MIKROBA YANG BERPERAN DALAM BIOMETALURGI & METABOLISMENYA Oleh Siti K Chaerun Geomicrobiology-Biomining & Biocorrosion Laboratory, Microbial Culture Collection Laboratory, Biosciences & Biotechnology Research Center (BBRC) Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Mining & Petroleum Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung [email protected]; [email protected]Cell phone: 087878590709 (WhatsApp)
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MIKROBA YANG BERPERAN DALAM BIOMETALURGI & METABOLISMENYA
Oleh
Siti K ChaerunGeomicrobiology-Biomining & Biocorrosion Laboratory, Microbial Culture Collection Laboratory,
Biosciences & Biotechnology Research Center (BBRC)Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Mining & Petroleum Engineering
Di alam semesta ini ada 3 domain makluk hidup berdasarkan filogenetika molekuler (dari gen rRNA) yaitu: Bacteria, Archaea dan Eucarya
No protein coat
No DNA or RNA
Molecular PhylogenyMolecular phylogenetics is the branch of phylogeny that analyses hereditary molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography.
Phylogeny: the development or evolution of a particular group of organisms
Systematics: the study of systems and the principles of classification and nomenclature
The classification and naming of organisms in an ordered system that is intended to indicate natural relationships, especially evolutionary relationships.
Structure of a prokaryotic cell
plasmid – extra-chromosomal DNA
Cellular Structures of Bacterial Cells
Plasmids
S-layer
: penentu bentuk sel & pendukung struktur
Gram + vs. Gram – Cell Walls
A: A TEM image of a Bacillus subtilis cell wallB: Representation of the overall structure of a Gram-positive bacterium
A: A TEM image of a Synechococcus PCC7942 cell wall B: Representation of the overall structure of a Gram-negative bacterium
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A comparison of the detailed structure of a gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls
Gram Positive Gram Negative
17
Cell membrane
-same structure as eukaryotic cells. -three main components:
1) bilayer of phospholipid
2) proteins
3) carbohydrates (CHO)-attached to the protein or the lipid as:
a] glycoproteins - membrane proteins with short pieces of CHO attached
b] glycolipids - phospholipids with short pieces of CHO attached
18Phospholipids - Membrane molecules
19From Black 2002
3. Cell Membrane
A general comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and viruses
Overall macromolecular composition of an average E. Coli cell
Bacteria Archaea• Lipid nya mengandung
fatty acid yang terhubung dengan glycerol dg “ester bond”.
• Lipid nya pada umumnya adalah bilayer.
• Ada yang “lack of wall” yaitu genus Mycoplasma
• Kebanyakan cell wall nya mengandung peptidoglycan YANG tersusun dari muramic acid.
• Bisa juga punya S-layer, tapi S-layer ini bukan sbg struktur cell wall satu-satunya.
• Lipid nya mengandung “isoprenoid side chains” yang terhubung dengan glycerol dg “ether bond”.
• Lipid nya bbrp adalah monolayer yang mengandung glycerol tetraethers.
• Ada yang “lack of wall” yaitu genus Thermoplasma.
• Sebagian kecil cell wall nya mengandung peptidoglycan YANG TIDAK tersusun dari muramic acid, dimana polimer peptidoglycannya berbeda dari polimer peptidoglycan bakteri.
• Punya S-layer sbg pengganti peptidoglycan dan S-layer ini dapat sbg struktur cell wall satu-satunya.
• S-layer adalah monolayer yg merupakan protein tunggal yg berfungsi sbg shape dan integritas struktur sel.
S-layer: : terdiri dari protein dan glycoprotein dengan BM 24,000~150,000dan mempunyai asam amino lengkap kecuali cysteine dan methionine kandungannya sangat sedikit.
TEM image of the cyanobacterium Synechococcusstrain GL24 showing the S-layer as its outmost surface layer.
Berperan penting dalam cell membranes sebagai cell surface receptor molecules
Energy source
sunlight photo-
-troph
Preformed molecules chemo-
Electron donor
organic compound organo-
inorganic compound litho-
Carbon source
organic compound hetero-
inorganic compound auto-
Classification of organisms based on their metabolism
Nutrisi:The chemicals from the environment of which a cell is builtLitho: stone -troph: Of, relating to, or characterized by a specified kind of nutritionHeterotroph: (different) An organism that is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition because it cannot synthesize its own food.Autotroph: (Self) An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy.
Metabolisme Mikroba Biometalurgi• Nutrisi: the chemicals from the environment of which a cell is built
– Nutrients are taken up into the cell and are changed into cell constituents
• Anabolism/Biosynthesis: The process by which a cell is built up from the simple nutrients obtained from its environment .– An energy-requiring process– Each cell must thus have a means of obtaining energy.– Energy source is obtanied from the environment (sources: light
and oxidation of chemicals)• Catabolism: the process by which chemicals are broken down and
energy released– Chemicals used as energy sources are broken down into simpler
constituents and as this breakdown occurs, energy is released– Cell also needs energy for other cell functions, such as cell
movement (motility) and transport of nutrients.
A simplified view of the major features of cell metabolism
A typical growth curve for a bacterial population. Compare the difference in the shape of the curves in the death phase (colony-forming units versus optical density)
Fase-fase pertumbuhan mikroba
CO2
CO2
BiosynthesisOther organic compoundsSO4
-2NO3-
O2
Inorganic compounds CO2
O2
CO2
H2, H2S, NH3
Metabolisme bakteri heterotrofik secara aerob
Metabolisme bakteri heterotrofik secara anaerob
Aerobic (blue) or anaerobic (red) mineralization of an organic compound
Aerobic respiration
Fermentasi: microbes perform internally balanced oxidation-reduction reactions of organic compounds with the release of energy
-only partial oxidation of the C atoms of the organic compound occurs and thus only a small amount of the potential energy available is released.
Red form
Red forme.g., NADH
ox form
Summary of the various toxic influences of metals on the microbial cell demonstrating the ubiquity of metal toxicity. Metal toxicity generally inhibits cell division and
metabolisms. As a result of this ubiquity, microorganisms have to develop “global” mechanisms of resistance that protect the entire cell from metal toxicity.
Translation: The process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid sequence of a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis.
In response to metal toxicity, many microorganisms have developed unique mechanisms to resist and detoxify harmful metals. These mechanisms of resistance may be intracellular or extracellular
and may be specific to a particular metal, or a general mechanisms able to interact with a variety of metals.
E. pumps: (A flowing outward.) An active transport system for the removal of some antibiotics (such as tetracyclines, macrolides, and quinolones) from bacterial cells
Metallothionein (MT) is a family of cysteine-rich, low molecular weight (MW ranging from 500 to 14000 Da) proteins.
Cysteine(abbreviated as Cys or C) is an α-amino acid with the chemical formulaHO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH.
TEM images of the attractive network formation of bacterial cells consisting of short and long rod-shaped bacteria and spherical bacteria attached to the edges of hexagonal kaolinite (a) and tubular halloysite (b) in R2 after 64 days of incubation.
Chaerun et al., 2004
• Chemolithotrophs• Chemoorganotrophs• Mixotrophs
• Pengoksidasi Fe• Pengoksidasi S• Asidofilik• Tahan terhadap metal• Produksi