configuration shall be performed as shown on f i g u r e 16 whenever the surface opposi te the a t tachment member is access ib l e , I f t he su r f ace oppos i t e t he weld is not accessible and the s ide ad jacen t is accessible , the scanning shal l be accomplished as shown on f igu re 17: however t h e r e s h a l l b e no a t tachments in the a rea where the re f lec t ion of t h e wave occurs. Coverage in each direction, as. i l l u s t r a t e d on f igu res 16 and 1 7 , s h a l l be from the nearest toe of the weld t o beyond the cen te r of the weld, thus avoiding the necessi ty of i n t e rp re t ing i nd ica t ions from the su r f ace of t h e f a r f i l l e t . The shear wave search un i t sha l l be p laced on the scanning surface and directed toward the par t icular inspect ion zone. The sea rch un i t sha l l be o s c i l l a t e d t o t h e l e f t and right with an included angle of approximately 30 degrees in a radial motion while scanning perpendicularly toward the inspection zone. The in spec t ion zones a r e spec i f i ed i n 6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2 . 1 . Continuous scanning shal l be used. When any ind ica t ion i s noted from a d iscont inui ty wi th in the inspection zone, the sound beam s h a l l be directed t o maximize the i nd ica t ion . The maximum signal ampli tude, length, depth, and pos i t ion sha l l be de te rmined and r epor t ed fo r d i scon t inu i t i e s y i e ld ing a s igna l ampl i tude equal to , o r exceeding, the DRL. The length of discont inui t ies shal l be determined in accordance with 6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 1 . 3 . The recorded depth of a d i s c o n t i n u i t y s h a l l be t h e minimum and maximum perpendicular dis tances of the discont inui ty from t h e through member surface. This should be determined in the following manner:

(a) Maximize the i nd ica t ion from the d i scon t inu i ty . (b) For discont inui t ies extending to a su r face , move the s ea rch

uni t toward the discont inui ty and record the depth from t h e viewing screen a t which the ind ica t ion begins to d rop rap id ly toward the base l ine.

surface, repeat the above and move the s ea rch un i t away from the d i scon t inu i ty t o determine the other limit of depth a t the point where the indicat ion again begins to drop rapidly toward the base l ine.

( c ) In add i t ion , fo r d i scon t inu i t i e s which do not ex tend to the

6.5 .4 .5 Record of inspection results. The record da ta shee t for inspec t ion r e s u l t s of welds sha l l con ta in a s a minimum the fol lowing information ( for suggested forms see figure 18):

Ship/ item i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . Location (frame, side of ship, and so f o r t h ) . Type of material . Thickness of mater ia l . J o i n t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . Type of weld j o i n t (weld design). Weld length inspected. Operat ional procedure ident i f icat ion. Equipment used for inspection ( instrument and s e a r c h u n i t ) . Reference block ident i f icat ion. Discont inui t ies that exceed the DRL. Acceptance or re ject ion.



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MIL-STD-273F ND m 7777733 0057875 b W

PlIL-STD-Z71F(SH) 27 June 1986

(m) Signature of inspect ion personnel . (n) Date. (o) I f supplemental u l t rasonic inspect ion techniques are used that

c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e f i n a l i n s p e c t i o n r e s u l t s , t h e y s h a l l b e recorded.

6.6 Thickness measurements.

6 .6 .1 Scope. Variat ions in wal l th ickness may be measured by e i t h e r pulse-echo instruments o r resonant frequency instruments, which have been qua l i f ied in accordance wi th 6 .4 .1 .2 .

6 .6 .2 Cal ibrat ion. The instrument shal l be cal ibrated on a standard of t h e same bas ic mater ia l as tha t be ing inspec ted , us ing the minimum acceptable wall thickness or thicknesses above and bélow t h e minimum acceptable wall t h i ckness ( f l a t s t anda rds may be used for pipe and tubing 3/4-inch nominal. diameter and over ) . The ins t rument sha l l be ca l ibra ted p r ior to each use o r a f t e r any i n t e r r u p t i o n i n power supply.

6 .6 .3 Method. The number and location of ultrasonic thickness measurements t a k e n s h a l l b e a s s p e c i f i e d i n t h e a p p l i c a b l e m a t e r i a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n , f a b r i c a t i o n document o r work authorization document. Measurements may be made manually or by automated equipment t h a t meets the requirements of 6.4.1.1 and 6 .4 .1 .3 .

6.J Bonding.

6.7.1 Scope. This subsection only describes the requirements for the u l t rasonic inspec t ion of the bond of weld deposited overlay cladding to base material . Specific requirements due to special shapes of manufacturing p rocesses sha l l be a s spec i f i ed i n t he app ropr i a t e spec i f i ca t ions .

6 .7 .1 .1 Method. Inspect ion of t h e bond of weld deposited overlay cladding t o b a s e material shall be by the contact method. The t ransducer may b e f i t t e d with appropriate shoes, wedges, or saddles for tes t ing on curved surfaces or a t des i red angles .

6.7.2 Transducers. Transducers shall not be larger than 1 inch square or 1-1/8 inch diameter, and sha l l ope ra t e w i th in a range.of 2 .25 to 10 .0 MHz.

6 .7 .3 Ca l ib ra t ion of t e s t equipment. Calibration of u l t r a s o n i c test equipment shal l be performed on a r e fe rence ca l ib ra t ion b lock t o e s t ab l i sh a d e q u a t e s e n s i t i v i t y f o r t e s t i n g . The ca l ib ra t ion b locks sha l l meet t h e s u r f a c e f inish requirements of 6 .2 .2 . The ca l ibra t ion b locks sha l l be p repared by weld deposi ted c ladding, pads, or but ter ing onto a block of the same S-number base material as the produçtion part (S-1 and S-3 are considered equivalent) . The weld deposited metal used must be of t h e same A-number a s t h a t on the p roduct ion p a r t t o be examined and may be deposited by any approved welding process. In addi t ion, the fol lowing requirements in (a) through ( f ) shal l be met ( t h e S- numbers and A-numbers for base metal and weld metal are defined in MIL-STD-278):



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?lIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

(a ) The microinch surface f inish of t he ca l ib ra t ion b lock sha l l be equa l t o o r g rea t e r t han t he p roduc t ion pa r t t o be inspected.

(b) The ca l ibra t ion b lock base mater ia l sha l l be equal in th ickness to the p roduct ion par t base mater ia l except tha t , fo r th icknesses exceeding 1 inch , the ca l ibra t ion b lock base mater ia l may be 1 inch or g rea t e r . Fo r we ld ing l a rge f l a t , o r e s s e n t i a l l y f l a t su r f aces , a 6- inch square sha l l be t h e minimum acceptable ca l ib ra t ion b lock .

(c ) The weld metal th ickness of the cal ibrat ion block shal l be wi th in p lus o r minus 25 percent o f tha t on the product ion par t .

(d) The t ransducer contact area of the p roduc t ion pa r t sha l l be equa l t o o r g rea t e r t han t he t r ansduce r con tac t a r ea on t h e ca l ib ra t ion b lock .

be convex with a radius of curvature equal to or less than t he product ion sur face to be examined.

f l a t o r concave with a rad ius o f curva ture equal to or g rea t e r t han t he p roduc t ion su r f ace t o be examined.

(9) An area of the block approximately 2 inches square shall have the backing mater ia l removed, leaving only the c ladding. An u l t r a son ic t h i ckness measurement a t 2.25 MHz sha l l be e s t ab l i shed i n t h i s a r e a , r e p r e s e n t i n g unbond. The th ickness pa t te rn obta ined in the a rea o f in tegra l c ladding and base ma te r i a l sha l l represent good bond and t h e f i r s t c l e a r l y v i s i b l e r e f l e c t i o n from the oppos i t e s ide of t he b lock sha l l no t exceed f u l l s c r e e n ampl i tude . Cal ibra t ion sha l l be ob ta ined wi th the search un i t moving across the su r f ace a t approximately the same speed as t h a t t o be used during the inspect ion.

(e) For convex product ion surfaces , the cal ibrat ion block shal l

( f ) Fo r concave product ion surfaces , the cal ibrat ion block may be

6 . 7 . 4 Scanning. Scanning shall be performed manually or automatically by moving t h e s e a r c h u n i t i n a d i r ec t ed pa th o r by moving t h e m a t e r i a l i n a d i rec ted pa th wi th the search un i t s ta t ionary . Scanning sha l l be per formed a t a uniform rate of speed determined during cal ibrat ion, so t h a t any ind ica t ion r e l a t i v e t o t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e m a t e r i a l s h a l l be detected.

6 . 7 . 4 . 1 Continuous scanning. Unless otherwise specified in the appropr ia te specif icat ions, the cont inuous scanning procedure shal l be fol lowed. A l l t e s t i n g s h a l l be performed with the search uni t in contact wi th the c lad surface. Sound t r ansmiss ion i n to t he base ma te r i a l sha l l be confirmed by observing the composi te thickness pat tern as obtained from t h e good bond area of t he ca l ib ra t ion b lock . When t h e back r e f l e c t i o n is l o s t due t o n o n p a r a l l e l surfaces of the base materials, transmission shall be confirmed by t h e t e s t s p e c i f i e d i n 6 . 7 . 4 . 3 .

6 . 7 . 4 . 2 Intermittent scanning. Scanning shall be performed along special pa ths o r on g r i d l i n e s . The d i s t ance between pa ths o r l i nes sha l l be as spec i - f i e d i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s p e c i f i c a t i o n when t h e method i s required.

S6 - . - .

r

m


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MIL-STD-271F N D 9 77777LL 0057877 T


6 . 7 . 4 . 3 C a l i b r a t i o n f o r u l t r a s o n i c t e s t i n g o f n o n p a r a l l e l s u r f a c e s . Test equipment shal l be cal ibrated with the same ca l ibra t ion b lock as spec i f ied in 6 .7 .3 . The thickness pat tern shal l be observed by scanning over the clad su r face where the backing material has been removed, and the equipment shall be s e t t o d e m o n s t r a t e a fu l l s c reen back r e f l ec t ion . Us ing t hese s e t t i ngs , t he operator shal l scan over the composi te thickness of the c ladding and the backing material and note the normal back reflection from t h e good bond.

6.7.4.4 Continuous scanning of nonparallel surface. Unless otherwise spec i f i ed i n the appl icable spec i f ica t ions , each pass across the tes t sur face sha l l ove r l ap 25 percent o f the p rev ious pass un t i l the en t i re sur face has been scanned. The equipment s e t t i n g s e s t a b l i s h e d i n 6 . 7 . 4 . 3 c a l i b r a t i o n s h a l l be used.

6.7.5 Marking. When an indication in excess of acceptance standards occurs , the mater ia l shal l be appropriately marked.

6 .7 .6 Flaw p l o t t i n g . Each d e f e c t s h a l l b e e x p l o r e d u l t r a s o n i c a l l y t o determine i t s s i z e . The edge of the defect shall be determined by moving t h e search uni t toward the defect and not ing the posi t ion of the leading edge of the t ransducer when t h e d e f e c t f i r s t a p p e a r s . The l eng th o f t he de fec t sha l l be determined by con t inu ing t o move the search un i t ac ross the defec t ive a rea and not ing the t ra i l ing edge of the t ransducer when the i nd ica t ion d i sappea r s . The d i s t ance between defects shal l be determined by measuring the shortest d i s t ance between the i r edges regard less o f ind ica t ion ampl i tude a t these po in ts .

7 . EDDY CURRENT TESTING

7 . 1 Scope. The inspection process covered is f o r t h e d e t e c t i o n of sur face c racks of ferromagnetic and nonferromagnetic materials. This method may only be used when authorized by the f ab r i ca t ion document, m i l i t a r y s p e c i f i - ca t ion , o r o the r NAVSEA approval.

7 .2 Def in i t ions . The d e f i n i t i o n s s p e c i f i e d i n 7 . 2 . 1 th rough 7 .2 .3 a re a p p l i c a b l e t o eddy current tes t ing.

7 .2 .1 End (edge) effect . The masking of measurement data caused by d is tor t ion o f the magnet ic f ie ld when the probe is near any test specimen-to-air boundary, f o r example, ends, holes, and edges.

7 . 2 . 2 L i f t - o f f e f f e c t . The e f f e c t t o t h e t e s t s y s t e m o u t p u t d u e t o a change i n magnetic coupling between a t e s t specimen and the probe coil , whenever the dis tance of separat ion between them i s var ied .

7.2.3 Stand-off. The overall distance between the probe and the surface of the test specimen, t h a t i s , the p ro t ec t ive t ape t h i ckness p lus t he th ickness o f the pa in t o r rus t .



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I VIL-STD-27LF N D 97797LL 0059878 L m

NIL-STD-271F(SK) 27 June 1986

7 .3 Eddy current inspection requirements.

7.3.1 General requirements.

7 .3 .1 .1 Method. The overa l l inspec t ion process sha l l cons is t o f applying the eddy current tes t (ET) technique to detect surface cracks in the item inspected. Any portions of the item which produce ET flow indications that equal or exceed the indicat ion produced from the performance ver i f icat ion block shal l be inspected by magnet ic par t ic le inspect ion for ferrous mater ia ls or l iquid penetrant inspect ion for non-ferrous mater ia ls , acceptance/reject ion s h a l l be t o t h e FlT/PT c r i t e r i a e s t a b l i s h e d by 1 .3 .

7 .3 .1 .2 Sur face f in i sh . The s u r f a c e f o r t h e eddy cu r ren t t e s t s cann ing does not require paint removal, but it s h a l l be reasonably smooth and c lean . I t s h a l l be free of any subs tance tha t might inh ib i t f ree movement of t he probe along the scan path.

7.3.2 Procedure. Eddy current inspect ion procedures shal l contain, as a minimum, the following information.

Mater ia l to be t es ted . Summary of process used. Equipment descr ip t ion . Performance ver i f icat ion descr ipt ion. Personnel qua l i f ica t ions . Surface preparat ion. Calibration/standardization technique. Scanning technique. Readout technique. Evaluation C r i ter i a . Recording and reporting requirements.

7 . 3 . 3 Records. Records of eddy current inspection shall contain the following:

Description and unique identification of i tem inspected. Approved procedure ident i f ica t ion . Instrument manufacturer and model number. Probe description. Material type. Acceptance standard used. Date of inspect ion. Signatures of inspectors.

7.4 Equipment requirements. The inspection equipment shall include the eddy current instrument, probe, probe coaxial cable and a performance ver i f ica t ion re ference b lock .



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MIL-STD-27iF N D 9 7 7 7 7 3 3 0059899 3

FIIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

7 . 4 . 1 Eddy current inst rument . The ins t rumenta t ion sha l l be capable of s igna l eva lua t ion by both visual (meter readout) and audio sound pitch variations through connecting headphones or an X-Y s torage d i sp lay osc i l loscope . The c i r c u i t s s h a l l p r o v i d e a means f o r e l i m i n a t i n g t h e t o t a l s t a n d o f f ( l i f t o f f ) v a r i a b l e i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f tes t r e s u l t s . It sha l l be capable of de tec t ing the no tch in the per formance ver i f ica t ion b lock be ing used .

7 .4 .2 Performance ver i f icat ion reference block. A block of the same ma te r i a l t ype t ha t i s t o b e i n s p e c t e d . The block may be any convenient size p rov ided t ha t it does not present an edge-effect problem. The b lock sha l l conta in a no tch tha t is 0.015 inch deep by 0.250 inch long with a width of 0.010 inch (maximum dimensions). . Blocks used for inspection of welds in the as-welded condi t ion shal l be of the same as-welded condition with the notches pos i t ioned on the weld.

7 . 5 On-si te verification/standardization.

7.5 .1 Ver i f ica t ion . Pr ior to s tandard iza t ion , per form ins t rument v e r i f i c a t i o n test using performance ver i f icat ion block. This test s h a l l produce a useable response for both audio and meter outputs or oscil loscope d isp lay , as appl icable .

7 .5 .2 Standardizat ion. The eddy cur ren t ins t rumenta t ion sha l l be s t anda rd ized ( t e s t ca l ib ra t ion ) on s i t e at an experimental ly determined de fec t - f r ee area representa t ive of the i t em to be inspec ted . S tandard iza t ion shall be accomplished as follows:

(a) Immediately pr ior to s tar t ing an inspect ion. (b) Whenever an inspect ion has been interrupted by t h e equipment

be ing t u rned o f f o r l e f t una t t ended by the i n spec to r . (c ) Whenever the inspec tor has reason to suspec t tha t condi t ions

affect ing the s tandardizat ion have changed. (d) When i n u s e , a t l ea s t eve ry 4 hours.

7.6 T e s t technique.

7 .6 .1 Toe of weld scan. With the p robe or ien ted para l le l to the weld longi tudinal axis , scan a long each toe of the weld. Ensure that the probe i s main ta ined a t a c o n s t a n t a t t i t u d e t o t h e t o e of the weld, keeping the working edge of the probe in ful l contact . Monitor the weld condi t ion by no t ing t he varying response of the meter and the aud io s igna l o r o sc i l l o scope d i sp l ay . Avoid rocking the probe or t i l t ing it i n a pos i t ion o ther than as used i n t h e s tandard iza t ion (see f i g u r e 19 f o r optimum pos i t i on ing ) .

7 .6 .2 Weld scan. With the probe or iented paral le l to one weld toe scan along the weld for the desired dis tance. Repeat this scanning process a long the weld crown un t i l oppos i t e t oe is reached. Each scan of the probe along t h e weld crown sha l l no t be g rea t e r t han 1/8 inch from the p rev ious scan . The weld should a lso be scanned in the t ransverse direct ion.



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MIL-STD-27LF N D W 77777LL 00577ÕO b

NIL-STD-ZilF(SI€) 27 June 1986

7 . 6 . 3 Inspection of surfaces other than welds. With the probe or iented a t a c o n s i s t e n t a t t i t u d e t o t h e work piece, keep the working face of the probe i n f u l l c o n t a c t w i t h t h e work p i e c e a t a l l t i m e s d u r i n g s c a n n i n g . To ensure de t ec t ion of l i nea r i nd ica t ions hav ing ax i s i n any d i r e c t i o n , a t l e a s t two separate scans sha l l be made i n each a rea , the second scan sha l l be a t r igh t a n g l e s t o t h a t u s e d i n t h e f i r s t . Each scan of the probe shal l not be greater than 1/8 inch from the previous scan.

8. VISUAL INSPECTION

8 . 1 Scope. The visual inspect ion process i s t o determine that a l l welds and ad jacent base mater ia l s be inspec ted as requi red to comply with applicable procedures, drawings, and fabrication documents.

8.2 Reference standard. Visual inspection reference standards , as r e f e r r e d t o i n t h i s s e c t i o n , r e f e r t o those devices that are used as an a i d to v i sua l i n spec t ion such a s workmanship samples and sketches or photographs of welds or surfaces. Each a c t i v i t y s h a l l be responsible for preparat ion of the r e f e r e n c e s t a n d a r d s s p e c i f i e d i n t h a t a c t i v i t y ' s v i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n procedure.

8.3 Procedure requirements. The v isua l inspec t ion procedure sha l l contain, as a minimum, the fol lowing information:

(a) Personnel qual i f icat ion requirements . (b) Type of welds or surfaces to be inspected. (c) Measuring devices, visual aids, or referen.ce or working

(d) L i s t of i n spec t ion a t t r i bu te s (v i sua l cha rac t e r i s t i c s ) . (e) Lighting requirements. ( f ) Acceptance c r i te r ia and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f d e f e c t s . (g) Record requirements.

s tandards.

8.4 Inspection techniques. Visual inspection need not be performed employing magnification, unless otherwise specified in the applicable f ab r i ca t ion document. When a reference s tandard is required and magnification, such as a borescope or magnifying glass is employed, evaluation and acceptance shal l be based upon comparison with a reference s tandard where both magnified and unmagniffed appearance can be determined.

8.5 Dimensional inspection accuracy. Each a c t i v i t y s h a l l i n s u r e t h a t the dimensional inspection techniques, including measuring devices, visual aids, and reference or working standards, are capable of measuring the specified dimensions of the items under inspection, with the required precision.

8 .6 Light ing. The inspec t ion a rea sha l l be adequately i l luminated for proper evaluation.



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9 . NOTES

9 . 1 Subject term (key word) l i s t i n g .

Circular magnetization Compressional wave Continuous scanning Eddy c u r r e n t t e s t i n g Intermit tent scanning Liquid pene t ran t t es t ing Longitudinal magnetization Longitudinal wave Magnetic p a r t i c l e t e s t i n g Mater ia l th ickness Multiple f i lm technique Penetrameter Radiographic inspection Radiographic shooting sketch Radioisotope radiography Shear wave Specimen thickness Ul t r a son ic t e s t ing Visual inspection X-ray radiography Yoke magnetization

9 . 2 Changes from previous i s sue . As ter i sks a re no t used in th i s rev is ion t o i d e n t i f y changes with respect to the previous issue due to t he ex t ens iveness of the changes.

P repa r ing ac t iv i ty : Navy - SH (Pro jec t NDTI -N048)

6 1


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SH 13202656

27 June 1986 - ~-

20 PCRCEM SEhslTlVlN LEVEL (2 -2T)

THICKNESS OF MATERIAL THROUGH WHICH

RADIATION MUST PASS (INCHES)

FIGURE 1. Recomnended X-ray voltage settings and radioisotope sources to be used with various steel and similar alloys.

62

,Y Provided by IHS Licensee=VSE Corp Specs/9957810104


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NIL-STD-27lF(SH) 27 June 1986

20 PERCENT SENSITIVITY LEVEL (2-2T)

Co 60

Cs 137 r I I 1

"""11" +EEmbhz"- I I I I I

." . I .I5 .2 .3 A.5.6.7.8.91.0 2 3 4 5678910 1 5 20

THICKNESS OF MATERIAL THROUGH WHICH THE RADIATION MUST PASS (INCHES)

SH 13202657

FIGURE 2 . Recommended X-ray vol tage set t ings and radioisotope sources t o be used with var ious copper-base and s imilar a l loys.

63


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SPECIMEN THICKNESS (INCHES)

I SH 13202658

FIGURE 3. Recormended X-ray voltage settings and radioisotope sources t o be used with various aluminum, magnesium and similar alloys.

I 64

I 1 - .


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4T DIA. A THICKNESS OF PENETRAMETER =

0,005 INmTO AND INCLUDING 0.050 IN.

MIN PENETRAMETER THICKNESS (T) MIN DIA FOR IT HOLE MIN DIA FOR 2T HOLE MIN DIA FOR 4T HOLE

HOLES SHALL BE TRUE AND NORMAL TO THE SURFACE OF THE PENETRAMETER

DO NOT CHAMFER PLACE IDENTI FICATION

NUMBERS HERE L

FROM 0.005 IN TO 0.020 IN C TOLERANCE ON (T) +oOOO1 IN. FROM 0,020 IN TO 0.050 IN, C TOLERANCE ON (T) 2,%8!25 IN.

B THICKNESS OF PENETRAMETER = OVER 0.050 IN. TO AND INCLUDING 01160 IN@

TOLERANCE ON THICKNESS (T) k ~ 0 0 5 I N .

C THICKNESS OF PENETRAMETER = OVER 0.160 IN.

TOLERANCE ON THICKNESS (T) f.010 IN.

DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES

LENGTH AND WIDTH OR DIAMETER f I /64 IN. HOLE DIAMETER +IO PERCENT

SH 13202626 HOLE LOCATION f 1/64 IN.

FIGURE 4 . Penetrameter designs.

65


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GROUP

GROUP

GROUP

GROUP

GROUP

I.

I I

1 1 1

IV

V

MIL-STD-271F N D m 799971L 0 0 5 9 9 0 6 7 m ~~ ~ ~~

I’lILiSTD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

SH 13202627

FIGURE 4 A . Penetrameter ident i f icat ion notching.

66

DETAIL OF NOTCHES


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27 June 1986

I

I I : . _

67

.. - . . . . ._.. -. .~~ . ._ -:$: .".: .-.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ......... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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3.0X

2.8X

2.6X n

E-l 2.4X W 2 !a 2.2x k W 2.ox 3 i3 5 I .8X W $ I .6X

I .2x

I .ox


3

1/8 114 V 2 314 I 1-114 1-112 1-314 2 SOURCE LENGTH (INCHES)

SH 12546

NOTE: To f ind t he SFD t o use with a given source, f ind the minimum SFD from 3 . 3 . 6 , and mul t ip ly t h i s va lue by the l ength- fac tor from the above curve.

FIGURE 4C. Recommended increase in source- to- f i lm d is tance for var ious radioisotope sources with lengths greater than 1 /8 inch.

68


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I ï

a

*

'+

SH 12549

FIG. 5-1

RADIATION

1 1 1 1 1 SINGLE WALL NO REIN-

-STRIP. FORCEMENT, h0 BACK-UP

r

1 FILM

SEE NOTE A' RADIATION

FIG. 5-2 SINGLE WALL, WELD REIN- FORCEMENT, NO BACK-UP STRIP

SEE MEA' RADIATION

FIG. 5-3 4 + .c 4 SINGLE WALL,WELD REIN- FORCEMENT, BACK-UP STRIP

SEE NOTE A / RADIATION

FIG. 5-4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

v I ,.,YULU

SINGLE WALL, INTEGRAL BACKING RING, WELD REIN- FORCEMENT.

P

SYMBOLS P=PENETRAMETER Sh=SHIM SEE t,=MATERIAL THICK- NOTE

NESS UPON WHlCh A THE PENETRAMETER NOTE A: THE FILM SHALL BE LOCATED IS EASED.

1, =SPECIMEN THICKNESS AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE OBJECT BEING RADIOGRAPHED.

SEE NOTE A

'ER NOTE A: THE FILM SHALL BE LOCATED S POSSIBLE TO THE ING RADIOGRAPHED.

Ac. N hpc A

FIGURE 5 . Examples of mater ia l th ickness (Tm) and specimen thickness (Ts) .



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MIL-STD-27LF ND m 77777LL 0057730 7 m ~~ ~~ .~ ~~ ~~

I’IIL-STD-Z71F(SH) 27 June 1986

RADIATION

SINGLE WALL WELD REINFORCEMENT CLADDING RE~EPOSITED OVER WEU> th BASE METAL,

NOTE 8. EVEN THOUGH THE BASE MATERIAL MAY BE CLADDED ON BOTH SIDES,THE THICKNESS ON WHICH THE PENETRA- METER IS BASED IS STILL T E ORlGlNAl THICKNESS OF THE BASE MATERIAL.

RADIATION

FIG, 5-6 DOUBLE WALL, DOUBLE WALL VIEWING WELD REINFORCEMENT

IS BASED ON THE DOUBLE WALL THICKNESS. SEE TABLE m. AND BA~K-UP STRIP, PENETRAME TER

*2% OF 2tmFOR 2-LEVEL, I % OF 2tmFOR I- LEVEL, AND 4% OF 2tm FOR 4 -LEVEL RADIOGRAPHY

NOTE C, THE THICKNESS OF THE SHIM FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF A CONSUMABLE IN- SERT WELD SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH FIG. 5-2,

NOTE A. THE FILM SHALL BE LOCATED AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE OBJECT BEING RADIOGRAPHED,

SH 12549

FIGURE 5 . Examples of material thíckness(T,) and specimen thickness (Ts) . - Continued

70


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NLL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

RADIATION

NOTE A.

FOR RADIOGRAPHY OFA CONSUM- THE THICKNESS OF THE SHIM

ABLE INSERT WELD SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH FIG. 5-2.

NOTE B.

SH 12549

THE FILM SHALL BE LOCATED AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE OB- JECT BEING RADIOGRAPHED.

P I i \ r FIGURE 5-7

DOUBLE WALL, SINGLE WALL VIEWING

ONLY THE PORTION OF THE WELD NEXT TO THE FILM IS TO BE VIEWED. PENETRAMETER (Pl) MAY BE PLACED INSIDE OF PIPE FOR EACH EXPOSURE, OR A TECHNIQUE SHOT, AS SHOWN, MAY ESTABLISH WHICH FILM-SIDE PENETRAMETER (P2' P3 ,OR P J SHALL BE USED IN SUBSEQUENT EXPOSURES,

IF INSIDE OF PIPE IS NOT ACCESSIBLE.

FIGURE 5. Examples of material thickness (Tm) and specimen thickness ( T s ) . - Continued

7 1


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IlIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

NOTE A

THE FILM SHALL BE LOCATED AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE OBJECT BEING RADIO- GRAPHED

NOTE B

FIGURE 5-8 PENETRATION WELD, SINGLE WALL (SEE NOTE C )

THE FILM MAY BE LOCATED INSIDE THE VESSEL 1F.A TRIAL EXPOSURE DEMONSTRATES THAT THE REQUIRED QUALITY EXPOSURE LEVEL CAN BE OBTAINED

SEE NOTE A

FIGURE 5-9 ROOT CONNECTION WELD, SINGLE WALL (SEE NOTE c )

NOTE C

PENETRAMETERS, BASED ON WELD THlCKNESS(t,,,fNDt,,,,j TO OUALtFY VARIOUS THICK- NESSES OF WELD. THIRD PENETRAMETERS, BASED ON AVERAGE THICKNESS OF WELD

. TO BE USED IF REQUIRED. MULTIPLE EXPOSURE IF NECESSARY TO OBTAIN READABLE DENSITY OVER COMPLETE WIDTH OF WELD.

SH 12549

FIGURE 5 , Examples of m a t e r i a 1 t h i c k n e s s (T,,,) and specimen t h i c k n e s s (Ts). - Cont inued

72

. .

a

i

a Provided by IHS Licensee=VSE Corp Specs/9957810104


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MIL-STD-271F ND m 7737711 0057733 LI m

l :

FíIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

EIGHT LOW CARBON STEEL PIE SECTfONS, FURNACE BRAZED TOGETHER.

3 ' / NONFERROUS HANDLE OF ANY CONVENIENT LENGTH

----y\--- \ I /

I

" \

' I

& MAX. BRAZE WELD OR MECHANICALLY ATTACH 'NONFERROUS TRUNNiONS.

I " 7 COPPER PLATE, ABOUT 0.010 INCH

t

SH 12550

FIGURE 6. Magnetic field indicator.

73


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MIL-STD-273F ND m 9777933 0057934 b W ~ ~~ ~"

PIIL- STD - 2 7 1F ( S I ) 27 June 1986

t

Sound Beam Entrance

SH 12551

FIGURE 7. Skip distance example.

-

74


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SH 13202629

FIGURE 7A. Accepted scanning techniques for butt welds.

75


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9

8

7

AMPLITUDE 6

OF

HIGH 5

SIGNAL 4

3

2 I

I

SH 13202630

bIIL-STD-Z71F(SH) 27 June 1986

UP

IO I I

-

-

I I I I I t I .5 2 2,s

RATIO OF HIGH SIGNAL To LOW SIGNAL

FIGURE 8. -Typical ultrasonic calibration plot for vertical linearity.


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- MIL-STD-272F N D m 9 9 3 9 9 3 3 0059937 3 W

~~ ~~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~


SURFACE FINISH TO BE APPROXIMATELY 125 ra AS COMPARED TO SURFACE FINISH STANDARDS 6- 3/64 DIA THROUGH HOLES

T f 2-3/4 t

T T 2 2-V4 2- 1/2

1-112 1-3/4 9

* J2 D

f I

A l l dimensions in inches.

SH 12553

FIGURE 9 . Typical reference calibration standard (sensitivity).

77


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PIIL-STD-271F(SHj 27 June 1986

SH 12554

FIGURE

SH 12555

1

7

DRL

Al I

10.

dimensions in inches.

Typical v iewing screen cal ibrat ion (but t welds) (with dB c o n t r o l ) .

ARL

Y

A l l dimensions in inches.

FIGURE 11. Typical v iewing screen cal ibrat ion (but t welds) (without dB c o n t r o l ) .

[ I /4 I 3/4 I I -1/4 I k-3/4 , 2-1/4 j DRL

I 1/2 1 I ’ 1-1/2 I 2 I

. !



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-MIL-STD-27 1F (SH) 27 June 1986

SCANNING PROCEDURES FOR WELDS NOT GROUND FLUSH

SCANNING PROCEDURES FOR WELDS GROUND FLUSH

SH 12556

FIGURE 12. Scanning procedures for welds.

7 9


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WIDTH OF INSPECTION ZONE

THROUGH MEMBER

INSPECTION ZONE

ATTACHMENT MEMBER

AI I dimensions in inches.

SH 12557

FIGURE 13. Scanning procedure for tee welds.

80


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~lIL-STD-271F(SH) 27 June 1986

IO

4 3 2 I O :1 ARL

DRL

All dimensions in inches. PL = Plats thickness.

SH 12558

FIGURE 14. Typical v iewing screen cal ibrat ion ( tee welds) (with dB c o n t r o l ) .

I I I IV

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I O

ARL

DRL

- a

SH 12559 All dimensions in inches. PL= Plate thickness.

FIGURE 15. Typical v iewing screen cal ibrat ion ( tee welds) (without dB con t ro l ) .

81


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I I INSPECTION ZONE 1/

SH 12560

FIGURE 16. Surface opposite attachment member access ib le .

j, ,I\ INSPECTION ZONE -!./

:

T '

I/THE INSPECTION ZONE MAY BE EXPANDED AS NECESSARY WITHIN THE PLATE OR WEID. THE SAME SCANNING PROCEDURES MAY BE APPLIED TO PARTIAL PENETRATION TEE WELDS.

SH 12561

FIGURE 1 7 . Surface opposite at tachment member not access ib le .


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~ MIL-STD-27LF N D m 77777LL 0 0 5 7 7 2 3 7 W

MIL-STD-27 1F (SH) 27 June 1986

ìHIP WELO IDENnFlCATlON OlSCONTlNUlTlES

I RAME

PORT

0 RT 1 !:AHER 3 HALF SKIP 0 OTHER MT 3 FULL SKIP O C O M P

0 OTHER 0 STBD

0 DOT. STATION

UT IN LIEU OF

IrnpeCtlon Surface J ACCEPTABLE 7 UNACCEPTABLE

WELD WlOTH PLATE THICKNESS LATE MATERIAL 0 INSlOE 0 OUTSIDE O OTHER

-hStIlhllWlt K R . and MOOEL NUMBER SERIAL NO.

REOUENCY SIZE Transducr

SFRIAL NO. ANGLE

OUPLANT CALIBRATION STO. NO.

I EST PROCEOURE ACCEPTANCE STO.

YSPECTED BY

0 REJECT

OATE JOB OROER NO. WELO LENGTH REOUESTEO 0 ACCEPT RECEIVE0 BY WELO LENGTH INSPECTE0

MELO JOINT OETAIL-

L : I I B I I I I t I

f PLAN VIEW I - STA STA

A A

-

SH 12562

FIGURE 18. Ultrasonic weld inspec t ion record .

83

. . Provided by IHS Licensee=VSE Corp Specs/9957810104 Not for Resale, 02/24/2009 06:53:47 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

--```,,``,`,`,,`,,`,,``,,`,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

MIL-STD-271F ND W 7 7 7 7 7 1 1 0057724 7 W ~ ~~

FIIL-STD-27 lF(SH) 27 June 1986

Note that the centerlmo of the SECTIONAL V!EWS

proba approximately bisects the angle of the weld profile exposed I t the Tor area. (Le., L A=Z L E)

Note lhat the working edge of the probe is ln ful l alinement with the weld bead at the toe orea.

SH 12563

FIGURE 19. Recommended probe-to-weld attitude for eddy current standardization and scanning operations.

RLC U.8. 60VERNIIENt PRINTXNB OFFICE: 1986 - bOS-056/44796

" .

i

'€


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MIL-STD-271, Requirments for NDT

Documents