Mikhail Zhivlov - Studies in Uralic vocalism III

7212019 Mikhail Zhivlov - Studies in Uralic vocalism III

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullmikhail-zhivlov-studies-in-uralic-vocalism-iii 145

В Е С Т Н И К Р Г Г У

16 (138)

Научный журнал

Серия laquoФилологические науки Языкознаниеraquo



Российский государственный гуманитарный университет

Институт языкознания Российской Академии наук

Вопросы языкового родстваМеждународный научный журнал

12 (2014)

Москва 2014



Russian State University for the Humanities

Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Journal of Language RelationshipInternational Scientific Periodical

Nordm

12 (2014)

Moscow 2014



Редакционный совет

Вяч Вс ИВАНОВ (Москва ndash Лос-Анджелес) председатель

Х АЙХНЕР

(Вена)М Е А ЛЕКСЕЕВ (Москва)

В Б ЛАЖЕК (Брно)

У БЭКСТЕР (Анн Арбор)

В Ф ВЫДРИН (Париж)

М ГЕЛЛ-МАНН (Санта-Фе)

Ф КОРТЛАНДТ (Лейден)

А ЛУБОЦКИЙ (Лейден)

Дж МЭЛЛОРИ 983080Белфаст983081

А Ю МИЛИТАРЕВ (Москва)

Л ХАЙМАН (Беркли)

Редакционная коллегия

В А ДЫБО (главный редактор)

Г С СТАРОСТИН (заместитель главного редактора)

Т А МИХАЙЛОВА (ответственный секретарь)

К В БАБАЕВ

А В ДЫБО

А С КАСЬЯНС В КУЛЛАНДА

М А МОЛИНА

И С ЯКУБОВИЧ

Журнал основан К В БАБАЕВЫМ

copy Российский государственный гуманитарный университет 2014



Advisory Board

Vyach Vs IVANOV (Moscow ndash Los Angeles California) Chairman

M E ALEXEEV

(Moscow)W BAXTER (Ann Arbor Michigan)

V BLAŽEK (Brno)

H EICHNER (Vienna)

M GELL-MANN (Santa Fe New Mexico)

L HYMAN (Berkeley)

F KORTLANDT (Leiden)

A LUBOTSKY (Leiden)

J P MALLORY (Belfast)

A YU MILITAREV (Moscow)

V F VYDRIN (Paris)

Editorial Staff

V A DYBO (Editor-in-Chief)

G S STAROSTIN (Managing Editor)

T A MIKHAILOVA (Editorial Secretary)

K V BABAEV

A V DYBO

A S KASSIANS V KULLANDA

M A MOLINA

I S YAKUBOVICH

Founded by Kirill BABAEV

copy Russian State University for the Humanities 2014



УДК 81(05)ББК 81я5

Вопросы языкового родства Международный научный журнал Рос гос гуманитар ун-т Рос акад наук Ин-т языкознания под ред В А Дыбо ― М 2014 ― 12 ―x + 176 с ― (Вестник РГГУ Научный журнал Серия laquoФилологические науки Языко-знаниеraquo 16 (138))

Journal of Language Relationship International Scientific Periodical Russian State Uni-

versity for the Humanities Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Linguistics Ed byV A Dybo ― Moscow 2014 ― No 12 ― x + 176 p ― (RSUH Bulletin Scientific Peri-

odical Linguistics Series No 16 (138))

ISSN 1998-6769

httpwwwjolrru journaljolrru

Дополнительные знаки С Г БолотовAdd-on symbols by S G Bolotov

Подписано в печать 14082014 Формат 60times908Бум офсетная

Печать офсетная Тираж 1050 экзЗаказ

Отпечатано в полном соответствии с качествомпредоставленного оригинал-макета

в laquoНаша Полиграфияraquo г Калуга ул Грабцевское шоссе 126 Лиц ПЛД 42-29 от 231299



Table of Contents Содержание

Table of Contents Содержание vii

Contributors Сведения об авторах ix

Note for Contributors Будущим авторам x

Articles Статьи

Albert Davletshin A seemingly on-going sound change in Takuu language of Papua New

Guinea historical and theoretical implications 1[ А И Давлетшин Кажущийся синхронный звуковой переход в языке таку Папуа mdash Новой Гвинеиего значение для сравнительного полинезийского языкознания и теории звуковых переходов]

М Н Саенко Инновации в прабалтийском и праславянском списках Сводеша

как аргумент в споре о балтославянском единстве 21[ Mikhail Saenko Innovations in the Proto-Baltic and Proto-Slavic Swadesh lists as an argumentin the discussion on Balto-Slavic genetic unity]

Timothy Usher Bulaka River Consonants 31[Т Ашер Реконструкция системы консонантизма семьи Булака-Ривер]

М Е Васильев Г C Старостин Лексикостатистическая классификация нубийских

языков к вопросу о нильско-нубийской языковой общности 51

[ Michail Vasilyev George Starostin Lexicostatistical classification of the Nubian languages and the issueof the Nile-Nubian genetic unity]

И С Якубович К происхождению рефлексивных клитик в анатолийских языках 73[Ilya Yakubovich The genesis of Anatolian clitic reflexives]

Mikhail Zhivlov Studies in Uralic vocalism III 113[ М А Живлов Исследования по уральскому вокализму III]

Book Reviews Рецензии

Rainer VOSSEN (ed) The Khoesan Languages 2013 (George Starostin Г C Старостин) 149

James P MALLORY The Origins of the Irish 2013 (Т А Михайлова Tatyana Mikhailova) 154

Языки мира Реликтовые индоевропейские языки Передней и Центральной Азии

[Languages of the World Relict Indo-European languages of Western and Central

Asia] 2013 ( А И Солопов Aleksey Solopov) 165

Periodic reviews Периодика

The Journal of Indo-European Studies vol 41 No 1ndash2 2013

( М И Кудринский Maksim Kudrinsky)

168




Reports Хроника

IX традиционные чтения памяти С А Старостина

Москва РГГУ 27mdash28 марта 2014 г ( М А Молина Maria Molina) 173[The 9th Traditional Conference in Memory of S A Starostin Moscow RSUH March 27ndash28 2014]



Contributors

Albert Davletshin mdash candidate of sciences (History) researcher

Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies Russian State

University for the Humanities (Moscow)

aldavletshinmailru

Maksim Kudrinsky mdash postgraduate student at the Institute ofOriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Mos-

cow) kudrinskigmailcom

Tatyana Mikhailova mdash doctor of sciences (Philology) professor

Department of Germanic and Celtic Studies Faculty of Phi-

lology Lomonosov Moscow State University (Moscow)

tamihmsumailru

Maria Molina mdash postgraduate student Institute of Linguistics

Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow)

mariamolinamecom

Mikhail Saenko mdash postgraduate student of the General and Com-

parative Linguistics Department Faculty of Philology and

Journalism Southern State University (Rostov-on-Don)

veraetatisyandexru Aleksey Solopov mdash doctor of sciences (Philology) head of De-

partment of Classical Studies Faculty of Philology Lo-

monosov Moscow State University (Moscow)

scatebrmailru

George Starostin mdash candidate of sciences (Philology) head of De-

partment of the history and philology of the Far East Insti-

tute for Oriental and Classical Studies RSUH (Moscow)

head of Department of Oriental studies and comparative-

historical linguistics School for Advanced Studies in theHumanities RANEPA (Moscow) gstarstrinetru sds

Timothy Usher mdash external researcher Santa Fe Institute

timothyushergmailcom

Michail Vasilyev mdash researcher School for Advanced Studies in

the Humanities RANEPA (Moscow)

mvhumanitygmailcom

Ilya Yakubovich mdash candidate of sciences (Philology) research as-

sociate Institute of World Cultures Lomonosov Moscow

State University sogdiana783gmailcom

Mikhail Zhivlov mdash candidate of sciences (Philology) senior lec-

turer Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies Russian

State University for the Humanities (Moscow) researcher

School for Advanced Studies in the Humanities RANEPA(Moscow) researcher Department of Uralo-Altaic Studies

Institute of Linguistics Russian Academy of Sciences (Mos-

cow) zhivlovgmailcom

Сведения об авторах

Ашер Тимоти mdash науч сотрудник Институт Санта-Фе (Нью-

Мексико США) timothyushergmailcom

Васильев Михаил Евгеньевич mdash науч сотрудник ШГИРАНХиГС (Москва) mvhumanitygmailcom

Давлетшин Aльберт Иршатович mdash канд истор наук преп

Института восточных культур и античности РГГУ (Моск-

ва) aldavletshinmailru

Живлов Михаил Александрович mdash канд филол наук ст преп

сектора компаративистики отдела научных исследова-

ний ИВКА РГГУ науч сотрудник ШГИ РАНХиГС науч

сотрудник отдела урало-алтайских языков Института

языкознания РАН (Москва) zhivlovgmailcom

Кудринский Максим Иванович mdash аспирант Института восто-

коведения РАН (Москва) kudrinskigmailcom

Михайлова Татьяна Андреевна mdash доктор филол наук проф

кафедры германской и кельтской филологии филологи-ческого факультета МГУ (Москва) tamihmsumailru

Молина Мария Александровна mdash аспирант Института языко-

знания РАН (Москва) mariamolinamecom

Саенко Михаил Николаевич mdash аспирант кафедры общего исравнительного языкознания факультета филологии и

журналистики Южного федерального университета

(Ростов-на-Дону) veraetatisyandexru

Солопов Алексей Иванович mdash доктор филол наук зав кафед-

рой классической филологии филологического факуль-

тета МГУ (Москва) scatebrmailru

Старостин Георгий Сергеевич mdash канд филол наук зав ка-

федрой истории и филологии дальнего востока ИВКА

РГГУ зав Центром востоковедения и сравнительно-

исторического языкознания ШГИ РАНХиГС (Москва)

gstarstrinetru

Якубович Илья Сергеевич mdash канд филол наук научный

сотрудник Института мировой культуры МГУ (Москва)sogdiana783gmailcom



Journal of Language Relationship bull Вопросы языкового родства bull 12 (2014) bull Pp 113mdash148 bull copy Zhivlov M 2014

Mikhail ZhivlovRussian State University for the Humanities School for Advanced Studies in the Humanities RANEPA (Moscow) zhivlovyandexru

Studies in Uralic vocalism III

The paper discusses three issues in the history of Uralic vocalism the change of Proto-Uralicvowel combination aumlauml to Proto-Finnic ae the fate of Proto-Uralic before velar consonantsin Finnic Saami and Mordvin and the possibility of reconstructing two distinct vowels inPU non-initial syllables instead of a of the traditional reconstruction It is argued that thedevelopment of Uralic vocalism must be described in terms of strict sound laws and not of ldquosporadic developmentsrdquo

Keywords Uralic languages Finno-Ugric languages historical phonetics proto-language re-construction Proto-Uralic vocalism

ldquoIt was customary to vindicate this unpredictability of the PU reconstruction either by claiming that phoneticdevelopment is not governed by laws but only followscertain trends of limited influence hellip or by stating thatlaw-abiding development is accompanied by numerouschanges of a sporadic nature Lately however in Uralicstudies (as well as in other branches of linguistics) theideas of classical comparative linguistics mdash among them

the Neo-grammarian-type notion of strict phonetic lawsmdash have gained momentum again This at once creates adilemma to find the lacking laws mdash or to reconsider thereconstruction itselfrdquo [Helimski 1984 242]

0 Introduction

The present article is based on the following assumption the historical development of theUralic languages follows the same principles as the historical development of any other language family in the world Therefore we must apply in Uralic studies the same Neogrammarian methodology that was successfully applied in the study of other language families notably IndoEuropean but also Algonquian Austronesian Bantu and many others The

basic tenet of this methodology is the principle of regularity of sound laws (ldquodie Ausnahmslosigkeit der Lautgesetzerdquo) Taking this principle seriously means that we cannot invoke ldquosporadic developmentsrdquo as an explanation in historical phonology

Unfortunately only a few works in the field of ProtoUralic reconstruction are written inthe Neogrammarian framework The most important of these are the groundbreaking studies

This paper was prepared as part of the research program ldquoTraditional foundations of modern cultures and

macroregions of the Orientrdquo (School for Advanced Studies in the Humanities RANEPA Moscow) I am muchobliged to Ante Aikio Juho Pystynen and Kirill Reshetnikov for their comments that have helped to improve thispaper Any remaining mistakes are my own responsibility



Mikhail Zhivlov

114

by J Janhunen [Janhunen 1981] and P Sammallahti [Sammallahti 1988] as well as a number ofarticles by Ante Aikio [Aikio 2002 Aikio 2006 Aikio 2012 Aikio 2014 SUE I SUE II SUE III]The opposite tradition in the Uralic studies is represented by the most authoritative etymological dictionary of the Uralic languages Uralisches Etymologisches Woumlrterbuch [UEW] Thiswork fundamental as it is is written in a preNeogrammarian tradition its authors view thesound change as essentially sporadic in nature The reconstructions in UEW are actually ldquoprereconstructionsrdquo in the sense of [Peiros 1997 275] that is they are not based on a proper set ofphonological correspondences but rather on the intuition of the authors

Below we will try to show that at least some of the developments in the history of Uralicvocalism usually viewed as ldquosporadicrdquo can be accounted for as a result of regular sound change

1 The change 983082auml983085auml gt 983082983137983085983141 in Proto-Finnic

It is a wellknown fact that many etyma reconstructed for ProtoUralic with the vowel combination1 aumlauml have ProtoFinnic reflexes with the vowel combination ae or ōe (preProtoFinnic ae of whatever origin yields ProtoFinnic ōe if the single intervocalic consonant is PUr l m n δ or j [Aikio 2012 232ndash241]) The shift aumlauml gt ae was long thought to be an irregular development2 Recently however P Kallio has noted that the shift in question ldquoin factoccurred more often than not in the case of the earliest vocabularyrdquo [Kallio 2012 168] Kalliogoes on to remark that ldquodiphthong aumlj perhaps blocked the developmentrdquo in the words paumlivaumllsquosunrsquo and aumlimauml lsquoneedlersquo [ibid] We think that Kalliorsquos conclusion can be restated in strongerterms ProtoUralic vowel combination aumlauml regularly yielded ae in Finnic The shift was

blocked when auml in the first syllable was followed by j or š (gt h in ProtoFinnic) After j andć3 (no cases with initial ń are known to us) aumlauml apparently yielded aumle

The following examples support our conclusions1) aumlauml gt ae (gt ōe)

PU kaumllauml lsquoto wadersquo gt Est koole (gen koolme) lsquofordrsquo [Aikio 2012 238]PU kaumlsauml lsquodew hoarfrostrsquo gt Fi kasi ( kase-) lsquocold mist steam smoke coal gasrsquo [Aikio 2012

238]PU laumlmauml lsquorash scabrsquo gt Fi luomi ( luome-) lsquobirthmark eyelidrsquo [Aikio 2012 238]PU paumllauml lsquoside halfrsquo gt Fi puoli ( puole-) [Aikio 2012 238]PU paumlrtauml lsquoboardrsquo gt Fi parsi ( parte-) lsquobeam stallrsquo [Sammallahti 1988 548]

1 By ldquovowel combinationrdquo we mean the vowels of the first and second syllables viewed together This term is

useful when we speak of Uralic languages where second syllable vowels frequently affect the development of vowels in the first syllable

2 The only exception is [ОСНЯ I IXndashX] where a separate Proto-Uralic vowel combination aumla (distinct fromaumlauml) is set up in order to account for this correspondence

3 Following [Sammallahti 1988] we reconstruct only one Proto-Uralic phoneme in the place of traditionalś and ć However unlike Sammallahti we prefer to interpret this phoneme as an affricate ć for the followingreasons 1) The phoneme in question behaves like č and unlike s and š it forms clusters with a preceding ho-morganic nasal (clusters ns and nš either did not exist in Proto-Uralic or were extremely rare while cluster nč was rather frequent) and geminates (geminate ss and šš were definitely absent in Proto-Uralic) 2) The supposedunconditioned shift ś gt ć in Proto-Saami looks typologically quite strange Unconditioned developments of thetype ldquoaffricate gt fricativerdquo are much more common than the reverse One may object that the parallel independent

development ć gt ś (except in clusters) in all branches save Saami also strains credibility but here we have a per-fect analogy in the history of Iranian languages where Proto-Iranian c yielded s in all daughter languages exceptfor South-Western Iranian where it yielded θ (see [Mayrhofer 1989 4 6])




115

PU saumlksauml lsquodirtrsquo gt Kar soaksi ( soakse-)4 lsquodirt (eg in hair or wool) dandruffrsquo [Ante Aikio pc]PU saumlppauml lsquobilersquo gt Fi sappi ( sappe-) [UEW 435]PU saumlrauml lsquoveinrsquo gt Liv sūoŗ ~ zūoŗ lsquosinew veinrsquo [Nikulin nd 1]PU saumlrnauml lsquowillowrsquo gt Fi saarni ( saarne-) lsquoashrsquo [UEW 752 Aikio 2014 137]PU taumllwauml lsquowinterrsquo gt Fi talvi ( talve-) [UEW 516]PU waumlćkauml lsquometalrsquo gt Fi vaski ( vaske-) lsquocopperrsquo [UEW 560]

2) aumlauml gt aumle after palatalpalatalized consonantsPU jaumlwrauml lsquolakersquo gt Fi jaumlrvi ( jaumlrve-) [UEW 633]PU ćaumlnauml lsquoshelf fungusrsquo gt Fi sieni ( siene-)5 [UEW 494]

3) aumlauml preserved before j and š PU aumljjauml lsquoold manrsquo gt Fi aumlijauml [UEW 609]PU aumljmauml lsquoneedlersquo gt Fi aumlimauml [UEW 22]PU paumljwauml lsquoheat sunrsquo gt Fi paumlivauml lsquodayrsquo [UEW 360]PU paumlkšnauml lsquolime treersquo gt Est paumlhn (gen paumlhnauml) lsquoold lime tree elmrsquo [UEW 726]PU ćaumlšnauml lsquowoodpeckerrsquo gt Fi haumlhnauml [UEW 772]PU taumlštauml lsquostarrsquo gt Fi taumlhti ( taumlhte-)6 [UEW 793]PU waumlšauml lsquosmallrsquo gt Fi vaumlhauml [UEW 818]

PU raumlppaumlnauml lsquosmoke holersquo gt Fi raumlppaumlnauml [UEW 743] can be viewed as a conditioned exception if we assume that the shift in question did not operate in stems with more than twosyllables

The following three roots are preserved in Finnic only in derivatives Apparently underived stems were absent in Finnic already at the time of the shift in question

PU saumllauml lsquoto loadrsquo gt Fi saumllyttaumlauml lsquoto load burdenrsquo [Sammallahti 1988 548]

PU ćaumllauml lsquoto cutrsquo gt Fi saumlle lsquolathrsquo [UEW 470]PU taumlktauml lsquoremnantrsquo gt Fi taumlhde lsquoremnant leftoverrsquo [UEW 515]

The absence of vowel lengthening in PU ćaumllauml gt Fi saumlle is due to the fact that -e here belongs to the suffix As far as we know lengthening operates only if -e of the second syllable

belongs to the rootOne more apparent exception was already explained as a loanword Fi jaumlnkauml ~ jaumlnkkauml lsquobogrsquo

is a substrate borrowing from PSaa jeaŋkē lsquobogrsquo lt PU jaumlŋkauml [Aikio 2009 23]We may conclude that the shift aumlauml gt ae can be accounted for in the framework of the

standard comparative method without recourse to the notion of lsquosporadic changersquo

2 PU 983082983145 before velar consonants in Finnic Saami and Mordvin

In a recent work Ante Aikio has conclusively shown that the mysterious correspondenceldquoFinnic ae ōe mdash Saami oaē mdash Mordvin urdquo goes back to the ProtoUralic vowel combination ai and that i developed differently from ai in Saami and Mordvin [Aikio 2013]Aikiorsquos conclusion can be supported by an additional case where the difference between

4 The lengthening of a to ā (gt Kar oa) before sk ks and rn is common if not completely regular in Finnic5 With the regular lengthening aumle gt ēe [Aikio 2012 232ndash241]6 This word exceptionally has an e-stem Ante Aikio (pc) notes that the auml-stem is preserved in the obscure

derivative taumlhdaumltauml ( taumlhtaumlauml-) lsquoto aimrsquo



Mikhail Zhivlov

116

a and is relevant for the historical phonology of Western branches of Uralic7 Consider thefollowing examples

PU jγi lsquoto drinkrsquo gt PFi jō- PSaa juk- PMari8 juumla- PPerm9 jo- Hung i- iv- isz- PSamr- kl-

PU jki lsquoriverrsquo10 gt PFi joke- PSaa jok PMd jov lsquoMoksha riverrsquo PPerm jo PMs j PKh

jāγPU tkti lsquodiverrsquo gt PSaa toktk PMari tokt- PPerm tkt PMs tkt PKh tāktŋ

Here ProtoUralic can be reconstructed on Ugric and Samoyed evidence In Finnic thevowel of the first syllable coincided with PU o in Saami and Mordvin mdash with PU u

In all three examples ProtoUralic in the istem is followed by a velar obstruent If weassume that the development of in this particular position was regular we can add the following example PU kti lsquobearrsquo gt PFi okte- PMd ovt We cannot reconstruct PU o in thisword because o in istems regularly yields u in Mordvin except before ŋ [SUE II 9ndash10] Onemore etymology probably also belongs here as it shows the same vowel reflexes as PU jkiPU ški lsquoto sayrsquo gt PFi hoke lsquoto repeatrsquo PPerm šo-

Two further examples show that the development in question did not occur before thecluster -kć

PU lkći lsquoto adzersquo gt PSaa luokć- PMd lakś- PMari lokšńća-PU ńkćimi lsquogillsrsquo gt PSaa ńuokćm PMari naringšm PPerm ńkćim PMs ńkćām PKh ńākćm

What was the relative chronology of this change with respect to other changes affectingProtoUralic vowels The following developments occurred in the prehistory of both ProtoSaami and ProtoMordvin

A gt u _kγ(C)i (where C ne ć)This is the change described above

B V gt _ γThis change is ascribed in [Sammallahti 1988 523] to ProtoFinnoVolgaic but the real

evidence for it comes only from Saami and Mordvin before γ PU a gt PSaa ā PMd a PU e gtPSaa ie PMd i PU u gt PSaa u PMd PU i gt PSaa i PMd i

C a gt _jThis change was postulated in [Aikio 2013 6] in order to explain the nonapplication of

the following change to the PU stems kaji waji and wajŋiD ai gt oa

This change accounts for the correspondence ldquoFinnic ae ōe mdash Saami oaē mdash Mordvinurdquo [Aikio 2013]

7 In the light of both Aikiorsquos results and our own recent research (summarized in Appendices 2 and 3 to thispaper) we regard the main thesis of [Reshetnikov amp Zhivlov 2011] mdash the supposed complementary distribution between PU a and mdash as erroneous However the distribution of Permic reflexes of PU a and in a-stems thatwas established in that paper remains valid

8 We use Ante Aikiorsquos reconstruction of Proto-Mari vocalism [Aikio 2014]9 Our reconstruction of Proto-Permic vocalism is outlined in Appendix 1 to this paper10 This etymology must be distinguished from PU juka lsquosmall riverrsquo gt PFi juka PKh joγṇ PSam jkaring At

least Finnic and Khanty have reflexes of both roots




117

E ei gt iiLater ii gt PSaa PMd e

F gt aThe result of this change is realized as PMd a and PSaa uo The evidence of early Ger

manic loanwords in Saami shows that PSaa uo goes back to earlier a

The relative chronology of A and B is unclear either A preceded B ( γi gt uγi gt ūγi gtPSaa uk) or the other way round ( γi gt γi gt ūγi gt PSaa uk) C obviously preceded D Balso preceded D which is clear from the fact that the vowel lengthening blocked the application of D to PU saγi lsquoto arrive to getrsquo gt PSaa sāk- PMd saγ- B preceded E PU eγi yieldedPSaa iek A obviously preceded F D also preceded F otherwise ProtoUralic vowel combinations ai and i would yield identical results in Saami and Mordvin

The resulting relative chronology is B C gt D gt F B gt E A gt FThe highly idiosyncratic nature of these sound laws especially of the development ai gt

oa makes it unlikely that the set of changes listed above occurred independently in two dif

ferent languages There are two possibilities 1) this set was transferred through languagecontact from one closely related dialect to another 2) the changes in question occurred in thecommon SaamiMordvin protolanguage or rather protodialect in the FinnoVolgaic dialectcontinuum Note that although the change gt a also occurred in Finnic in Saami and Mordvinit was preceded by four other changes not shared with Finnic

3 Proto-Uralic 983082983137-stems

The Khanty reflexes of PU a and in astems show an apparently unconditioned split aa

yields either PKh ā or ū (ū wordinitially and after labials otherwise) a also yieldseither PKh ā or ū (this time ū after labials otherwise including wordinitial position)Now one might think that the split in question is due to the Khanty ablaut ProtoKhanty hada productive morphophonological alternation between low mid and high vowels wherebysome inflectional and derivational suffixes condition the shift ldquolow vowel gt mid vowelrdquo orldquolow vowel gt high vowelrdquo in the root [Helimski 2001] It may be supposed that unexpectedhigh vowels either (1) result from generalization of high ablaut grade in inflection or (2) aretriggered by lost derivational suffixes Regarding (1) while verbs show in their paradigm bothmid and high ablaut grade high grade is absent in the inflection of nouns (except for a limitednumber of terms of relationship) As for (2) Khanty derivation does indeed include zero suf

fixes that trigger high grade of ablaut The most common of these is the zero suffix of deverbalnouns Cf the following examples

PKh kγl lsquoto runrsquo mdash PKh (attested only in KhTrj) kūγl lsquorunrsquo [DEWOS 457]PKh kāntm lsquoto carry on the backrsquo mdash PKh knt lsquobasket for carrying on the backrsquo [DEWOS

516ndash517]PKh katl lsquoto dawnrsquo mdash PKh ktl lsquoday sunrsquo [DEWOS 571ndash574]PKh lǟlm lsquoto breathe in to sighrsquo PKh lǟlt lsquoto breathersquo mdash PKh līl lsquobreath soulrsquo [DEWOS

749ndash751]

More rare is the zero suffix of denominal nouns also triggering high ablaut grade

PKh jaumlŋk lsquoicersquo [DEWOS 391ndash392] mdash PKh jiŋk lsquowaterrsquo [DEWOS 387ndash390]PKh Lj lsquofingerrsquo mdash PKh Lūj lsquothimble fingerringrsquo [DEWOS 719ndash720]



Mikhail Zhivlov

118

Neither of these suffixes however can explain cases of inherited nouns that preservedtheir ProtoUralic meaning such as PU kala lsquofishrsquo gt PKh kūl lsquofishrsquo PU pata lsquopotrsquo gt PKh pūtlsquopotrsquo PU mksa lsquoliverrsquo gt PKh mūγl lsquoliverrsquo PU sksa lsquoSiberian pinersquo gt PKh Lγl lsquoSiberianpinersquo Moreover we do not know of any ablauttriggering zero verbal suffixes

More important however is the fact that both hypotheses have a common weak point ifanalogical redistribution of ablaut grades andor addition of semantically opaque ablauttriggering zero suffixes operated in Khanty on such a scale that half of reflexes of aa and awere affected by it this process must have left traces in the reflexes of other ProtoUralic vowelcombinations as well Apart from aa and a there are two other ProtoUralic vowel combinations that can have ProtoKhanty ā as their reflex PU i and oa

A quick look at the Khanty reflexes of in istems shows that ablaut played no role here

PU ćmi lsquofish scalesrsquo gt PKh sāmPU čči lsquoduckrsquo gt PKh čāč PU mi lsquobird cherryrsquo gt PKh jmPU δi lsquoyearrsquo gt PKh āl

PU ńi lsquotamersquo gt PKh āń PU ppi lsquofatherinlawrsquo gt PKh pPU pti lsquohair of the headrsquo gt PKh ptPU jki lsquoriverrsquo gt PKh jāγPU lćki lsquoto let gorsquo gt PKh ḷās-PU ńkćimi lsquogillsrsquo gt PKh ńākćmPU ńli lsquoarrowrsquo gt PKh ńālPU ńri lsquotender cartilagersquo gt PKh ńārγPU pći lsquomittensrsquo gt PKh pāsPU sni lsquosinew veinrsquo gt PKh Lān

PU tkti lsquodiverrsquo gt PKh tāktŋIt is striking that not a single case of PKh or ū is attested in this row of correspon

dences The Khanty reflexes of PU oa are less numerous but the picture is essentially thesame five nonsuffixal items show PKh ā while only one word (with a suffix - ) has ō or ū

PU ćoka lsquoa kind of duckrsquo gt PKh sājPU koćka lsquoa kind of duckrsquo gt PKh kāsPU kojra lsquomale animalrsquo gt PKh kārPU kota lsquohousersquo gt PKh kātPU orpas lsquoorphanrsquo gt PKh ōūrp

PU woča lsquofencersquo gt PKh wāč

If the duality of the Khanty reflexes of PU aa and a is not due to analogy or zero ablauttriggering suffixes and no complementary distribution between the two types of reflexes can beestablished within Khanty we may look for external correspondences for this phenomenon Thefollowing cases of seemingly unconditioned splits in other branches of Uralic are worth considering

1) Mari reflects ProtoUralic nouns of the shape CVCa (where intervocalic -C is a singleconsonant) either as CVC or as CVC11 The distribution between the two types of reflexes is unknown

11 Mordvin also reflects PU CVCa nouns as either CVC or CVC But here most cases of CVC nouns resultfrom the specifically Mordvin process Cal gt Cal [Понарядов 2013 115] cf such cases as PU kala lsquofishrsquo gt MdM kal MdE kal PU pala lsquobitrsquo gt MdM pal lsquomeatrsquo MdE pal lsquobitrsquo PU wala lsquoword songrsquo gt MdM val lsquowordrsquo MdE val lsquowordrsquo




119

2) Hungarian has both aacute and a as reflexes of ProtoUralic a and in astems Again conditions for the split are not known

3) ProtoSamoyed reflects ProtoUralic second syllable a as either aring or with no apparent distribution

We suppose that all these phenomena are connected The following correspondences can be established

1) PU aa1 a1 gt Mari CVC nouns mdash ProtoKhanty low vowels12 mdash Hungarian aacute mdashProtoSamoyed second syllable aring (except ala gt aringjauml)

2) PU aa2 a2 gt Mari CVC nouns mdash ProtoKhanty high vowels mdash Hungarian a mdash ProtoSamoyed second syllable (except ala gt aringjauml)

Consider the following examples13

PU 9830829831379830859831371

PU aδma1 lsquosleep dreamrsquo gt PMari om PPerm onm- PMs ūlm PKh ālm ōlm Hung aacutelomPU ćara1- lsquodryrsquo gt PPerm śorm- PMs sūrā PKh sār- Hung szaacuterazPU čaŋa1- lsquoto hitrsquo gt PMd čav- PMari čaringŋe- PMs šŋk- PKh čŋk- PSam caringŋaring-

PU kala1- lsquoto fishrsquo gt PFi kalime- PPerm kolaumlm PMs kūlp PKh kālp Hung haacuteloacutePU kala1- lsquoto spend a nightrsquo gt PPerm kwl- PMs kūl- PKh kāl- Hung haacutel-PU kana1- lsquoto digrsquo gt PPerm kon- PMs kūn- PKh kāṇ ~ kṇ- Hung haacuteny-PU kanta1- lsquoto carryrsquo gt PFi kanta- PSaa kuontē- PMd kand- PMari karingnde- PMs kūnt-

PKh kāntm- PSam karingntaring-PU lapta1 lsquoflat thinrsquo gt PFi latteta PMd lavtv PMari laptra PKh lāptk PSam jaringptaringPU sala1- lsquoto stealrsquo gt PFi salata- PSaa suolē- PMd sala- PMari sol PMs tūlmānt- PKh

Lalm- PSam taringlauml-PU sšara1 lsquofloodrsquo gt PMs tūr PKh Lār Hung aacuter

PU 983082 983145 9830859831371

PU ćlka1 lsquolathrsquo gt PFi salko PSaa ćuolkōj PMd śalg PPerm śol PMs sγlā PKh sāγl Hung szaacutelfa

PU ćta1 lsquohundredrsquo gt Fi sata PSaa ćuotē PMd śad PMari šuumlδ PPerm ś PMs št PKhsāt Hung szaacutez

PU pŋka1 lsquomushroomrsquo gt PMd paŋg PMari poŋg PMs pŋk PKh pāŋk PSam pŋkaring-PU wlka1- lsquoto go downrsquo gt Fi valkama lsquohavenrsquo PMd valg- PMari waringle- PMs wγl- PKh

wāγl ~ wγl- Hung vaacutel-

PU 9830829831379830859831372

PU aŋa2- lsquoto openrsquo gt PFi avata- PMd av- PMs ŋk- PKh ŋk- PSam (ń)aŋ-

PU kaa2

- lsquoto leaversquo gt PFi katota- PSaa kuoδē- PMd kad- PMari koδe- PPerm k- PMskū- PKh kj- Hung hagy- PSam karingjauml-PU kala2 lsquofishrsquo gt PFi kala PSaa kuolē PMd kal PMari kol PMs kūl PKh kūl Hung hal

PSam karinglauml

PU la lsquounder belowrsquo gt MdM al MdE al- This process was rather late as in Nicolaes Witsenrsquos Moksha wordlistcollected in 17th century the following forms are attested kala lsquoVischrsquo aksikala lsquoGroote witte Vischrsquo kalavaj lsquoVet vanVischrsquo [Witsen 1705 626] cf also sala lsquoEen schelmrsquo [Witsen 1705 625] (this word related to MdM sala lsquoto stealrsquo isnot attested in modern Moksha presumably because after the sound change in question it coincided phoneticallywith MdM sal lsquosaltrsquo attested in Witsenrsquos wordlist as sal lsquoZoutrsquo [Witsen 1705 626]) I am grateful to Juho Pystynenfor directing my attention to Witsenrsquos wordlist

12 In the rare instances where both low and high vowels are attested we take the form with the low vowel as basic and consider the form with the high vowel to be derived from it by ablaut

13 Only forms attested in more than one diagnostic language are given here See the full material in Appendix 3



Mikhail Zhivlov

120

PU kama2 lsquorind crustrsquo gt PFi kamara PMari kom PSam kam lsquoscalersquoPU pala2 lsquobitrsquo pala lsquoto gobblersquo gt PFi pala PMd pal PMs pūl pūl- PKh pūḷ Hung falat

fal- PSam paringlauml-PU palka2 lsquovillagersquo gt PMs pwl PKh pūγl Hung faluPU pata2 lsquopotrsquo gt PFi pata PMari paringt PMs pūt PKh pūt Hung fazeacutek PSam pat-PU wara2 lsquoedgersquo gt PMs ur PKh ūr PSam waringr

PU 983082 983145 9830859831372

PU la2 lsquounder belowrsquo gt PFi ala- PSaa vuolē PMd al PMari uumll- PPerm ol PMs jal PKh l Hung al- PSam l-

PU mksa2 lsquoliverrsquo gt PFi maksa PSaa muoksē PMd maks PMari moks PPerm mos PMsmt majt- PKh mūγl Hung maacutej 14 PSam mt

Exceptions

PU kta lsquoto hang uprsquo gt PFi akta- PSaa vuoktń PMd avt- PMari aringoktš PPerm kt-PKh γt- PSam taring-

PU kama lsquoashesrsquo gt PMs kūm PKh kājm Hung hamuPU pakka lsquoto burstrsquo gt PFi pakku- PKh pāγ- Hung fakad-

According to Ante Aikio (pc) kama lsquoashesrsquo is derived from the verb kaa lsquoto leaversquo(kaa2- in our reconstruction) The semantic development was lsquoleftoversrsquo gt lsquoashes (= that whichis left over when the fire has burned)rsquo Thus kama contains the same suffix of deverbal nouns-ma (-ma1 in our reconstruction) as PU aδma lsquosleep dreamrsquo derived from PU aδi lsquoto sleeprsquoAikio argues that since Hungarian reflexes of these words have different initial syllable vowels(PU kama gt Hung hamu PU aδma gt Hung aacutelom) this can be taken as an indication that thedistribution of Hungarian a vs aacute in the initial syllable could not be conditioned by an opposition a1 a2 in the noninitial syllable We think that instead of invalidating our hypothesis Ai

kiorsquos etymology of the word for lsquoashesrsquo actually strengthens it since the irregular (in our formulation of sound correspondences) short a in Hung hamu can now be explained as a result ofleveling of this deverbal nounrsquos vocalism on the model of the deriving verb (PU kaa2- gt Hunghagy-) The fact that no such leveling occurred in the case of PU aδi lsquoto sleeprsquo gt Hung al vs PUaδma lsquosleep dreamrsquo gt Hung aacutelom does not contradict our explanation since analogical processes are by definition ldquoirregularrdquo (ie applied to individual lexical items)

One more potential exception would arise if we compare MsSo ur lsquomountain mountainridgersquo (PMs ur) KhV ur lsquosharp edgersquo KhKaz wŭr lsquosharp edge mountain ridge covered withforestrsquo (PKh ūr) with PSam waringraring lsquomountainrsquo However since the ObUgric words in questionalso have the meaning lsquoedgersquo it is possible to compare them with PSam waringr lsquoedgersquo instead

Actually we think that three phonetically similar and semantically overlapping etymologiesmust be distinguished

1) PU wara1 ~ waumlrauml lsquomountainrsquo gt Fi vuori ( vuore-) lsquomountainrsquo SaaN vaacuterri lsquomountainrsquo(PSaa vārē ) PSam waringraring lsquomountainrsquo (Finnic and Saami words reflect the variant waumlrauml)

2) PU wara2 lsquoedgersquo gt MsSo ur lsquomountain mountain ridgersquo (PMs ur) KhV ur lsquosharp edgersquoKhKaz wŭr lsquosharp edge mountain ridge covered with forestrsquo (PKh ūr) PSam waringr lsquoedgersquo

3) PU wori lsquoforestrsquo gt Komi vr lsquoforest woodrsquo KomiJ vr lsquoforestrsquo Udm vr lsquohummock hillrsquo(PKomi vr PUdm vr lt PPerm vur) MsSo wr lsquoforestrsquo (PMs wār) KhV wor lsquoridgenear a river bankrsquo (PKh war)

14 The long vowel in Hung maacutej is apparently the result of contraction after the regular shift PU -ks gt Hun-garian zero Hungarian j probably appeared after this contraction as a hiatus-filler before vocalic affixes




121

The ProtoUralic words for lsquomountainrsquo and lsquoedgersquo may be eventually related but the derivational pattern is unclear and it would be more safe on the present level of our knowledge totreat them as two distinct roots

We have no explanation for the two remaining counterexamples (PU kta gt PKh γt-PSam taring- PU pakka gt PKh pāγ- Hung fakad-) but the very fact that there are only two ofthem compared to 24 regular cases (only words attested in more than one diagnostic languagewere counted) suggests that the correspondences formulated above reflect some real feature ofProtoUralic and are not just an artifact of our approach to reconstruction

In the above discussion we provisionally marked the ProtoUralic vowel combinations inquestion as aa1 a1 vs aa2 a2 How this opposition was realized phonetically is a complex question but the most obvious solution would be to reconstruct two different secondsyllable vowels instead of traditional a perhaps a vs o

Another important question is whether the opposition between second syllable a1 anda2 can be reconstructed for words with first syllable vowels other than a and Samoyeddata suggest that a1 and a2 were opposed after u as well cf such cases as PU kuralsquocrookedrsquo gt PSam kraring PU muna lsquoeggrsquo gt PSam mnaring PU mua lsquoearthrsquo gt PSam mjaring vs PUkuδa lsquomorningrsquo gt PSam kr PU kuma lsquoto fall overrsquo gt PSam km- PU muja lsquoto smilersquo gtPSam mj- Khanty here also seems to agree with Samoyed but a detailed analysis of ObUgric reflexes of ProtoUralic u must be conducted before Khanty data can be successfullycompared with Samoyed We hope to deal with the vowel combinations ua1 and ua2 in afuture publication

ProtoUralic roots with the first syllable vowel o on the other hand reveal no obvioustraces of the opposition in question The vowel combination oa is regularly reflected as ā inProtoKhanty (see above) Samoyed generally reflects oa as aringaring (in one case15 oaring)

PU ćoa lsquowarrsquo gt PSam saringjaring lsquoto wage warrsquo

PU kopa lsquobarkrsquo gt PSam koparing lsquoskinrsquoPU koska lsquoolder female relativersquo gt PSam karingtaring lsquograndmotherrsquoPU ńoma lsquoharersquo gt PSam ńaringmaringPU ojwa lsquoheadrsquo gt PSam aringjwaringPU ora lsquosquirrelrsquo gt PSam aringropPU tolwa lsquowedgersquo gt PSam tajwaring lsquonail wedgersquo

Two words with the ProtoUralic vowel combination oa have consonantal stems inProtoSamoyed

PU woča lsquofencersquo gt PSam waringc lsquofencersquo

PU wolka lsquoshoulderrsquo gt PSam wajk

Only one word shows the development of PU oa to PSam aring

PU koćka lsquodryrsquo gt PSam karings-

This is certainly insufficient evidence to reconstruct two distinct vowel combinations instead of traditional oa It seems that after ProtoUralic o in the first syllable only the vowelsymbolized here as a1 was allowed If a1 was a and a2 was o we could say that the vowelcombination oo was prohibited in ProtoUralic

15 PSam koraring lsquomale animalrsquo apparently goes back not to kojra but to the more archaic variant kojira withoutsyncope of the medial i (the word is ultimately derived from PU koji lsquomalersquo)



Mikhail Zhivlov

122

Appendix 1 Proto-Permic vocalism

We reconstruct the following vocalic system for ProtoPermic16

front central back

non-labialized labialized non-labialized labializedhigh i u

mid e o

low auml a

The reconstruction is based on the following correspondences for initial syllables

Vocalic correspondences between Komi dialects

Proto-Komi i u e w kw o wo w aLiterary Komi i u e vo ko o vo e vo o a

Upper Sysola i u e o ko o o e o a

LiteraryKomi-Permyak

i u e k o o e o a

Jaźva i u iacute k uacute uacute e o a

Vocalic correspondences between Udmurt dialects

Proto-Udmurt i u e o a

Literary Udmurt i u u e o a

Malmyž-Uržum Jelabuga (peripheral Southern) i u e o a

Besermyan i u e e o a

In stems of the CV type ProtoUdmurt u yields in peripheral Southern dialects but u inBesermyan ( is not reconstructed in CV type stems)

The opposition between u and is practically nonreconstructible before palatalizedconsonants In this position we reconstruct only u

Vocalic correspondences between Proto-Komi and Proto-Udmurt

Proto-Permic i u o e w w auml a

Proto-Komi i (w)1 u e2 o wo3 w a a

Proto-Udmurt i u4 eo5 u6 wa7 u eoa8 a u

1 w wordinitially and after k- otherwise2 e before voiced obstruents (but not adjacent to b and m) and before a lost j or oth

erwise

16 For non-initial syllables we reconstruct as an allophone of




123

3 wo wordinitially but o after k-4 in stems of the type CVC ProtoPermic o can also be reflected as ProtoUdmurt

under unclear conditions5 e before palatalized consonants and m o before n ŋ l nonpalatalized sibilants and af

fricates e ~ o before nonpalatalized stops and r6 in stems of the type CVC and CVC u in stems of the type CV and CVCVC Proto

Permic can also be reflected as ProtoUdmurt under unclear conditions7 But PPerm wj gt PUdm uj-8 e before palatalized consonants and s o before nonpalatalized sibilants and affricates

(except s) and before l after a dental stop a before l (except after a dental stop) e ~ o beforenonpalatalized nasals nonpalatalized stops and r

The following table summarizes the differences between the present ProtoPermic reconstruction and the reconstructions in [Zhivlov 2010] [Sammallahti 1988] [КЭСК] (= Lytkin1970) [Harms 1967] and [Itkonen 1954]

PKomi PUdmpresentwork

Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988

Lytkin 1970 Harms 1967 Itkonen 1954

u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml

a a a a a a a aa u aring aring ā a

The reconstruction outlined above is a somewhat modified version of ProtoPermic reconstruction in [Zhivlov 2010] Although we cannot give here a detailed justification of our current understanding of ProtoPermic vocalism we will briefly comment on the differences between it and the reconstruction in [Zhivlov 2010]

1) ProtoPermic o (= u and in [Zhivlov 2010]) Here we reconstruct one phoneme instead of two in [Zhivlov 2010] ProtoUdmurt u and in this row of correspondences (iewhen they correspond to ProtoKomi u) are in complementary distribution is regularlyfound in stems of the type CVC u in other cases Before palatalized consonants the opposition between u and was neutralized in ProtoUdmurt The remaining cases of the corre



Mikhail Zhivlov

124

spondence ldquoProtoKomi u mdash ProtoUdmurt rdquo are too few to warrant the reconstruction of aseparate ProtoPermic phoneme

The phoneme in question is reconstructed as ProtoPermic o because PPerm u is neededfor another correspondence (cf below) and because there are Permic loanwords in Mari thatreflect this vowel as PMari o PPerm ož lsquostallionrsquo gt PMari ož lsquoidrsquo [КЭСК 296] PPerm poš lsquofishtraprsquo gt PMari poš lsquoidrsquo [КЭСК 234] Note that the development of ProtoPermic o toKomi and Udmurt u can be viewed as part of a general trend in the VolgaKama linguisticarea the shift o gt u has also occurred in the history of Mari Anatri Chuvash and Tatar

2) ProtoPermic u (= in [Zhivlov 2010]) The correspondence ldquoProtoKomi mdash ProtoUdmurt rdquo must reflect a labialized vowel since wordinitially and after k we always find aprothetic w in Komi Cf also two Permic loanwords in Mari PPerm vurt lsquoheddle stringrsquo gtPMari wŭrt lsquoidrsquo [КЭСК 68] PPerm um lsquomouthrsquo gt PMari ŭmša lsquoidrsquo [КЭСК 62]

3) ProtoPermic (= o in [Zhivlov 2010]) This vowel is reflected as PMari uuml in Permicloanwords (ProtoMari lacked ouml and ) PPerm rd lsquoside ribsrsquo gt PMari uumlrδž lsquoidrsquo [КЭСК206] PPerm ll lsquoalderrsquo gt PMari luumll lsquoidrsquo [КЭСК 160]

4) ProtoPermic (= in [Zhivlov 2010]) This vowel is also reflected as PMari uuml in Permic loanwords PPerm grk lsquohollow cavityrsquo gt PMari kuumlrγ lsquoidrsquo [КЭСК 85ndash86] The interpretation of this phoneme as is also incompatible with the development PPerm u gt PrePKomi gt PKomi required by our reconstruction

5) ProtoPermic (= in [Zhivlov 2010]) This reconstruction is rather selfevident giventhat both Komi and Udmurt reflect this phoneme as

Appendix 2 Reflexes of Proto-Uralic 983082983137 983082983145 and 983082983151 in daughter languages

PU PFi PSaa PMd PMari PPerm PMs PKh Hung PSama-a1 a-a uo-ē1 a aringo2 o3 ū4 ā5 aacute aring-aring6

a-a2 a-a uo-ē1 a aringo2 o3 ū4 ū7 a a-6

a-i a-e8 oa-ē9 u9 aringo10 o3 ā a11 a12 a-()13

-a1 a-a uo-ē a uuml14 o15 ā16 aacute -aring17

-a2 a-a uo-ē a uuml14 o15 ū18 a -17

-i a-e19 uo-20 a20 uuml14 21 ā16 iiacute22 -()17

o-a o-a oa-ē u u23 o24 ū25 ā16 aacute aring-aring26

o-i o-e uo- u27 aringo28 u29 ā30 a31 ao32 aring-()33

1 PU kajwa1- lsquoto digrsquo gt PSaa koajwō and PU talwa1- lsquoto lead to bringrsquo gt PSaa toalvōshow that PU a gt PSaa oa regularly at least before -jw and -lw- In a number of words mostof which contain PU č PU aa gt PSaa āē

2 PMari o before labials velars š and intervocalic l aring otherwise (this is a tentativeformulation with a number of exceptions to be improved in the future)

3 PPerm (w wordinitially) before palatalized consonants and -rj- PU aji gt PPerm o otherwise

4 PMs u after PU w- before velar consonants PMs ū gt with the shift of labializationon the following velar5 PKh before velars




125

6 PU ala1 2 aa1 2 gt PSam aringjauml The distribution between PSam aring and a (lt PU a) depends on ProtoSamoyed vowel of the second syllable not on the ProtoUralic one aring beforearing o and auml a before monosyllabic stems have both aring and a without evident complementary distribution

7 PKh ū wordinitially and after labials otherwise8 PrePFi ae of whatever origin is lengthened to PFi ōe if the intervocalic consonant is

PU r l m n δ or j [Aikio 2012 232ndash241]9 In prePSaa and prePMd PU aji gt ji with later development to PSaa uo and PMd a

[Aikio 2013 6] PU a before γ gt PSaa ā PMd a10 PMari aring or o as in the note 2 above PMari u in PU ćarwi lsquohornrsquo gt PMari šur and PU

tammi lsquooakrsquo gt PMari tum is probably regular before clusters with the labial second component11 PKh before affixes requiring the high grade of Khanty ablaut eg before (verbal and

nominal) -ā-12 Hung aacute before PU and ń13 PSam aring before (apparently suffixal) second syllable o and auml (see Note 6) PU ali aji

gt PSam aring14 PMari o before k and ŋ (but not before γ) There are also unexpected occurrences of

PMari aring or o in other positions15 PPerm (w wordinitially) before palatalized consonants -rj and intervocalic -t

and -δ- PPerm before PU clusters beginning with -k- PPerm o otherwise16 PKh ~ ā before labials17 Originally in PSam (not PU) open syllable in PSam closed syllable (but not before

-mp- -nt-) and in stems of the shape CV but when CVCstems add a vocalic suffix is preserved PU ći lsquoto camprsquo gt prePSam s gt PSam so- PU δi lsquoyearrsquo gt prePSam r gt PSam rouml

18 PKh ū after labials otherwise

19 PFi o before velar obstruents PrePFi ae of whatever origin is lengthened to PFi ōe if the intervocalic consonant is PU r l m n δ or j [Aikio 2012 232ndash241]20 Coincides with PU u before velar obstruents (but not before cluster -kć-) PSaa o (u

before PU γ) PMd o21 PPerm o before PU intervocalic -k and -γ- PPerm before PU clusters beginning

with -k- PPerm (w wordinitially) before intervocalic -t and -δ-22 Hung i alternating with iacute according to the rules of Hungarian morphophonology23 PMari ŭ before labials and after w- m (but not after p-) u otherwise [Aikio 2014 157]24 PPerm (w wordinitially and after k) before palatalized consonants -rj and in

tervocalic -t and -δ- PPerm w before PU clusters beginning with -k- PU ojC gt PPerm

o otherwise25 PMs ū wordinitially wordmedially26 PSam a before PU syllablefinal l gt PSam j27 PMd o before ŋ [SUE II 9ndash10]28 PMari ŭ before labials and after w- m (but not after p-) aring or o (distributed ac

cording to rules in Note 2) otherwise [Aikio 2014 157]29 PPerm after m- PU oji gt PPerm PPerm u otherwise30 PMs a before PMs -γ- -kt [SUE II 11] PU oji gt PMs uj [SUE I 167]31 PKh before affixes requiring the high grade of Khanty ablaut eg before (verbal and

nominal) -ā- PU oji gt PKh ō

32 Hung o before PU clusters (except -nt- -nč- -tk- ie clusters beginning with -n and-t-) a otherwise33 PSam u before PSam second syllable (suffixal) u PSam o before a single PU consonant



Mikhail Zhivlov

126

Appendix 3 Etymological material

PU 9830829831379830859831371

PU aδma1 lsquosleep dreamrsquo gt MariM omo MariW om (PMari om) Komi un (unm-) KomiUSon KomiJ un Udm um UdmMU um (PKomi unm ~ onm- PUdm um lt PPermonm-) MsSo ūlm (PMs ūlm) KhV alm lsquosleeprsquo KhKaz m lsquosleeprsquo (PKh ālm)KhV ulm lsquodreamrsquo KhKaz wǫm lsquodreamrsquo (PKh ōlm) Hung aacutelom [UEW 335]

Deverbal noun of PU aδi lsquoto sleeprsquo

PU apta1- lsquoto barkrsquo gt MariM optem MariW opte (PMari opte-) Komi uvtn KomiJ utn Udm utn UdmMU uwtn (PKomi ut- PUdm ut lt PPerm ot-) MsSo ūt (PMsūt-) KhKaz pt lsquoto bark at gamersquo (PKh āpt-) [UEW 14]

Komi and UdmMU forms were affected by onomatopoeia

PU ćaδa1- lsquoto rainrsquo gt Fin sataa PSam saringraring [Janhunen 1981 3 (221)]PU ćara1- lsquodryrsquo gt KomiUd śurmm lsquostale dried uprsquo Udm śurmn lsquoto harden (of callosity)rsquo

(PKomi śurm- PUdm śurm lt PPerm śorm-) MsSo sūra lsquodryrsquo (PMs sūrā) KhJ saringrlsquoto get dryrsquo (PKh sār-) Hung szaacuteraz lsquodryrsquo [UEW 466]

PU čaŋa1- lsquoto hitrsquo gt MdM šav 17 MdE čav- MariM oŋem lsquoto make corner joints (in buildinglogs)rsquo MariW čaŋgem lsquoto make corner joints (in building logs)rsquo (PMari čaringŋe-) MsLUšŋk lsquoto kick (of a horse)rsquo MsLO sāŋk lsquoto kick (of a horse)rsquo (PMs šŋk-) KhJ čoklsquoto kick (of a horse)rsquo KhKaz šǫŋχ lsquoto kick (of a horse)rsquo (PKh čŋk-) PSam caringŋaring lsquotorub wear outrsquo [UEW 53ndash54 Aikio 2002 11ndash12]

PU kama1 lsquoashesrsquo gt MsSo χūm (PMs kūm) KhJ karingjm (PKh kājm) Hung hamu[UEW 194ndash195]

According to Ante Aikio (pc) this word is derived from the verb kaa lsquoto leaversquo (kaa2- in our reconstruc-tion) The semantic development was lsquoleftoversrsquo gt lsquoashes (= that which is left over when the fire has burn-ed)rsquo The unexpected short a in Hung hamu can be explained by the influence of the deriving verb hagy-

PU kaja1- lsquoto appear come in sightrsquo gt Fi kajastaa lsquoto dawnrsquo SaaN guojihit lsquoto dawn to appear (in a wood in a mist)rsquo (PSaa kuojē-) MariM kojam MariW kajam (PMari karingja-)PSam karingjaring lsquosunrsquo [UEW 642ndash643 Janhunen 1981 3 (221)]

PU kajwa1- lsquoto digrsquo gt Fi kaivaa lsquoto digrsquo SaaN goaivut lsquoto digrsquo (PSaa koajwō-) MdM kaja lsquotopourrsquo MdE kaja lsquoto throwrsquo MariM kuem lsquoto shovelrsquo MariW koem lsquoto shovelrsquo (PMarikoe-) Komi kojn lsquoto scoop outrsquo KomiJ kuacutejaln lsquoto throw aboutrsquo Udm kujan lsquoto throwrsquo(PKomi koj- PUdm kuj lt PPerm kj-) PSam kajwaring lsquospadersquo [UEW 170ndash171]

PU kala1- lsquoto fishrsquo gt Fi kalin ( kalime-) lsquoa part of netrsquo Komi kulm lsquoset netrsquo (PKomi kulm ltPPerm kolaumlm) MsSo χūlp lsquonetrsquo (PMs kūlp) KhV kalw lsquonetrsquo (PKh kālp) Hung haacuteloacutelsquonetrsquo [UEW 120]

All these words are nomina instrumenti derived from an unattested verb with the meaning lsquoto fishrsquoPU kala1- lsquoto spend a nightrsquo gt Komi vojkov rsquo24 hoursrsquo KomiP ojkv lsquoall night longrsquo Udm

kln lsquoto sleep to spend a nightrsquo (PKomi wojkwl PUdm kl lt PPerm kwl-) MsSoχūl (PMs kūl-) KhV kal (PKh kāl-) Hung haacutel lsquoto sleep to spend a nightrsquo [UEW120ndash121]

Vowel reflexes in Permic are highly irregular the reconstruction is based on Ugric forms only

17 Mordvin languages have an opposition between consonantal verbal stems (eg MdE kadoms lsquoto leaversquo 3sg pret kadś) and verbal stems ending in the Proto-Mordvin reduced vowel (eg MdE udoms lsquoto sleeprsquo 3 sgpret udoś) Although this opposition is consistently marked in major Erzya-Russian and Moksha-Russian diction-

aries it is traditionally ignored in comparative Uralic studies for example in UEW the Erzya verbs mentionedabove are cited as kado and udo- We hope that this regrettable tradition will no longer be maintained by Uralicscholars




127

PU kana1- lsquoto digrsquo gt Komi kundn lsquoto buryrsquo (PKomi kund lt PPerm kon-) MsSo χūn lsquotoscooprsquo (PMs kūn-) KhV kṇ lsquoto digrsquo KhKaz χṇ lsquoto scooprsquo (PKh kāṇ- kṇ-) Hunghaacuteny lsquoto throwrsquo [UEW 125]

PU kanta1- lsquoto carryrsquo gt Fi kantaa SaaN guoddit (PSaa kuontē-) MdM kand- MdE kand-MariM kondem lsquoto bringrsquo MariW kandem lsquoto bringrsquo (PMari karingnde-) MsLO χūnt lsquotocarry on the backrsquo (PMs kūnt-) KhV kantm lsquoto carry on the backrsquo (PKh kāntm-)PSam karingntaring [UEW 124]

PU kanta1- lsquoto carryrsquo is a causative from PU kani lsquoto gorsquo preserved only in PSam karingn lsquoto gorsquo

PU lapta1 lsquoflatrsquo gt Fi lattea lsquoflatrsquo MdM laftu (pl laftuft) lsquoshoulderrsquo MdE lavtov lsquoshoulderrsquoMariM laptra lsquoflatrsquo MariW laptra lsquoflatrsquo (PMari laptra) KhV lawtk lsquoevenrsquo KhKazptχ lsquoflatrsquo (PKh lāptk) PSam jaringptaring lsquothinrsquo [UEW 238]

As far as we know comparison with the Mordvin word for lsquoshoulderrsquo was not suggested previously Thesemantic development lsquoflat piecersquo gt lsquoshoulder bladersquo gt lsquoshoulderrsquo is attested in a number of Indo-European languages see [Buck 1949 235ndash236] Fi lattea lsquoflatrsquo may alternatively be viewed as a loan fromProto-Germanic flata lsquoflatrsquo

PU para1 lsquogoodrsquo gt Fi paras lsquobestrsquo SaaN buorrẹ (PSaa puorē ) MdM para MdE paro MariM

poro MariW pur (PMari por ~ pur) Komi bur Udm bur UdmMU bur (PKomi bur PUdm bur lt PPerm bor) [UEW 724]

PU sala1- lsquoto stealrsquo gt Fi salata lsquoto hidersquo SaaN suollit lsquosecretlyrsquo (PSaa suolē-) MdM sala-MdE sala- MariW šol lsquothiefrsquo (PMari sol) MsSo tūlmant (PMs tūlmānt-) KhV lalm-KhVj jalm (PKh Lalm-) PSam taringlauml [UEW 430ndash431]

PU sšara1 lsquofloodrsquo gt MsSo tūr lsquolakersquo (PMs tūr) KhV lar lsquoflood plainrsquo KhVj jar lsquoflood plainrsquo(PKh Lār) Hung aacuter lsquoflow flood waterrsquo [UEW 843ndash844]

PU sarka1 lsquoforkrsquo gt Fi sarka lsquostrip (of field)rsquo SaaN suorgi (PSaa suorkē ) PSam taringrkaring [Janhunen 1981 3 (221)]

PU talwa1- lsquoto lead to bringrsquo gt SaaN doalvut lsquoto lead to take (somewhere)rsquo (PSaa toalvō-)

MariM tolam lsquoto comersquo MariW tolam lsquoto comersquo (PMari tola-) MsSo tūl lsquoto bring tolead to driversquo (PMs tūl-) PSam taringjwaring lsquoto arrive reach to bringrsquo [Aikio 2002 29ndash30]

PU wara1 ~ waumlrauml lsquomountainrsquo gt Fi vuori ( vuore-) SaaN vaacuterri (PSaa vārē ) PSam waringraring[Sammallahti 1988 551 Aikio 2006 27ndash28]

Finnic and Saami words go back to PU waumlrauml Samoyed one mdash to PU wara1 See PU wara2 lsquoedgersquo and PUwori lsquoforestrsquo for other forms usually compared with reflexes of PU wara1 ~ waumlrauml

PU 9830829831379830859831372

PU amma2- lsquoto scooprsquo gt Fi ammentaa MdM ama- MdE amoa- MsN ūm (PMs ūm-) KhVum- KhKaz ŭm (PKh ūm-) [UEW 7ndash8]

PU aŋča2 lsquonelmarsquo gt Komi uǯ (PKomi uǯ lt PPerm oǯ) MsSo ūs (ūns-) (PMs ūnš ) KhJ unč KhKaz wŭš (PKh ūṇč ) PSam aringŋčV [UEW 339]

PU aŋa2- lsquoto openrsquo gt Fi avata lsquoto openrsquo MdE av lsquoto open (eg mouth)rsquo MsKM ŋk lsquototake off clothesrsquo MsSo āŋk lsquoto take off clothesrsquo (PMs ŋk-) KhKaz ŋχ lsquoto unbind totake off clothesrsquo (PKh ŋk-) PSam (ń)aŋ lsquoto take off clothesrsquo [UEW 11 Aikio 2002 50]

PU čača2- lsquoto be bornrsquo gt Fi sataa lsquoto yield harvestrsquo MdM šač- MdE čač- MariM šoam MariW šačam (PMari šaringča-) Komi ćužn Udm čžvž lsquokinrsquo (PKomi čuž- PUdm čžlt PPerm čož-) MsN sūns ~ sūs lsquoto grow to increase (intr) to have cubs (of a bear)rsquo(PMs šū(n)š-) KhV ččm lsquooneyear old bear cubrsquo (PKh ččVm) PSam caci lsquofamilytribersquo [UEW 52 SUE II 14ndash17]

PU jalka2 lsquofootrsquo gt Fi jalka SaaN juolgi (PSaa juolkē ) MdM jalga lsquoon footrsquo MdE jalgo lsquoonfootrsquo MariM jol MariW jal (PMari jaringl) Hung gyalog lsquoon footrsquo [UEW 88ndash89]



Mikhail Zhivlov

128

PU kaća2 lsquoto presentrsquo gt MdM kaź- MdE kaź- Komi koźin lsquo(wedding) presentrsquo KomiJ kźinlsquoa presentrsquo Udm kuźm lsquoa presentrsquo (PKomi koin PUdm kum lt PPerm k-) Hunghaszon lsquoprofitrsquo PSam karingso lsquopayment giftrsquo [UEW 111]

MariM kuzk lsquodowryrsquo MariW kuzk lsquodowryrsquo (PMari kućk) are certainly borrowed from some other branch of Uralic most probably from Permic

PU kačka2- lsquoto bitersquo gt Fi katkera lsquobitterrsquo SaaN gaacuteskit (PSaa kāckē-) MariM kokam lsquoto eatrsquo

MariW kačkam lsquoto eatrsquo (PMari karingčka-) MsSo χūs lsquoto sting (of nettle)rsquo (PMs kūš-) KhVkč lsquoto achersquo KhJ kč lsquonettlersquo (PKh kč- kč ) [UEW 641 SUE II 5ndash8]

PU kaa2- lsquoto leaversquo gt Fi kadota SaaN guođđit (PSaa kuoδē-) MdM kad- MdE kad- MariMkoδem MariW koδem (PMari koδe-) Komi kon KomiJ kuacuten Udm kn lsquoto fall behind to stayrsquo (PKomi ko- PUdm k lt PPerm k-) MsSo χū (PMs kū-) KhJ kj(PKh kj-) Hung hagy- PSam karingjauml [UEW 115ndash116]

PU kala2 lsquofishrsquo gt Fi kala SaaN guolli (PSaa kuolē ) MdM kal MdE kal MariM kol MariW kol(PMari kol) MsSo χūl (PMs kūl) KhV kul KhKaz χŭ (PKh kūl) Hung hal PSamkaringlauml [UEW 119]

Khanty ū instead of the expected is unclear Still the word has a PKh high vowel

PU kama2 lsquorind crustrsquo gt Fi kamara lsquorindrsquo MariM kom lsquocrustrsquo MariW kom lsquocrustrsquo (PMarikom) PSam kam lsquoscalersquo [UEW 121ndash122]

PU kara2- lsquoto digrsquo gt MdM kara lsquoto digrsquo MdE kara lsquoto hollow out to digrsquo MariM korem lsquotohollow out to digrsquo MariW karem lsquoto digrsquo (PMari karingre-) KhKaz χĭr lsquoto dig to shovelrsquo(PKh kr-) [UEW 221ndash222]

PU ńanča2- lsquoto stretchrsquo gt SaaN njuozzit lsquoto hammer beat smth so that it becomes flat andthinrsquo (PSaa ńuoncē-) MariM noumlnk lsquodoughrsquo MariW nuumlnǯk lsquodoughrsquo (PMarinuumlnčk) Komi ńužavn Udm ńužan (PKomi ńuž- PUdm ńuž lt PPerm ńož-)MsSo ńūns (PMs ńūnš-) KhV ńṇč (PKh ńṇč-) [UEW 323 SUE III 84ndash85]

Comparison with Mari is uncertain (Mari word reflects first syllable )

PU pala2 lsquobitrsquo pala2 lsquoto gobblersquo gt Fi pala lsquobitrsquo MdM pal lsquomeatrsquo MdE pal lsquobitrsquo MsSo pūl lsquobitrsquo(PMs pūl) MsSo pūl lsquoto eat to gobblersquo (PMs pūl-) KhV puḷ lsquobitrsquo KhKaz pŭḷ lsquobitrsquo(PKh pūḷ) Hung falat lsquobitrsquo fal lsquoto gobblersquo PSam paringlauml lsquoto swallowrsquo [UEW 350]

PU palka2 lsquovillagersquo gt MsP pl ~ pwl MsSo pāwl (PMs pwl) KhV puγl KhIrt puχt (PKhpūγl) Hung falu [UEW 351 Sammallahti 1988 548]

PU panča2- lsquoto openrsquo gt SaaL puottsō lsquonakedrsquo (PSaa puoncō) MdM panž- MdE panž- MariM poam MariW pačam (PMari paringča-) Komi puǯn lsquoto roll up (eg sleeves)rsquo Udm pužaltn lsquotoroll up (eg sleeves)rsquo UdmMU pužaringwtn lsquoto turn inside outrsquo (PKomi puǯ- PUdm puž ltPPerm poǯ-) MsSo pūns (PMs pūnš-) KhV puṇč- KhKaz pŭṇš (PKh pūṇč-) [UEW 352]

PU pata2 lsquopotrsquo gt Fi pata MariM pot MariW pat (PMari paringt) MsSo pūt (PMs pūt) KhV put KhKaz pŭt (PKh pūt) Hung fazeacutek PSam pat lsquoto potrsquo [UEW 358 Aikio 2002 50]

PU taka2 lsquobehindrsquo gt Fi taka- SaaN duohki (PSaa tuokē ) PSam tak [UEW 506ndash507]PU wanča2- lsquoto step overrsquo gt SaaN vaacutezzit lsquoto go (on foot)rsquo (PSaa vāncē-) MariM wońem

MariW wanžem (PMari waringnče-) Komi vuǯn lsquoto cross overrsquo Udm vžn lsquoto cross overrsquo(PKomi vuǯ- PUdm vǯ lt PPerm voǯ-) MsSo uns (PMs unš-) KhV uṇč lsquoto cross (ariver)rsquo KhKaz wŭṇš lsquoto cross (a river)rsquo (PKh ūṇč-) PSam waringncV lsquoto sneakrsquo [UEW557 Aikio 2002 36ndash38]

PU wara2 lsquoedgersquo gt MsSo ur lsquomountain mountain ridgersquo (PMs ur) KhV ur lsquosharp edgersquoKhKaz wŭr lsquosharp edge mountain ridge covered with forestrsquo (PKh ūr) PSam waringrlsquoedgersquo [Aikio 2006 27ndash28]

Samoyed has aring instead of the expected a See PU wara1 ~ waumlrauml lsquomountainrsquo and PU wori lsquoforestrsquo for otherforms usually compared with reflexes of PU wara2




129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372

PU aćka lsquoto steprsquo gt Fi askel lsquosteprsquo MdM aśka- MdE eśkea- MariM oškeδem MariWaškeδem (PMari aringškeδe-) Komi vośkov lsquosteprsquo KomiJ uacuteśkl lsquosteprsquo Udm ućkl lsquosteprsquo(PKomi wośkl PUdm ućkl lt PPerm wśkaumll) MsN ūs (PMs ūš-) PSam asl lsquotostep overrsquo [UEW 19]

The Udmurt form is a hapax attested only in Wiedemannrsquos dictionary [Wiedemann 1880 549] and thus

highly unreliable (Wiedemannrsquos dictionary contains a number of otherwise unattested Komi and Ud-murt forms) The usual Udmurt word for lsquosteprsquo is vamš

PU aja lsquoto driversquo gt Fi ajaa SaaN vuodjit (PSaa vuojē-) Komi vojn lsquoto bolt downhill (ofhorse)rsquo Udm ujn lsquoto run after to pursuersquo (PKomi woj- PUdm uj lt PPermwj-) MsK jitwujt lsquoto hunt to pursuersquo (PMs ūujt-) [UEW 4ndash5]

PU ćarta lsquoelkrsquo gt MdM śarda (pl śartt) lsquodeerrsquo MdE śardo (pl śartt) lsquoelkrsquo MariM šorδo lsquoelkrsquoMariW šarδ lsquoelkrsquo (PMari šaringrδ) [UEW 464]

PU kakta lsquotworsquo gt Fi kaksi ( kahte-) SaaN guoktẹ (PSaa kuoktē ) MdM kafta MdE kavto MariM kok MariW kok (PMari kok) [UEW 118ndash119]

This reconstruction is valid only for the Proto-Finno-Volgaic level

PU kaswa lsquoto growrsquo gt Fi kasvaa MdM kas- MdE kas [UEW 129ndash130]PU mara lsquoto diversquo gt MSo mūrs lsquoto diversquo (PMs mūr-) KhVj măra (1 sg perf morm) lsquoto

get wetrsquo (PKh mrā ~ mar-) Hung maacutert lsquoto diprsquo [UEW 868]Shortness of the vowel in Khanty can be explained by suffixation Khanty verbs with the suffix -ā always

have short PKh vowels in the root

PU mašta lsquoto be ablersquo gt Fi mahtaa MdM mašt- MdE mašt- MariM moštem MariW mštem(PMari mošte-) [UEW 265]

PU nataw lsquosisterinlawrsquo gt Fi nato lsquohusbandrsquos sisterrsquo SaaS naringaringte lsquowifersquos sisterrsquo (PSaanuotōj) MariM nuδo lsquoyounger sisterinlawrsquo MariW nuδ lsquoyounger sisterinlawrsquo(PMari nuδ) PSam naringto lsquospousersquos brotherrsquo [UEW 299ndash300]

Mari u can be explained by the influence of the second syllable -awPU sańća lsquoto standrsquo gt Fi seisoa EstS saisa- SaaN čuožžut (PSaa ćuońćō-) MdM śa lsquoto

stand uprsquo MdE śa lsquoto stand uprsquo MsTJ tōń (PMs tūńć-) KhVj jń lsquoto set uprsquoKhKaz ńś lsquoto set uprsquo (PKh Lāńć ~ Lńć-) [UEW 431ndash432]

Mari and Komi words usually included in this etymology go back to a different root PU sińćV lsquoto sitrsquo gtMariM šińem lsquoto sit to be situatedrsquo MariW snzem lsquoto sit to be situatedrsquo (PMari šĭńće-) KomiI sin lsquotosettle down (somewhere)rsquo (PKomi si lt PPerm si-)

PU šappa lsquosourrsquo gt Fi hapan ( happame-) MdM šapama MdE čapamo MariM šopo MariWšap (PMari šaringp) [UEW 54ndash55]

PU šara lsquofork branchrsquo gt Fi hara lsquoharrowrsquo Est haru lsquobranchrsquo SaaN suorri lsquofork branchrsquo

(PSaa suorē ) MariM šorwondo lsquorakersquo (PMari šaringor) [UEW 783 Aikio 2009 149]PU tappa lsquoto entanglersquo gt MdM tapaŕa- MdE tapa- MariM towo lsquotanglersquo MariW taw lsquodaglockrsquo (PMari taringw) Komi tup lsquoclewrsquo (PKomi tup lt PPerm top-) [КЭСК 287]

PU wačka lsquoto hitrsquo gt Fi vatkata lsquoto whisk (in cooking)rsquo MdM vačk- MdE vačko [UEW 548]PU waja lsquoto sinkrsquo gt Fi vajota SaaN vuodjut (PSaa vuojō-) MdM vaja- MdE vaja- Komi

vjn KomiJ vjn Udm vjn (PKomi vj- PUdm vj lt PPerm vuj-) MsSo uj (PMsuj-) [UEW 551]

Permic reflexes are irregular

PU wala lsquoword songrsquo gt Fi vala lsquooathrsquo SaaL vuollē lsquoyoik (traditional Saami song)rsquo (PSaavuolē ) MdM val lsquowordrsquo MdE val lsquowordrsquo PSam waringlauml lsquosongrsquo [UEW 812 Aikio 2006

26ndash27]PU wala lsquoword songrsquo may be a correlative derivative of PU wali lsquoto speakrsquo reflected only in PSam waring lsquotospeakrsquo (see [Aikio 2002 54ndash55] on this archaic derivation pattern)






131

An early derivative of this root is PU kalma lsquodeath graversquo gt Fi kalma lsquodeathrsquo MdM kalma (pl kalmt) lsquograversquoMdE kalmo (pl kalmot) lsquograversquo [UEW 119ndash120]

PU kamti lsquolidrsquo gt Fi kansi (kante-) SaaN goavdi lsquoshed awningrsquo (PSaa koamtē ) MdE kundo(pl kuntt) MariM komδš MariW komδš (PMari komδs) Komi kud (kudj-) lsquobast basketrsquo ji kud uln lsquounder the icersquo Udm kud lsquobast basketrsquo UdmJ kd (PKomi kud PUdmkd lt PPerm kod) [UEW 671]

For the meaning of the Permic word cf Negidal komtaxan lsquobirch-bark boxrsquo lt Proto-Tungus-Manchu komtanlsquolidrsquo itself possibly borrowed from Uralic The usual idea that the Permic word is borrowed from Chu-vash kuntă lsquobast basketrsquo does not hold water the Chuvash word itself is borrowed from Tatar qumtalsquoboxrsquo and Permic denasalization would be impossible in such a late loan

PU kari lsquoskin barkrsquo gt Fi kuori ( kuore-) lsquocrust barkrsquo PSam kar lsquoskin surfacersquo [Aikio 200250]

PU karki lsquobitterrsquo gt Fi karkea lsquorough coarsersquo Kar karkie lsquobitterrsquo Komi kurd lsquobitterrsquo Udmkurt lsquobitterrsquo UdmMU kurt lsquobitterrsquo (PKomi kurd PUdm kurt lt PPerm kord) KhVkorγ lsquoto sting burn (in mouth from bitter or sour food) to turn sourrsquo (PKh karγ-)[UEW 128ndash129 Aikio 2013 8]

PU karti lsquoto roast to burnrsquo gt Fi karsi ( karte-) lsquosnuff crust dirt carbon depositrsquo SaaN goardit lsquoto roast to burn (of the sun)rsquo (PSaa koartē-) MariE korδem lsquoto fumigatersquo(PMari karingorδe-) [UEW 186ndash187 Aikio 2013 8]

The intervocalic clusters in MdM kRta lsquoto singe to burn (tr)rsquo MdE kirta lsquoto singersquo reflect PU -rtt- The un-usual three-consonant cluster can be explained if we assume that this verb is a causative from the rootof MdM kŕvaumlź lsquoto catch firersquo MdE kirva lsquoto blazersquo lt PU korpi- caus korpta-

PU lańći lsquosoftrsquo gt SaaN loažži lsquoabated windrsquo (PSaa loańćē ) MsTJ lańŋ lsquowarmrsquo MsSo lońŋlsquowarmrsquo (PMs lańćŋ) KhKaz ḷǫńśi lsquolukewarmrsquo KhO lońśi lsquolukewarmrsquo (PKh ḷańćγ)Hung laacutegy lsquosoft gentlersquo [UEW 250ndash251]

The vowel in Mansi is irregular

PU ńali lsquoto lickrsquo gt Fi nuolla SaaN njoallut (PSaa ńoalō-) MdM nola- MdE nola- MariMnulem MariW nlem (PMari nŭle-) Komi ńuvn Udm ńuln UdmMU ńuwn (PKomińul- PUdm ńul lt PPerm ńol-) MsTJ ńalānt- MsSo ńolant (PMs ńal-) KhV ńăla(PKh ńlā-) Hung nyal- PSam ńaring [UEW 321]

PU paδi lsquodamrsquo gt Fi pato SaaN buođđu (PSaa puoδō) KhV păl lsquofish weirrsquo (PKh pl) Hung fal lsquowallrsquo [UEW 347]

In Saami the early affixation of o lt aw prevented the expected shift ai gt oaē

PU pari(ma) lsquogadflyrsquo gt Fi paarma SaaN boaru (PSaa poarō) MdM purm MdE promo MariM pormo MariW parm (PMari paringrm) [UEW 724ndash725]

PU pariwai lsquoraftrsquo gt Fi parvi ( parve-) lsquoflock shoal swarm loft hayloftrsquo SaaN boarri lsquoraftrsquo

(PSaa poarēvē ) Komi pur ( purj-) lsquoraftrsquo Udm pur lsquoraftrsquo UdmMU pur lsquoraftrsquo (PKomi pur PUdm pur lt PPerm por) MsSo pra lsquoraftrsquo (PMs pārā) KhVj păra lsquoflock (of birds) raftrsquo(PKh prā) PSam paringrauml lsquostorage hutrsquo [UEW 356ndash357 395ndash396]

Final auml in Samoyed is a result of contraction of the sequence -iwaFor semantics cf one of the meanings of English raft according to Oxford English Dictionary lsquoA large float-

ing mass or accumulation of some material or collection of materials as fallen trees logs vegetationice etc Also a dense flock of swimming birds esp ducks similarly a group of other aquatic animalsrsquo

The Samoyed form is considered by Aikio to be an Ob-Ugric loan [Aikio 2013 8] I do not see any compellingreason for this the meanings of Ob-Ugric and Samoyed forms are different and the second syllable -aumlin Samoyed also cannot be derived from Ob-Ugric form unlike Samoyed Ob-Ugric does not toleratedisharmonic stems

PU saγi lsquoto arrive to getrsquo gt Fi saada lsquoto getrsquo SaaK soagke lsquoto catch to getrsquo (PSaa sāk-)MdM sa lsquoto comersquo śav lsquoto takersquo MdE sa lsquoto comersquo saj lsquoto takersquo MariM šuam lsquoto ar



Mikhail Zhivlov

132

rive reachrsquo MariW šoam lsquoto arrive reachrsquo (PMari šoa-) Komi sun lsquoto catch to catchup withrsquo Udm sutn lsquoto catch up withrsquo UdmMU stn lsquoto catch up withrsquo (PKomisu- PUdm st lt PPerm so-) [UEW 429ndash430]

PSaa ā is a result of vowel lengthening before γ

PU saŋi lsquoto enterrsquo gt SaaK suaŋŋe lsquoto enterrsquo (PSaa soaŋō-) MdM suva lsquoto enterrsquo MdE sovalsquoto enterrsquo MariE šoŋalam lsquoto put on (clothes)rsquo MariW šŋgalam lsquoto put on (clothes)rsquo(PMari sšoŋala-) Komi sunavn lsquoto diversquo Udm zmn lsquoto diversquo UdmS zumn lsquoto diversquo(PKomi sun- PUdm zum ~ zm lt PPerm soŋ-) MsKM tū lsquoto enterrsquo (PMs tū-)KhV lăŋa lsquoto enterrsquo KhVj jăŋa lsquoto enterrsquo (PKh Lŋā-) Hung av lsquoto penetrate to soakinrsquo [UEW 446ndash447 Aikio (forthcoming) 61ndash62]

PU šariwa lsquothin rarersquo gt Fi harva lsquofew thinrsquo MdM šura lsquorarersquo MdE čuro lsquorarersquo KhVj jorwlsquorare (of net etc)rsquo KhIrt turp lsquorare (of net etc)rsquo (PKh Larp) [UEW 502]

PU tammi lsquooakrsquo gt Fi tammi ( tamme-) MdM tuma (pl tumt) MdE tumo (pl tumot) MariMtumo MariW tum (PMari tum) [UEW 798]

PU tariksV lsquoacrossrsquo gt SaaN doaris lsquoacross athwartrsquo (PSaa toarēs) MdM turks lsquoacrossathwartrsquo MdE troks lsquoacross athwartrsquo MariM toreš lsquoacrossrsquo MariW toreš lsquoacrossrsquo(PMari toreš ) [UEW 799]

PU waji lsquofatrsquo gt Fi voi lsquobutterrsquo SaaN vuodja lsquobutter (liquid) fatrsquo (PSaa vuoj) MdM vaj lsquooil butterrsquo MdE oj lsquooil butter fatrsquo MariM uumlj lsquooil butterrsquo MariW uuml lsquooil butterrsquo (PMari uuml)Komi vj lsquooil butterrsquo Udm vj lsquooil butterrsquo (PKomi vj PUdm vj lt PPerm vVj)MsLO wōj lsquofatrsquo (PMs wāj) KhV wo j lsquofatrsquo (PKh waj) Hung vaj lsquobutterrsquo [UEW 578ndash579]

The Finnic word has undergone a complex but regular development waje gt ōje gt wōje gt voi Mari and Per-mic reflexes are aberrant

PU wajŋi lsquobreathrsquo gt SaaN vuoigŋa lsquospiritrsquo (PSaa vuojŋ) PSam wajŋ [UEW 552ndash553]PU wakštira lsquomaplersquo gt Fi vaahtera MdM uštr MdE ukštor MariM waštar MariW waštar

(PMari waštar) [UEW 812]PU wanči lsquorootrsquo gt MariM wož MariW waž (PMari waringž) Komi vuž (vužj-) Udm vž

(PKomi vuž PUdm vǯ lt PPerm voǯ) KhKaz wŏš lsquobutt of a treersquo KhO wăs lsquouprooted stumprsquo (PKh wč (ā)) PSam waringnco [UEW 548ndash549]

PU warti lsquostalk stem handlersquo gt Fi varsi ( varte-) MariM wurδo MariW wurδ MariVwŭrδo (PMari wŭrδ) [UEW 814]

The vowel in Mari is irregular

PU 983082 983145 9830859831371

PU ćlka1 lsquolathrsquo gt Fi salko lsquopolersquo SaaN čuolggu lsquocrowbarrsquo (PSaa ćuolkōj) MdM śalga (plśalkt) lsquoawnrsquo MdE śalgo (pl śalkt) lsquosting (of a bee) thornrsquo Komi śuv (śuvj-) lsquosledge runnerrsquo Udm śul lsquosledge runnerrsquo UdmMU śuw lsquosledge runnerrsquo (PKomi śul PUdm śul ltPPerm śol) MsP sajla lsquolathrsquo MsSo sāγla lsquolathrsquo (PMs sγlā) KhV saγl lsquolathrsquo KhKazsχ lsquoboardrsquo (PKh sāγl) Hung szaacutelfa lsquolumber wood long logrsquo [UEW 460ndash461 Reshetnikov amp Zhivlov 2011 106]

PU ćta1 lsquohundredrsquo gt Fi sata SaaN čuohti (PSaa ćuotē ) MdM śada MdE śado MariM šuumlδouml MariW šuumlδ (PMari šuumlδ) Komi śo KomiUS śo Udm śu UdmMU ś UdmB ś(PKomi śo PUdm śu lt PPerm ś) MsP št MsSo sāt (PMs št) KhV sat (PKh sāt)Hung szaacutez [UEW 467]

PU knta1 lsquostump of treersquo gt Fi kanta lsquoheel basersquo kanto lsquostump of treersquo SaaN guottu lsquostumpof treersquo (PSaa kuontōj) MdM kanda (pl kantt) lsquoblock logrsquo MdE kando (pl kantt) lsquoblocklogrsquo MsLO χānta lsquohorizontal beam in the floor of a stilt storage hut stilt of a stilt storage hutrsquo (PMs kntā) KhTrj karingnt lsquostilt of a stilt storage hutrsquo (PKh kānt) [UEW 123]




133

PU nkra1 lsquoSiberian pine nutrsquo gt Fi nauris lsquoturniprsquo MsP nr (PMs nr) KhV naγr KhKaznχr (PKh nāγr) [UEW 298]

PU pŋka1 lsquomushroomrsquo gt MdM panga (pl pankt) MdE pango (pl pankt) MariM poŋgo MariW poŋg (PMari poŋg) MsP pŋk lsquofly agaricrsquo (PMs pŋk) KhV paŋk lsquofly agaricrsquo(PKh pāŋk) PSam pŋkaring lsquoto get drunkrsquo [UEW 355ndash356 Aikio 2013 11]

The Samoyed verb (preserved only in Nganasan) can hardly be an Ob-Ugric loan Ob-Ugric verbs with the

meaning lsquoto get intoxicatedrsquo (PMs pŋkl- PKh pāŋkl-) are derived from the noun lsquofly agaricrsquo with thesuffix l- There is no reason to suppose either the loss of the suffix on Samoyed soil or the borrowing of Ob-Ugric noun as a Samoyed verb

PU šra1- lsquoto dry (intr)rsquo gt Komi šuravn lsquoto dry (intr)rsquo (PKomi šur lt PPerm šor-) PSamtraring lsquoto dry (intr)rsquo [UEW 502ndash503]

The Permic verb can be compared either to the Samoyed one or to SaaN soarvi lsquodead pine treersquo (PSaa soarvē )We prefer the former comparison as it seems more straightforward semantically

PU wlka1- lsquoto go downrsquo gt Fi valkama lsquohavenrsquo MdM valg- MdE valg- MariM wolem MariWwalem (PMari waringle-) MsLU wajl- MsSo wāγl (PMs wγl-) KhV waγl- KhVj wγl-KhNi wχt (PKh wāγl- wγl-) Hung vaacutel lsquoto turn into to divorcersquo [UEW 554]

PU 983082 983145 9830859831372

PU la2 lsquounder belowrsquo gt Fi ala- SaaN vuollẹ (PSaa vuolē ) MdM al MdE al- MariM uumll-MariW uumll (PMari uumll-) Komi uv Udm ul UdmJ ul (PKomi ul PUdm ul lt PPermol) MsTJ jal MsSo jol (PMs jal) KhV l (PKh l) Hung al- PSam l [UEW 6]

The Mansi form is irregular

PU kčča2 lsquosmellyrsquo gt SaaN guohca lsquorottenrsquo (PSaa kuocck) MdM kačam lsquosmokersquo MdEkačamo lsquosmokersquo MariM koo MariW kač lsquobitterrsquo (PMari karingč) MsSo χāssi lsquomouldrsquo(PMs kšγV ) KhV kč lsquomouldrsquo (PKh kč ) [SUE II 5ndash8]

PU mksa2 lsquoliverrsquo gt Fi maksa SaaS mueksie (PSaa muoksē ) MdM maksa (pl makst) MdE makso

(pl maksot) MariM mokš MariW mokš (PMari moks) Komi mus (musk-) Udm mus UdmKUf muš (PKomi mus PUdm mus lt PPerm mos) MsLU mt (pl majtt) (PMsmt majt-) KhV muγl KhKaz mŏχ (PKh mūγl) Hung maacutej PSam mt [UEW 264]

The long vowel in Hung maacutej is apparently a result of contraction after the regular shift PU -ks gt Hungarianzero Hungarian j probably appeared after this contraction as a hiatus-filler before vocalic affixes

PU sksa2 lsquoSiberian pinersquo gt Komi sus lsquoSiberian pinersquo Udm suspu lsquojuniperrsquo UdmMU ss p lsquojuniperrsquo (PKomi sus PUdm ss lt PPerm sos) MsKM tt (pl taringjtt) (PMs tttajt-) KhV jγl KhIrt teχt (PKh Lγl) PSam ttŋ [UEW 445ndash446]

PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372

PU ćla lsquoto flash (of lightning)rsquo gt Fi salama lsquolightningrsquo MsKO sl lsquoto flash (of lightning)rsquoMsSo sāl lsquoto flash (of lightning)rsquo (PMs sl-) KhV săla lsquoto flash (of lightning)rsquo (PKhslā-) PSam saringl lsquoto flash lightenrsquo [UEW 459 Aikio 2002 27ndash29]

Shortness of the vowel in Khanty can be explained by suffixation Khanty verbs with the suffix -ā alwayshave short PKh vowels in the root The Samoyed form is entirely irregular and possibly does not belonghere at all

PU na lsquomotherinlawrsquo gt Fi anoppi SaaN vuoni (PSaa vuonēm) MsSo nip (PMs ānp) KhJŏntp KhKaz wǫntp (PKh antp) Hung napa PSam np lsquofatherinlawrsquo [UEW 9ndash10]

All the languages except Saami reflect the compound najppi lt nappi

PU mγa lsquoearthrsquo gt Fi maa MdM mastr MdE mastor MariM mlande MariW muumllaumlnd(PMari muuml-) Komi mu Udm mu UdmMU m (PKomi mu PUdm mu lt PPermmo) MsP m MsSo mā (PMs m ) KhV mγ KhNi mĭγ (PKh miγ) [UEW 263ndash264]

The vowel in Khanty is irregular



Mikhail Zhivlov

134

PU mrja lsquoberryrsquo gt Fi marja SaaN muorji (PSaa muorjē ) MariM moumlr moumlr MariW moumlr(PMari muumlr) [UEW 264ndash265]

Exception

PU kta1- ~ kta2- lsquoto hang uprsquo gt Fi ahtaa lsquoto cram stuff (dial) to hang up (a net) to set up(a trap)rsquo SaaS voektenje lsquopole for hanging up netsrsquo (PSaa vuoktń) MdM aft lsquoto setup (a net a trap)rsquo MariE oktš lsquotrap noosersquo (PMari aringoktš ) Komi oktn lsquoto set up (atrap)rsquo KomiUS oktn lsquoto set up (a trap)rsquo (PKomi okt lt PPerm kt-) KhV γt lsquotohang uprsquo KhKaz ĭχt lsquoto hang uprsquo (PKh γt-) PSam taring lsquoto hang uprsquo [UEW 506Sammallahti 1988 536]

PU 983082 983145 983085983145

PU ćli lsquoto splitrsquo gt SaaN čuollat lsquoto chop cutrsquo (PSaa ćuol-) Hung szil lsquoto splitrsquo [UEW459ndash460]

PU ćmi lsquofish scalersquo gt Fi suomu SaaN čuopma lsquofishskinrsquo (PSaa ćuom) MariM šuumlm lsquobarkshell peelrsquo kolšuumlm lsquofish scalersquo MariW suumlm lsquobark peel scalersquo (PMari šuumlm) Komi śm KomiJ śm Udm śm (PKomi śm PUdm śm lt PPerm śm) MsKM sm MsSo sām(PMs sm) KhV sam (PKh sām) [UEW 476]

PU čči lsquoduckrsquo gt Komi ćž lsquoduckrsquo Udm čž lsquoduckrsquo (PKomi čž PUdm čž lt PPerm čž)MsP šš lsquomallardrsquo MsSo sās lsquomallardrsquo (PMs šš ) KhV čač lsquomallardrsquo (PKh čāč ) [UEW58]

PU mi lsquobird cherryrsquo gt Fi tuomi ( tuome-) SaaN duopma (PSaa δuom) MdM lajmauml (pllajmt) MdE om (pl omt) MariM lombo MariW lomb (PMari lomb) Komi m(mj-) KomiJ m (miś) Udm m (PKomi m PUdm m lt PPerm m) MsKMm MsSo ām (PMs m) KhV jm (PKh jm) PSam jm [UEW 65ndash66]

The development of Mordvin forms is unclear

PU ći lsquoto stayrsquo gt Fi asea (dial) lsquoto put placersquo asua lsquoto live to dwellrsquo asema lsquostationrsquo MdMašč lsquoto be situated to stay (for a short time) to consist ofrsquo MdE aše lsquoto stand to sitto be situated to consist ofrsquo MdM aumlźm lsquobenchrsquo MdE eźem lsquobenchrsquo PSam so lsquotocamprsquo [UEW 18ndash19 Helimski 2001b 82]

According to Helimski - in the Mordvin verb is a reflexive suffix There are no counterexamples for the de-velopment PU -ćt gt PMd -št (š-) See [Helimski 2001b] for other possible reflexes of this Uralic verb

PU δi lsquoyearrsquo gt Fi vuosi ( vuote-) Komi vo KomiJ u Udm vapum lsquotime centuryrsquo UdmMUwapuŋ lsquotime centuryrsquo (PKomi wo PUdm wa lt PPerm w) KhV al (PKh āl) PSamrouml lsquoautumnrsquo [UEW 335ndash336 Aikio 2012 233ndash234]

PU kti lsquobearrsquo gt Fi (poet) ohto Liv oš MdM ofta (pl oftt) MdE ovto (pl ovtt) [SSA II 260]PU ńi lsquotamersquo gt SaaN vuonjas (PSaa vuońs) KhTrj aringń lsquonot timid (of wild birds)rsquo (PKh

āń ) PSam ń [UEW 340]PU ppi lsquofatherinlawrsquo gt Fi appi ( appe-) SaaN vuohppa (PSaa vuopp) MariNW owŏ

MariW ow (PMari ow) KhTrj op (PKh p) Hung ipa [UEW 14]PU pti lsquohair of the headrsquo gt SaaN vuokta (PSaa vuopt) MariM uumlp MariW uumlp (PMari uumlp)

MsTJ āt lsquoplaitrsquo MsSo āt (PMs t) KhJ opt (PKh pt) PSam pt [UEW 14ndash15]PU jγi lsquoto drinkrsquo gt Fi juoda SaaN juhkat (PSaa juk-) MariM juumlam MariW juumlaumlm (PMari

juumla-) Komi jun Udm jun UdmMU n UdmB jun (PKomi ju- PUdm ju ltPPerm jo-) Hung i- iv- isz- PSam r- kl [UEW 103 Aikio 2002 38ndash40]

PU jki lsquoriverrsquo gt Fi joki ( joke-) SaaN johka (PSaa jok) MdE jov lsquoMoksha riverrsquo Komi ju UdmG jušur (PKomi ju PUdm ju lt PPerm jo) MsKM j MsSo jā (PMs j ) KhV- jaγ lsquosmall riverrsquo (only in compounds) (PKh jāγ) [UEW 99ndash100]




135

PU jni lsquopathrsquo gt Fi juoni ( juone-) lsquoplot rowrsquo SaaS joene lsquowayrsquo (PSaa juon) MdM janlsquopathrsquo MdE jan lsquopathrsquo [SSA I 250]

PU klki lsquo(single) hairrsquo gt Fi kalki ( kalke-) lsquo(single) hair stalkrsquo SaaN guolga lsquohair (not on thehead of a human being)rsquo (PSaa kuolk) MdM kalga (pl kalkt) lsquoawnchaffrsquo MdE kalgo(pl kalkt) lsquoawnchaffrsquo [UEW 644]

PU kŋiri lsquocurved concaversquo gt Fi kaari ( kaare-) lsquoarc curversquo SaaN guotnjar lsquorib nearest to the bow or stern of a river boatrsquo (PSaa kuoŋr) MsKU kŋr lsquohollow of the kneersquo (PMskŋrā) KhNi χuŋχar lsquohollow of the handrsquo KhO χoŋkareŋ lsquoconcaversquo (PKh kaōŋkārV )[UEW 126 Aikio 2013 10]

PU krki ~ kurki lsquocranersquo gt Fi kurki ( kurke-) SaaN guorga (PSaa kuork) MdM karga (plkarkt) MdE kargo (pl kargot) PSam krouml [UEW 128]

Finnic and Samoyed forms reflect the variant with u Saami and Mordvin ones mdash the variant with

PU lćki lsquoto let gorsquo gt Fi laskea lsquoto lower droprsquo SaaN luoitit lsquoto let gorsquo (PSaa luoštē-) MdMlaśk lsquoto runrsquo KhNi lsχij lsquounharness (a horse)rsquo (PKh ḷās-) [UEW 233ndash234]

PU lči lsquoto become wetrsquo gt SaaN luohcat lsquoget soaked through (of wood etc)rsquo (PSaa luoc-)MariM loumlem MariW loumlčem lsquoto swell (due to moisture)rsquo (PMari luumlče-) [UEW 682]

PU lkći lsquoto adzersquo gt SaaN luokčat lsquoto chiselrsquo (PSaa luokć-) MdM lakś- MdE lakśe- MariMlokšińam MariW loksnzam (PMari lokšńća-) [UEW 683]

PU lmpi lsquosmall lakersquo gt Fi lampi ( lampe-) lsquopond small lakersquo SaaN luoppal lsquosmall lakethrough which a river runsrsquo (PSaa luompl) PSam lmp lsquomudrsquo [UEW 235]

PU lpći lsquocradlersquo gt Fi lapsi ( lapse-) lsquochildrsquo MdE lavś MariM lepš MariU luumlpše (PMariluumlpš ) PSam jps ~ lps [UEW 260 SSA II 48ndash49]

PU mńi lsquoclear weatherrsquo gt SaaS moenje lsquoclear (sky weather)rsquo (PSaa muoń) MdM mańilsquoclearrsquo MdE mańej lsquosunny clearrsquo [UEW 698ndash699]

PU ńčki lsquowet rawrsquo gt Fi nahkea lsquowetrsquo SaaN njuoskkas lsquowet rawrsquo (PSaa ńuock) MdM načkalsquowetrsquo MdE načko lsquowetrsquo MariM noko lsquowetrsquo MariW načk lsquowetrsquo (PMari naringčk) KhKazńăšaχ lsquorawrsquo KhO ńăsaχ lsquorawrsquo (PKh ńčāk) [UEW 311]

PU -čk is regularly reflected as -č in Khanty (see PU kačka2- lsquoto bitersquo) so k in PKh ńčāk is suffixalShortness of the vowel in Khanty is due to second syllable ā (cf PU ćla lsquoto flash (of lightning)rsquo gtPKh slā-)

PU ńkćimi lsquogillsrsquo gt SaaN njuovčča lsquotonguersquo (PSaa ńuokćm) MariM nošmo lsquopalatersquo MariWnašm lsquogillsrsquo (PMari naringšm) Komi ńokćim lsquogillsrsquo (PKomi ńokćim lt PPerm ńkćim)MsKO ńχm MsSo ńāχam (PMs ńkćām) KhKaz ńχśm (PKh ńākćm) [UEW311ndash312]

PU ńli lsquoarrowrsquo gt Fi nuoli ( nuole-) SaaN njuolla (PSaa ńuol) MdM nal MdE nal MariM noumllouml pikš lsquoarrow with a bone headrsquo (PMari nuumll) Komi ńv (ńvj-) KomiJ

gmńl lsquothunder arrowrsquo Udm ńl (PKomi ńl PUdm ńl lt PPerm ńl) MsKMńl MsSo ńāl (PMs ńl) KhV ńal (PKh ńāl) Hung nyiacutel (nyil-) PSam ńj [UEW317]

PU ńri lsquotender flexible not yet hardened or driedrsquo gt Fi nuori ( nuore-) lsquoyoungrsquo SaaNnjuoras lsquosoft not yet hardenedrsquo (PSaa ńuor-) SaaN njuorggis lsquogristlersquo (PSaa ńuorkēs)MdM nar lsquogristle grassrsquo MdE nar lsquograss meadowrsquo MariM noumlrouml lsquoflexible moistrsquoMariW noumlr lsquoflexiblersquo (PMari nuumlr) MariM noumlrγouml lsquoyoung fresh tender not yet hardened or dried gristlersquo MariW noumlrγ lsquoyoung fresh tender not yet hardened gristlersquo(PMari nuumlrγ) Komi ńr (ńrj-) lsquorod switch shoots young growthrsquo KomiJ ńr(ńrn) lsquorodrsquo Udm ńr lsquorod twig switchrsquo (PKomi ńr PUdm ńr lt PPerm ńr)MsKM ńrii lsquogristlersquo MsSo ńāriγ lsquogristlersquo (PMs ńrγ) KhV ńarγ lsquogristlersquo KhJ ńaringrγlsquogristle embryorsquo KhO ńar lsquogristle white of the eggrsquo (PKh ńārγ) Hung nyiacuter lsquofrog (in



Mikhail Zhivlov

136

horse hoof)rsquo nyirkos lsquomoist damprsquo PSam ńr lsquogristle sap white of the egg spermrsquo[UEW 317 Aikio 2013 10]

As an adjective PU ńri must have meant lsquotender flexible not yet hardened or driedrsquo As a noun it was usedto denote things possessing these qualities basically lsquoshoot sprout (young) grassrsquo and lsquogristlersquo (as op-posed to bone) Cf the English expression in the gristle lsquoin an initiatory unformed or embryonic stageof existencersquo The meaning lsquomoistrsquo developed from lsquonot yet driedrsquo

PU pći lsquomittensrsquo gt Komi kepś KomiJ kiacutepiś ~ kipiacuteś Udm pź (PKomi kepś PUdm pź ltPPerm pź) MsKM psγ MsSo pāssa (PMs psγā) KhV pas (PKh pās) [UEW 376]

PU sni lsquosinew veinrsquo gt Fi suoni ( suone-) SaaN suotna (PSaa suon) MdM san MdE san MariM šoumln MariW šuumln (PMari suumln) Komi sn Udm sn (PKomi sn PUdm sn ltPPerm sn) MsKM tn MsSo tān (PMs tn) KhV lan KhVj jan (PKh Lān) Hung iacuten(in-) PSam cn [UEW 441]

PU snti lsquoto root out (trees)rsquo gt SaaN suoddat lsquoto cut up (meat fish) to make a clearing in awoodrsquo (PSaa suont-) MdM sań lsquoto root out (trees)rsquo MdE sańa lsquoto root out (trees)rsquoMariM šuumlδam lsquoto root out (trees)rsquo MariW šuumlδaumlm lsquoto root out (trees)rsquo (PMari suumlδa-)[UEW 751 SUE III 89ndash90]

PU ški lsquoto sayrsquo gt Fi hokea lsquoto repeatrsquo Komi šun lsquoto sayrsquo Udm šun lsquoto sayrsquo (PKomi šu-PUdm šu lt PPerm šo-) [UEW 786ndash787]

PU tkti lsquodiverrsquo gt SaaN dovtta lsquoblackthroated diver (Gavia arctica)rsquo (PSaa toktk)MariNW toktlŏδŏ lsquoblackthroated diverrsquo (PMari tokt-) Komi tokt lsquodiverrsquo (PKomitokt lt PPerm tkt) MsKO tχt lsquoblackthroated diverrsquo MsSo tāχt lsquoblackthroateddiverrsquo (PMs tkt) KhKaz tχtŋ lsquoblackthroated diverrsquo (PKh tāktŋ) [UEW 530]

PU wli lsquoto whittle to planersquo gt Fi vuolla SaaN vuollat (PSaa vuol-) Komi vlavn KomiJvoacutelaln Udm vln (PKomi vl- PUdm vl lt PPerm vl-) MsSo wolt (PMswalt-) KhV wălt (PKh wlt-) [UEW 579ndash580]

Permic reflexes unambiguously point to i while Ob-Ugric vowels cannot regularly reflect either i

or aiPU wlki lsquolightrsquo gt Fi valkea lsquowhitersquo SaaN vielgat (attr vilges) lsquowhitersquo (PSaa vielkV-) MariM

wolγδo lsquolight (adj and noun)rsquo MariNW walγδ lsquolight (adj and noun)rsquo (PMariwaringlγδ) Hung vilaacuteg lsquoworld lightrsquo [UEW 554ndash555]

Saami and Mari vowels are irregular

PU 983082983151983085983137

PU ćoka lsquoa kind of duckrsquo gt Fi sotka lsquodiving duck (Aythya)rsquo SaaN čoađgi lsquogoldeneye(Bucephala clangula)rsquo (PSaa ćoaδkē ) MdM śulga lsquodiverrsquo MdE śulgo lsquodiverrsquo MariM olašue lsquoa kind of duckrsquo MariW ala šoe lsquoa kind of duckrsquo (PMari šoe) Komi śuvćž lsquogol

deneyersquo Udm śulčž lsquomallardrsquo (PKomi śul PUdm śul lt PPerm śol) MsKM s lsquogoldeneyersquo MsSo sā lsquogoldeneyersquo (PMs s ) KhV saj lsquogoldeneyersquo (PKh sāj) [UEW 482]

There is no need to reconstruct the variation ćoka ~ ćoδka because the dissimilative development ćhellip gtśhellipl is perfectly regular in Permic Moreover PU δ regularly yields Permic zero not l

PU ćoa lsquowarrsquo gt Fi sota lsquowarrsquo MdM śud lsquoto cursersquo MdE śudo lsquoto cursersquo MariM šuδalamlsquoto cursersquo MariW šuδalam lsquoto cursersquo (PMari šuδala-) PSam saringjaring lsquoto wage warrsquo [UEW777]

PU koćka lsquoa kind of duckrsquo gt Fi koskelo lsquomerganser (Mergus)rsquo Komi kosś lsquogadwallrsquo KomiJksis lsquomerganserrsquo Udm kwaśi lsquodrakersquo (PKomi kosś PUdm kwaśi lt PPerm kwś-)KhV kas lsquomerganserrsquo (PKh kās) [UEW 111 673ndash674]

The comparison with Komi is possible if we assume a dissimilation kośś gt kosśPU koćka lsquodryrsquo gt SaaN goikkis (PSaa koškē ) MdM kośkauml MdE kośke MariM koškem lsquoto dry

(intr)rsquo MariW koškem lsquoto dry (intr)rsquo (PMari koške-) Komi kośmn lsquoto dry (intr)rsquo




137

KomiJ kuacuteśtin lsquoto dry (tr)rsquo Udm kwaśmn lsquoto dry (intr)rsquo (PKomi koś- PUdm kwaś ltPPerm kwś-) PSam karings lsquoto dry (intr)rsquo [UEW 223ndash224]

Saami and Mordvin reflect a protoform kućka

PU kočka lsquoeaglersquo gt Fi kotka SaaN goaskin lsquogolden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)rsquo (PSaakoackēmē ) MdM kućkan MdE kućkan MariM kutkž MariW kučkž (PMari kučkž)Komi kuč UdmM kuč lsquoa bird similar to golden eagle but smallerrsquo (PKomi kuč PUdm kuč lt PPerm koč ) [UEW 668]

PU koδwa lsquoa period of timersquo gt Fi kotva lsquomoment a short whilersquo SaaI koađfi lsquoperiod oftime between two checks of a fishing netrsquo (PSaa koaδvē ) [UEW 669]

Despite the etymological tradition reflected in [UEW] MariM γoδ (stem of postpositions with the temporalmeaning) and MariW γoδ lsquoyearrsquo γoδ (stem of postpositions with the temporal meaning) are evidently borrowed from Russian god lsquoyear (dial) a favourable period of timersquo

PU koja lsquofatrsquo gt MdM kuja MdE kuja MariM koja MariW kaja (PMari karingja) Udm kwajnlsquoto grow fatrsquo (PUdm kwaj lt PPerm kwj-) Hung haacutej lsquo(interior) fatrsquo [UEW 195ndash196]

PU kojra lsquomale animalrsquo gt Fi koira lsquodogrsquo Komi kr lsquomale (animal)rsquo (PKomi kr lt PPermkr) MsKM kr lsquomale animal stallion male reindeerrsquo MsSo χār lsquomale animal stal

lion male reindeerrsquo (PMs kr) KhJ karingr lsquomale animalrsquo (PKh kār) Hung here lsquodronetesticlersquo PSam koraring lsquomale animalrsquo [UEW 168ndash169]

This word is derived from PU koji lsquomalersquo Samoyed apparently reflects the archaic variant kojira withoutsyncope of the medial i (otherwise we would expect PSam karingjraring)

PU koksa lsquodryrsquo gt MariM kukšo MariW kukš (PMari kukš) Komi kos KomiP ks KomiJks Udm ks (PKomi kws PUdm ks lt PPerm kws) [UEW 670]

PU kopa lsquobarkrsquo gt Est kotildeba (gen kotildeba) lsquopine barkrsquo MdM kuva (pl kuvt) lsquocrustrsquo MdE kuvo(pl kuvot) lsquocrust rindrsquo MariM kuwo lsquohuskrsquo MariV kŭwo lsquoidrsquo (PMari kŭw) Komi kulsquohide skinrsquo Udm ku lsquohide skinrsquo (PKomi ku PUdm ku lt PPerm ko) PSam koparinglsquoskinrsquo [UEW 180ndash181]

PU koppala lsquofemale capercailliersquo gt Fi koppelo (dial koppala) SaaN goahppil (PSaa koappēlē )MariM kuwlo MariU kŭwŭlzŏ (PMari kŭwlć) [UEW 181]

PU koska lsquoolder female relativersquo gt SaaN goaski lsquomotherrsquos older sisterrsquo (PSaa koaskē ) PSamkaringtaring lsquograndmotherrsquo [UEW 189]

PU kota lsquohousersquo gt Fi kota lsquohutrsquo SaaN goahti lsquotent Lapp hutrsquo (PSaa koatē ) MdM kud MdEkudo (pl kudot) MariM kuδo lsquosummer hutrsquo MariW kuδ lsquoidrsquo (PMari kuδ) Komi vićko lsquochurchrsquo KomiJ vićkuacute lsquochurchrsquo Udm kwa lsquosummer hutrsquo (PKomi ko PUdm kwa ltPPerm kw) KhV kat lsquohousersquo (PKh kāt) Hung haacutez lsquohousersquo [UEW 190]

PU lowna lsquomiddayrsquo gt Fi lounas (dial louna) lsquosouthwestrsquo Komi lun lsquoday southrsquo Udm nunallsquodayrsquo UdmMU nnaw lsquodayrsquo (PKomi lun PUdm nunal lt PPerm lon) [UEW 693]

PU močča lsquotussock hummockrsquo gt MariM muowuj lsquotussock hummockrsquo MariW mčwujlsquotussock hummockrsquo (PMari mŭč) Udm muč lsquotussock hummockrsquo UdmMU muč lsquotussock hummockrsquo (PUdm muč lt PPerm moč ) [UEW 704]

A loan between Udmurt and Mari is possible

PU ńočka lsquobendrsquo gt Fi notkea (dial notka) lsquoflexiblersquo SaaN njoaski lsquo(mountain) saddle colrsquo(PSaa ńoackē ) MdM nučka (pl nučkt) lsquobend waistrsquo [UEW 714]

PU nojta lsquoshamanrsquo gt Fi noita lsquowitchrsquo SaaN noaidi lsquosorcererrsquo (PS noajtē ) MdE nuńe lsquoto tellfortunesrsquo MsKM ńoumlaumljt lsquoshamanrsquo MsP naumljt lsquodivinationrsquo MsSo ńājt lsquoshamanrsquo (PMsnǟjt) [UEW 307ndash308]

PMs ǟ is irregular but the etymology is quite certain To the best of our knowledge comparison with Mord-

vin was not suggested beforePU ńoma(la) lsquoharersquo gt SaaN njoammil (PSaa ńoamēlē ) MdM numl MdE numolo KomiJńiml (PKomi ńiml lt PPerm ńiml) Hung nyuacutel (nyul-) PSam ńaringmaring [UEW 322]



Mikhail Zhivlov

138

PU ojwa lsquoheadrsquo gt Fi oiva lsquoexcellentrsquo SaaN oaivi (PSaa oajvē ) MdM uj lsquobrainrsquo MariM wuj MariW wuj (PMari wuj) PSam aringjwaring [UEW 336ndash337]

PU oksa lsquobranchrsquo gt Fi oksa SaaN oaksi (PSaa oaksē ) MariM ukš MariW ukš (PMari uks)[UEW 716]

PU oksa lsquoto vomitrsquo gt Fi oksentaa SaaN vuoksit (PSaa vuoksē-) MdM uksnd- MdE uksno-MariM ukšińam MariW ukšnzam (PMari ukšńća-) Komi vosn KomiP sn KomiJstn Udm skn (PKomi ws- PUdm s lt PPerm ws-) [UEW 716ndash717]

PU ola lsquolower jawrsquo gt SaaN oalul lsquolower jawrsquo (PSaa oalōl) MdM ula (pl ult) lsquochinrsquo MdE ulo(pl ulot) lsquochinrsquo MsP wūl lsquolower jawrsquo MsSo ū lsquolower jawrsquo (PMs ūlć) Hung aacutell lsquochinrsquo[UEW 337]

PU ona lsquoshortrsquo gt SaaN oatni (PSaa oanē ) MsKM ūnχ lsquoshortrsquo (PMs ūn-) [UEW 339]PU ońća lsquopartrsquo gt Fi osa SaaN oažžut lsquoget obtainrsquo (PSaa oańćō-) MariM užaš (PMari

uŭžaš ) [UEW 333]PU ońćća lsquofrontrsquo gt Fi otsa lsquoforeheadrsquo MariM ońl MariW anzl (PMari aringńćl) Komi vo

KomiP o KomiJ u Udm aź (PKomi wo PUdm a lt PPerm w) [UEW 339ndash340]PU ora lsquosquirrelrsquo gt Fi orava SaaN oarri lsquosquirrelrsquo (PSaa oarēvē ) MdM ur MdE ur MariM

ur MariW ur (PMari ur) Komi ur (PKomi ur lt PPerm or) PSam aringrop [UEW 343]PU ora lsquoawlrsquo gt Fi ora SaaK vuerr (PSaa oarē ) MdM ura (pl urt) MdE uro (pl urot) Hung

aacuter [UEW 342]PU orja lsquoslaversquo gt Fi orja lsquoslaversquo SaaN oarji lsquowestrsquo (dial) lsquosouthrsquo (PSaa oarjē ) MdM uŕauml

lsquoslaversquo MdE uŕe (pl uŕe ) lsquoslaversquo Udm war lsquoservant slaversquo (PUdm war lt PPerm wr)[UEW 721]

PU orpana lsquorelativersquo gt Fi orpana lsquocousinrsquo SaaK vuerr pen lsquosisterrsquo (PSaa oarpēnē ) [UEW 722]PU orpas lsquoorphanrsquo gt Fi orpo SaaN oarbbis (PSaa oarpēs) MdM urz MdE uroz KhV jŋk

urw (PKh ōūrp ) Hung aacuterva [UEW 343]

PU poča lsquodeerrsquo gt SaaN boazu lsquotame reindeerrsquo (PSaa poacōj) MariM puumlouml lsquodeerrsquo MariW puč lsquodeerrsquo (PMari puč) Udm pužej lsquodeerrsquo UdmMU pužej lsquodeerrsquo (PUdm pužej ltPPerm puž-) [UEW 387ndash388]

PU počka lsquothighrsquo gt Fi potka lsquohind leg (of cattle)rsquo SaaN boaski lsquoanklersquo (PSaa poackē ) [UEW 389]PU poltta lsquoto burn (tr)rsquo gt Fi polttaa SaaN boaldit (PSaa poaltē-) MdM pLta- MdE pulta

[UEW 352]PU sonta lsquodungrsquo gt Fi sonta lsquodungrsquo MariM šondo lsquourinersquo MariW šand lsquoexcrementsrsquo (PMari

šaringnd) [UEW 764ndash765]PU tolwa lsquowedgersquo gt MdM tula (pl tult) MdE tulo (pl tulot) Komi tuv (tuvj-) lsquonail dowel

wedgersquo Udm tul lsquowedgersquo UdmJ tul lsquowedgersquo (PKomi tul PUdm tul lt PPerm tol)

PSam tajwaring lsquonail wedgersquo [UEW 797ndash798 Aikio 2013 13]PU tora lsquofightrsquo gt Fi tora lsquoquarrelrsquo SaaN doarru lsquofightrsquo (PSaa toarō) MdM uŕ lsquoto fightrsquoMdE uŕ lsquoto fightrsquo PSam taringro lsquoto wrestlersquo [UEW 531]

Hill Mari torle lsquodorgaacutelni szidalmazni ruumlgen scheltenrsquo compared with this root in UEW is probably aghost-word It is absent from all dictionaries of Mari save Budenzrsquos 1866 dictionary From this diction-ary [Budenz 1866 56] we learn that the Hill Mari verb torlem lsquodorgaacutelni szidalmazni | increparersquo is at-tested only once in the Hill Mari translation of the New Testament specifically in the 1 st Epistle toTimothy chapter 3 verse 7 in the form инижторлэбь (ie než torlep 3 pl neg pres opt lsquolest they re-proach (him)rsquo) [Mari NT 587] (cf the English translation of this verse ldquoMoreover he must have a goodreport of them which are without lest he fall into reproach and the snare of the devilrdquo) Instead of beinga unique attestation of an otherwise unknown verb the form may be a misprint incorrect transcription

of the verb toumlrlem lsquoto reproach verurteilen Gericht haltenrsquo [Moisio amp Saarinen 2008 811] (the mainmeaning of this verb is lsquoto even to levelrsquo it is a denominal verb from a Chuvash loanword toumlr lsquoevenright correctrsquo)




139

PU woča lsquofencersquo gt Fi otava lsquoBig Dipperrsquo SaaN oahci lsquonatural obstaclersquo (PSaa oacē ) MsSo ūslsquofence yard townrsquo (PMs ūš ) KhV wač lsquotownrsquo (PKh wāč ) PSam waringc lsquofencersquo [UEW577ndash578]

The Mansi word has irregularly lost initial w- hence the vowel is reflected as if it were in word-initial posi-tion (cf wolka and wosa where no such development occurred)

PU woča lsquoto waitrsquo gt Fi odottaa SaaSw aringdsotet (PSaa oacōttē-) MdM uč- MdE učo- MariM

wuem MariW wčem (PMari wŭče-) [UEW 334]PU wolka lsquoshoulderrsquo gt Fi olka SaaN oalgi (PSaa oalkē ) MsKU wojlp lsquoshoulder straprsquo

MsLO wāγlap lsquoshoulder straprsquo (PMs wγlāp) Hung vaacutell PSam wajk [UEW 581 Aikio2002 54]

PU woraći lsquopigrsquo gt Fi oraisa orasa lsquo(castrated) boarrsquo MdM urźi (pl urźiJ ) lsquoboarrsquo [UEW720]

PU worka lsquoto sewrsquo gt MariM urγem MariW rγem (PMari ŭrγe-) Komi vurn Udm vurn UdmMU vurn (PKomi vur- PUdm vur lt PPerm vor-) Hung varr [UEW 584ndash585]

Short a in Hungarian is irregular If the Mari word is an early loan from Permic PU warka2- wrka2- or

warki can be reconstructedPU wosa lsquowarersquo gt Fi ostaa lsquoto buyrsquo SaaN oastit lsquoto buyrsquo (PSaa oastē-) MariM užalem lsquoto

sellrsquo MariW wžalem lsquoto sellrsquo (PMari wŭzale-) Komi vuzavn lsquoto sellrsquo Udm vuz lsquowarersquoUdmMU vuz lsquowarersquo (PKomi vuz PUdm vuz lt PPerm voz) MsKM wtl lsquoto tradersquoMsSo wātal lsquoto tradersquo (PMs wtāl-) [UEW 585]

PU wotta lsquoto gatherrsquo gt Fi ottaa lsquoto takersquo MsKM wt lsquoto pluck to gatherrsquo MsSo wāt lsquotopluck to gatherrsquo (PMs wt-) [UEW 586]

PU 983082983151983085983145

PU ćoji lsquosoundrsquo gt Fi soida lsquoto sound to ringrsquo SaaN čuodjat lsquoto sound to ringrsquo (PSaa ćuoj-)

MariM šoktem lsquoto play (a musical instrument)rsquo MariW šaktem lsquoto play (a musical instrument)rsquo (PMari šaringkte-) MsSo suj lsquovoice soundrsquo (PMs suj) KhV sj lsquovoice soundrsquo(PKh suumlj) Hung zaj lsquonoisersquo [UEW 482ndash483]

PU ćolki lsquobucklersquo gt Fi solki ( solke-) MdM śulgam lsquobroochrsquo MdE śulgamo (pl śulgamot) lsquoakind of broochrsquo [UEW 774ndash775]

PU ćolmi lsquoknotrsquo gt Fi solmu SaaN čuolbma (PSaa ćuolm) MdM śulma (pl śulmt) MdEśulmo (pl śulmot) Hung csomoacute [UEW 38ndash39]

PU joŋsi ~ jŋsi lsquobowrsquo gt Fi jousi ( jouse-) SaaN juoksa (PSaa juoks) MdM jonks MdE jonks MariM joŋež MariW jaŋgež (PMari jaringŋež) MsTČ jaringwt MsP jaumlγt MsLO jowt(PMs jaγt) KhV joγl KhKaz jǫχ (PKh jaγl) Hung iacutej PSam ( j) nt [UEW 101ndash102]

The protoform jŋsi is reflected in Samoyed and Hungarian

PU koγsi lsquosprucersquo gt Fi kuusi ( kuuse-) SaaN guossa (PSaa kuos) MdM kuz MdE kuz MariM kož MariW kož (PMari koz) Komi koz (kozj-) KomiP kz KomiJ kz Udm kz(PKomi kwz PUdm kz lt PPerm kuz) MsLU kaγt MsSo χowt (PMs kaγt) KhV kol KhKaz χǫ (PKh kal) PSam karing()t [UEW 222ndash223]

PU koji lsquomalersquo gt SaaK kūjj lsquohusbandrsquo (PSaa kuoj) MsP kuj lsquomale of animalsrsquo MsSo χujlsquomale of animalsrsquo (PMs kuj) KhV ku (pl kujt) lsquoman husbandrsquo KhKaz χǫ (χǫj-) lsquomanhusbandrsquo (PKh kō) [UEW 166ndash167]

Despite [Moisio 2013 270] the Mansi word is not a Khanty loan

PU koji lsquodawnrsquo gt Fi koi Komi ka (PKomi ka lt PPerm ka) MsLU kuj (PMs kuj) KhJkuń KhNi χuń (PKh kōńćl) Hung hajnal [UEW 167]



Mikhail Zhivlov

140

PU kolmis lsquotree barkrsquo gt SaaN guolmmas lsquoinner bark of conifersrsquo (PSaa kuolms) MariMkumž lsquobirch barkrsquo MariW kmž lsquobirch barkrsquo (PMari kŭmž) [SUE I 168ndash169]

PU konti lsquoto hunt to murderrsquo gt MdM kunda lsquoto catchrsquo MdE kunda lsquoto catchrsquo MsSo χntlsquoto findrsquo (PMs kānt-) MsSo χnt lsquowar armyrsquo (PMs kānt) Hung had lsquoarmyrsquo PSamkaringnt lsquosacrificial animalrsquo karingntos lsquoto murderrsquo [UEW 206 207 Aikio 2006 15ndash17]

PU koppi lsquomouldrsquo gt SaaN guohpa (pl guohppagat) lsquomouldrsquo (PSaa kuoppk) MariM kupemlsquoget mouldyrsquo MariW kpa (1sg) lsquoget mouldyrsquo (PMari kŭpe-) [UEW 680]

PU korpi lsquowoodsrsquo gt Fi korpi ( korpe-) lsquodense forest wildwoodrsquo MsLO χōrp lsquogrove forestrsquo(PMs kārp) [UEW 217 SUE II 8ndash10]

PU korpi lsquoto burnrsquo gt Fi korventaa lsquoto scorch parchrsquo SaaN guorbat lsquobe scorchedrsquo (PSaakuorp-) MdM kŕvaumlź lsquoto catch firersquo MdE kirva lsquoto blazersquo [UEW 186]

PU moćki lsquoto washrsquo gt Est (dial) motildeske- MdM muśk lsquoto launderrsquo MdE muśk lsquoto launderrsquoMariM muškam MariW mškam (PMari mŭška-) Komi mśkn Udm miśkn (PKomimśk- PUdm miśk lt PPerm mśk-) Hung mos- PSam marings [UEW 289]

PU moni lsquomanyrsquo gt Fi moni ( mone-) Komi mnda lsquoas many asrsquo (postposition) Udm mndalsquoas many asrsquo (postposition) (PKomi mnda PUdm mnda lt PPerm mnda) [UEW279ndash280]

PU ńolki lsquoslimersquo gt Kar ńolki lsquosalivarsquo SaaN snuolga lsquosnotrsquo (PSaa (s)nuolk) MdM nolga (plnolkt) lsquosnotrsquo MdE nolgo (pl nolkt) lsquosnotrsquo Hung nyaacutel lsquosalivarsquo [UEW 322]

Mordvin o and Hungarian aacute are irregular

PU omti lsquoabdominal cavityrsquo gt SaaN vuovda lsquoabdominal cavityrsquo (PSaa vuomt) MsKMōntr lsquostomachrsquo MsLO ōntr lsquouterusrsquo (PMs āntr) KhV ont lsquoinside bellyrsquo KhIrt untlsquoinsidersquo (PKh ant) [UEW 338]

PU oŋi lsquomouth (of an animal)rsquo gt SaaN vuoŋas lsquomuzzle of a dogrsquo (PSaa vuoŋs) MdM ovst(pl) lsquobit (in bridle)rsquo MdE onkś lsquobit (in bridle)rsquo Komi vom lsquomouthrsquo KomiP m lsquomouthrsquoKomiJ m (mn) lsquomouthrsquo Udm m lsquomouthrsquo (PKomi wm PUdm m lt PPerm um)[UEW 11ndash12 SUE II 10]

Saami and Mordvin forms go back to a derivate oŋis lsquomuzzle bitrsquo MariM umša lsquomouthrsquo MariW šmalsquomouthrsquo (PMari ŭmša) is a Permic loanword (note PMari ŭ as a substitution of PPerm u)

PU oŋki lsquofishhookrsquo gt Fi onki ( onke-) lsquofishing rodrsquo SaaN vuogga lsquofishhookrsquo (PSaa vuoŋk)MariM oŋgo lsquolooprsquo MariW oŋg lsquolooprsquo (PMari oŋg) [UEW 719ndash720]

PU oŋti lsquohollow (in a tree)rsquo gt Fi onsi ( onte-) lsquohollow cavityrsquo SaaN vuovda lsquonest box forwaterfowlrsquo (PSaa vuovt) MdM unda (pl untt) lsquohollow (in a tree)rsquo MdE undo (pluntt) lsquohollow (in a tree)rsquo KhV oŋt lsquohollow (in a tree)rsquo KhKaz ǫŋt lsquohollow (in a tree)rsquo(PKh aŋt) Hung oduacute lsquohollow (in a tree)rsquo [UEW 341ndash342]

PU poći lsquopenisrsquo gt SaaN buohča lsquopenisrsquo (PSaa puoć) Hung fasz [UEW 345]PU polwi lsquokneersquo gt Fi polvi ( polve-) SaaN buolva lsquogenerationrsquo (PSaa puolv) MdM pl

manža MariM pulwuj MariW plwuj ~ pulwuj (PMari pŭul-) [UEW 393]PU ponči lsquotailrsquo gt MariM po MariW pač (PMari paringč ) Komi bž KomiJ bž Udm bž

(PKomi bž PUdm bž lt PPerm buž) MsKU ponš lsquobirdrsquos tailrsquo MsN pōnsi lsquobirdrsquos tailrsquo(PMs pānšī ) KhV poč lsquoocciputrsquo (PKh pač ) Hung far lsquorumprsquo farok lsquotailrsquo PSam paringnclsquohemrsquo [UEW 353 Aikio 2006 23ndash24]

PU poŋi lsquobosomrsquo gt Fi povi ( pove-) lsquobust bosomrsquo SaaN buokŋa lsquobreast of a birdrsquo (PSaapuoŋ) MdM pov lsquobosomrsquo MdE pongo (pl pongot) lsquobosomrsquo MariM pomš MariW

poŋgš lsquobosomrsquo (PMari poŋš ) Komi pičg lsquobosomrsquo KomiP pi lsquobosomrsquo Udm pilsquobosomrsquo (PKomi pi PUdm pi lt PPerm pi) MsKM pūt lsquobosomrsquo (PMs pūt) KhV

puγl lsquobosomrsquo KhNi puχt lsquobosomrsquo (PKh pūγl) [UEW 395]Permic and Ob-Ugric reflexes are highly irregular




141

PU poski lsquocheekrsquo gt Fi poski ( poske-) MsLU pt (pl pajtt) MsSo pājt (PMs pt pajt-) KhV puγlm KhNi puχtm (PKh pūγlm) PSam paringt [UEW 396]

Ob-Ugric vowels are irregular

PU soksi lsquowormrsquo gt SaaN suoksa lsquolarva maggotrsquo (PSaa suoks) MdM suks lsquowormrsquo MdEsuks lsquowormrsquo MariM šukš lsquowormrsquo MariW šukš lsquowormrsquo (PMari suks) [UEW 764]

PU soŋi lsquoto wishrsquo gt Fi suoda lsquoto give allow permit grant to wishrsquo MsTJ taŋk lsquoto wantrsquoMsSo taŋχ lsquoto wantrsquo (PMs taŋk-) KhV lăŋka lsquoto want to loversquo KhVj jăŋka lsquoto loversquo(PKh Lŋkā-) [UEW 447]

PMs a is irregular

PU sori lsquofinger spanrsquo gt Fi sormi ( sorme-) lsquofingerrsquo SaaN suorbma lsquofinger toersquo (PSaasuorm) MdM sur lsquofingerrsquo MdE sur lsquofingerrsquo MariE šorž lsquospanrsquo (PMari saringorž) MariUšor lsquospanrsquo (PMari saringor) MsSo tras lsquospanrsquo (PMs tārās) KhO sors lsquospanrsquo (PKh sars)[UEW 448 765]

The root without suffixation is preserved in Mordvin

PU soski lsquoto chewrsquo gt SaaN suoskat (PSaa suosk-) MdM susk lsquoto bitersquo MdE susk lsquoto biteoffrsquo KomiP sskn Udm sskn (PKomi ssk- PUdm ssk lt PPerm susk-) MsTJ

tawt- MsVS taγt (PMs taγt-) KhVj joγl- KhKaz ǫχ (PKh Laγl-) PSam tutu[UEW 448ndash449]

PU šoδi (~ --) lsquoto leakrsquo gt SaaN suođđat lsquoto leak (of air)rsquo (PSaa suoδ-) MdM šu lsquotoflowrsquo MdE ču lsquoto flow to leakrsquo [UEW 786]

PU šoji lsquoprickrsquo gt Liv voigrave lsquonet needlersquo SaaS soeje lsquonet needlersquo (PSaa suoj) Komi š lsquospear bayonetrsquo Udm ši lsquosting bayonetrsquo UdmMU š lsquostingrsquo (PKomi š PUdm š lt PPermš) [UEW 787ndash788]

PU šoŋi lsquofoamrsquo gt MdM šov MdE čov (dial čoŋ) MariM šoŋ MariW šoŋg (PMari šoŋ)[UEW 621]

PU toγi lsquoto giversquo gt Fi tuoda lsquoto bringrsquo SaaS doekedh lsquoto sellrsquo (PSaa tuok-) MdM tu( j) lsquoto bringrsquo MdE tu( j) lsquoto bringrsquo KhV tu lsquoto bringrsquo KhKaz tǫ lsquoto bringrsquo (PKh tō-) [UEW529ndash530]

PU tošti lsquoto darersquo gt Fi tohtia SaaN duostat (PSaa tuost-) MariM toštam MariNW toštam(PMari tošta-) [UEW 799]

PU totki lsquotenchrsquo gt Est totildetkes MdM tutka (pl tutkt) MdE tutko (pl tutkot) MariM toto MariW tat (PMari taringt) MsTJ taχtkōl (PMs takt) Hung tat hal PSam tutu lsquocruciancarprsquo [UEW 532]

PU wokši lsquothinrsquo gt Fi ohut lsquothinrsquo MsVS waγta MsSo wowta (PMs waγtā) KhJ woγ lsquothin(of flat objects)rsquo KhKaz ǫχ lsquothin (of flat objects)rsquo (PKh waγl) [Решетников 2011110]

PU woli lsquoto bersquo gt Fi olla MdM u- MdE u- MariM ulam MariW lam (PMari ŭla-) Komiovnvvn lsquoto liversquo (folklore) Udm ulnvln lsquoto liversquo (folklore) (PKomi vl- PUdmvl lt PPerm vl-) MsSo l lsquoto be to live to haversquo (PMs āl-) KhV wăl lsquoto be to liversquoKhKaz wǫ lsquoto be to liversquo (PKh wal- wl-) Hung vol- val- vagy [UEW 580ndash581]

PU woŋki lsquoholersquo gt Fi onkalo lsquohole cavityrsquo SaaK vueŋŋk lsquohole burrowrsquo (PSaa vuoŋkō) MsSowŋχa lsquopitrsquo (PMs wāŋkā) KhLikr wăŋk lsquoburrowrsquo KhIrt woŋχ lsquopitrsquo (PKh waŋk) PSamwaringŋk lsquohole cave denrsquo [UEW 583]

PU wori lsquoforestrsquo gt Komi vr lsquoforest woodrsquo KomiJ vr lsquoforestrsquo Udm vr lsquohummock hillrsquo(PKomi vr PUdm vr lt PPerm vur) MsSo wr lsquoforestrsquo (PMs wār) KhV wor lsquoridgenear a river bankrsquo (PKh war) [UEW 571]

See PU wara1 ~ waumlrauml lsquomountainrsquo and PU wara2 lsquoedgersquo for other forms usually compared with reflexes of PUwori



Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371

PU ajta1 lsquofencersquo gt Fi aita KhV a (PKh āć) [SUE II 1ndash2]PU arwa1 lsquopricersquo gt Fi arvo lsquovaluersquo MdM aŕś lsquoto thinkrsquo MdE aŕśe lsquoto thinkrsquo Hung aacuter

lsquopricersquo [UEW 16ndash17]

PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372

PU amta2- lsquoto giversquo gt Fi antaa SaaN vuovdit lsquoto sellrsquo (PSaa vuomtē-) MdM and lsquoto feedrsquoMdE and lsquoto feedrsquo Komi udn lsquoto give to drinkrsquo Udm udn lsquoto give to drinkrsquoUdmMU udn lsquoto give to drinkrsquo (PKomi ud- PUdm ud lt PPerm od-) Hung ad lsquotogiversquo [UEW 8]

PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137

PU ćarja lsquobeamrsquo gt Fi sarja lsquorowrsquo Komi śor lsquocrossbar for hanging drying clothrsquo KomiJ śurlsquocrossbar for hanging drying clothrsquo Udm śur lsquocrossbar for hanging drying clothperchrsquo UdmMU śr lsquocrossbarrsquo (PKomi śor PUdm śr lt PPerm śr) [UEW 770ndash771]

PU čappa lsquoto make a notchrsquo gt SaaT cāχ ped lsquoto make corner joints (in building logs)rsquo(PSaa cāppē-) MdM šap lsquoto make corner joints (in building logs)rsquo MdE čap lsquoto makecorner joints (in building logs) to make a notch (in wood)rsquo Komi čupn lsquoto make corner joints (in building logs) to make a notch (in wood)rsquo Udm čupn lsquoto make corner

joints (in building logs) to make a notch (in wood)rsquo UdmMU čupn lsquoto hewrsquo (PKomičup- PUdm čup lt PPerm čop-) [UEW 618ndash619 SUE I 163ndash164]

PU jak(k)a lsquoto dividersquo gt Fi jakaa SaaN juohkit (PSaa juokē-) MdM jav- MdE jav- Komi jukn Udm ukn UdmMU ukn (PKomi juk- PUdm juk lt PPerm jok-) [UEW 87]

PU jaŋša lsquoto grindrsquo gt Fi jauhaa MdM jaža lsquoto break to grindrsquo MdE jaža lsquoto break to

grindrsquo MariM joŋžem lsquoto chew the cudrsquo MariW jaŋgžem lsquoto chew the cudrsquo (PMarijaringŋže-) [UEW 631ndash632]PU lawča lsquomildrsquo gt Fi lauha MdM lafča (pl lafčt) lsquoweakrsquo MdE lavšo lsquoweak old (of things)rsquo

[UEW 685]PU maksa lsquoto giversquo gt Fi maksaa lsquoto payrsquo MdM maks lsquoto giversquo MdE maks lsquoto giversquo [UEW

698]PU makša lsquopiece of rotten woodrsquo gt Fi (dial) mahea lsquorottenrsquo MdM makša (pl makšt) MdE

makšo (pl makšot) MariM mekš MariW maumlkš (PMari maumlkš ) [UEW 698]PU marta lsquofarrowrsquo gt Fi marto lsquobarren sterilersquo KomiUd mur lsquofarrow (cow)rsquo Udm mur

lsquofarrowrsquo UdmMU mr lsquofarrowrsquo (PKomi mur PUdm mr lt PPerm mor) [UEW

699]PU mata lsquoto crawlrsquo gt Fi mataa lsquoto crawlrsquo matala lsquolowrsquo MdM mad lsquoto lie downrsquo MdEma lsquoto lie downrsquo

A new comparison

PU pala lsquoto burnrsquo gt Fi palaa lsquoto burn (intr)rsquo SaaN buollit lsquoto burn (intr)rsquo (PSaa puolē-)MdM pal lsquoto burn (intr)rsquo MdE pal lsquoto burn (intr)rsquo [UEW 352]

PU sakka sakita lsquothickrsquo gt Fi sakka lsquodregs leesrsquo sakea lsquothick (of liquids fog etc) thickdense (of forest)rsquo SaaN suohkat lsquothick (of liquids) thick dense (of forest etc)rsquo (PSaasuoktē ) Komi suk lsquothick (of liquids) thick dense (of forest etc)rsquo (PKomi suk ltPPerm sok) [UEW 750]

The shortening of the geminate -kk in the form sakita is as of yet unexplained but the etymological rela-tionship between sakka and sakita is quite certain




143

PU tanta lsquoto balkrsquo gt MdM tandad lsquoto balkrsquo MdE tandad lsquoto become frightenedrsquo Komidudn lsquoto balk (of horse cattle)rsquo (PKomi dud lt PPerm dod-) [КЭСК 97]

PU taŋka lsquotasselrsquo gt SaaN duoggi lsquolump of hair woolrsquo (PSaa tuoŋkē ) Komi tug (tugj-) lsquotasselrsquo Udm tug lsquotassel fringersquo UdmU tug lsquotassel fringersquo (PKomi tug PUdm tug ltPPerm tog) [UEW 791]

PU tappa lsquoto beatrsquo gt Fi tappaa lsquoto killrsquo MdM tapa lsquoto trample to breakrsquo MdE tapa lsquototrample to breakrsquo [UEW 509ndash510]

PU tarna lsquograssrsquo gt Fi taarna lsquosedge (Cladium mariscus)rsquo Komi turun lsquograss hayrsquo Udmturn lsquograss hayrsquo UdmMU turm lsquograss hayrsquo (PKomi turn PUdm turn lt PPermtorn) [UEW 792]

PU waksa lsquospanrsquo gt Fi vaaksa SaaN vuoksi (PSaa vuopsē ) MdM vaks MdE vaks [UEW811ndash812]

PU wala lsquoto pourrsquo gt Fi valaa MdM val- MdE val [UEW 812]PU waŋka lsquohandlersquo gt Fi vanko lsquolong pole with hook at one end used in slashandburn

agriculturersquo Komi vug (vugj-) lsquobail (eg of a bucket)rsquo Udm vug lsquobail (eg of a bucket) felloersquo (PKomi vug PUdm vug lt PPerm vog) [UEW 814]

PU wasa lsquocalfrsquo gt Fi vasa lsquofawnrsquo SaaK vūss lsquoreindeer calfrsquo (PSaa vuosē ) MdM vaz lsquocalfrsquoMdE vaz lsquocalfrsquo [UEW 814ndash815]

Exception

PU pakka1- ~ pakka2- lsquoto burstrsquo gt Fi (dial) pakkua lsquoto burstrsquo KhTrj paringγ lsquoto cracklersquoKhKaz pχ lsquoto burstrsquo (PKh pāγ-) Hung fakad lsquoto spring (of water) to blossom outrsquo[UEW 349ndash350]

Either the Khanty or the Hungarian vowel is irregular Khanty -γ is also unexpected

PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145

PU pakapkapaki lsquoto run awayrsquo gt Fi paeta ( pakene-) lsquoto flee to run awayrsquo pako lsquoflightescapersquo MariM poktem lsquoto drive to pursuersquo MariW poktem lsquoto drive to pursuersquo (PMaripokte-) [ОСНЯ I 181]

Mari pokte is derived from this PU root with the causative suffix te-

PU samasmasami lsquomuddy murkyrsquo gt Fi samea lsquomuddy murkyrsquo Komi zumš lsquogloomycloudyrsquo UdmU zumt lsquomuddyrsquo (PKomi zum- PUdm zum lt PPerm zom-) [SSA III 151]

PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371

PU koča1- lsquoto be ablersquo gt Komi kužn lsquoto be ablersquo Udm kužm lsquostrength powerrsquo UdmJkužm lsquostrength powerrsquo (PKomi kuž- PUdm kužm lt PPerm kož-) MsSo χās lsquoto understand to be ablersquo (PMs kš-) KhKaz χš lsquoto understand to be ablersquo (PKh kāč-)[UEW 114ndash115]

PU ńora1 lsquoswamprsquo gt Komi ńur lsquoswamprsquo Udm ńur lsquoswamp moisturersquo UdmJ ńur lsquoswampmoisturersquo (PKomi ńur PUdm ńur lt PPerm ńor) MsKM ńr lsquoswamprsquo MsSo ńārlsquoswamprsquo (PMs ńr) Hung nyaacuterfa lsquopoplarrsquo [UEW 324ndash325]

PU torka1 lsquocranersquo gt Komi turi Udm turi UdmMU turi (PKomi turig PUdm turi ltPPerm torig) MsKM trii MsSo tārγ (PMs trγ) KhV tarγ (PKh tārγ) Hung daru[UEW 513]

Hungarian a is irregular

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137

PU aońća1 lsquobackrsquo gt MsLO ūń lsquobuttocksrsquo (PMs ūńć) Hung aacutegyeacutek lsquogroinrsquo [UEW 832]



Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137

PU antionta lsquorootrsquo gt SaaK vuentes lsquorootrsquo (PSaa oantē ) MdM unks lsquorootrsquo MdE undokslsquorootrsquo [UEW 719]

PU sampisompa lsquostickrsquo gt SaaN soabbi lsquostickrsquo (PSaa soampē ) MariE šomba lsquopole for drivingfish into the netrsquo (PMari saringomba) [UEW 764]

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145

PU kaoni lsquoon onersquos backrsquo gt MdM kunf lsquoon onersquos backrsquo MdE kunst lsquoon onersquos backrsquo MsSoχni lsquoon onersquos backrsquo (PMs kānγ) Hung hanyatt lsquoon onersquos backrsquo [UEW 179]

Unclear cases

PU aŋa ~ aŋi lsquoopeningrsquo gt Est ava lsquoopeningrsquo MariM aŋ lsquoopeningrsquo MariW aumlŋg lsquoopeningrsquo(PMari aumlŋ) KhJ oŋ lsquoopeningrsquo (PKh ŋ) Hung ajak lsquoliprsquo PSam aŋ lsquomouthrsquo [UEW 11ndash12]

This is a correlative derivative of PU aŋa2- lsquoto openrsquo

PU kaŋajla lt kaŋala2 lsquoarmpitrsquo gt Fi kainalo SaaS gaejnjele (PSaa kājŋēl) MdM kavlal MdE kavalalks MariM koŋla MariW koŋgla (PMari koŋla) Komi kunls lsquogussetrsquoKomiI kunū lsquoarmpitrsquo Udm kunul lsquoarmpit gussetrsquo UdmKUf kuŋul lsquoarmpitrsquo (PKomikunul PUdm kuŋul lt PPerm koŋol) MsKO karingn jalpoumlaumll MsKO karingnl MsLO χanl(PMs kan kanl) KhV kunŋpt KhKaz χǫŋṇpăti (PKh kōṇŋ- kōŋṇ-) Hunghoacuten PSam kaluumlŋ [UEW 178]

PU lanti ~ lnti lsquolowlandrsquo gt Fi lansi ( lante-) lsquolowlandrsquo MariW landaka lsquosmall valleydepression (esp in a forest)rsquo (PMari laringandaka) Komi lud lsquoglade pasturersquo Udm ludlsquofieldrsquo UdmMU lud lsquofieldrsquo (PKomi lud PUdm lud lt PPerm lod) PSam lnt lsquoplainvalleyrsquo [UEW 235ndash236 SUE II 86]

Possibly more than one root here

PU pali lsquoberryrsquo gt Fi puola lsquocowberryrsquo Komi puv ( puvj-) lsquocowberryrsquo (PKomi pul lt PPermpol) MsP pul lsquoberryrsquo MsSo pil lsquoberryrsquo (PMs pl) [UEW 392]

PU lkti ~ lakti lsquobayrsquo gt Fi lahti ( lahte-) SaaN luokta (PSaa luokt) MsSo lχ (PMs lāk)[UEW 234]

PU soja lsquoarmrsquo gt SaaK suejj lsquowing sleeversquo (PSaa soajē ) MariM šokš lsquosleeversquo MariW šokš lsquosleeversquo (PMari soks) Komi soj lsquoarmrsquo KomiJ kiacutesj lsquoarmrsquo Udm suj lsquoarmrsquo (PKomi soj PUdm suj lt PPerm sj) MsKM tt (pl taringjtt) lsquosleeversquo MsSo tājt lsquosleeversquo (PMs tγt tajt-) KhV lt lsquosleeversquo KhVj jt lsquosleeversquo (PKh Lt) Hung ujj lsquosleeversquo [UEW 445]

PU pni lsquoto putrsquo gt Fi panna Komi pnn lsquoto copulate with a womanrsquo Udm ponn lsquoto putrsquo(PKomi pn- PUdm pon lt PPerm paumln-) MsP pun- MsSo pin (PMs pn-) KhV

păn (PKh pn-) PSam pn [UEW 353ndash354]

Abbreviat ions for languages and dialects

Est mdash EstonianEstS mdash South EstonianFi mdash FinnishHung mdash HungarianKar mdash Karelian

KhIrt mdash Irtysh KhantyKhJ mdash Jugan KhantyKhKaz mdash Kazym Khanty

KhLikr mdash Likrisovskoje KhantyKhNi mdash Nizjam KhantyKhO mdash Obdorsk KhantyKhTrj mdash Tremjugan KhantyKhV mdash Vakh Khanty

KhVj mdash Vasjugan KhantyKomiI mdash Ižma KomiKomiJ mdash Jaźva Komi

KomiP mdash Komi-PermyakKomiUd mdash Udora KomiKomiUS mdash Upper Sysola KomiLiv mdash LivonianMariE mdash East Mari

MariM mdash Meadow MariMariNW mdash Northwest MariMariS mdash Sernur Mari




145

MariU mdash Upša MariMariV mdash Volga MariMariW mdash West (Hill) MariMdE mdash ErzyaMdM mdash MokshaMsK mdash Konda Mansi

MsKM mdash Middle Konda MansiMsKO mdash Upper Konda MansiMsKU mdash Lower Konda MansiMsLO mdash Upper Lozva MansiMsLU mdash Lower Lozva MansiMsN mdash North MansiMsP mdash Pelymka MansiMsSo mdash Sosva MansiMsTČ mdash Tavda Mansi village

Čandyri

MsTJ mdash Tavda Mansi village Janyčkova

MsVS mdash South Vagilsk MansiPFi mdash Proto-FinnicPKh mdash Proto-KhantyPKomi mdash Proto-Komi

PMari mdash Proto-MariPMd mdash Proto-MordvinPMs mdash Proto-MansiPPerm mdash Proto-PermicPSaa mdash Proto-SaamiPSam mdash Proto-SamoyedPU mdash Proto-UralicPUdm mdash Proto-UdmurtSaaI mdash Inari SaamiSaaK mdash Kildin Saami

SaaL mdash Lule SaamiSaaN mdash North SaamiSaaS mdash South SaamiSaaSw mdash Swedish Saami [Lindahl

amp Oumlhrling 1780]SaaT mdash Ter Saami

Udm mdash UdmurtUdmB mdash Besermyan UdmurtUdmG mdash Glazov UdmurtUdmJ mdash Jelabuga UdmurtUdmKUf mdash Krasnoufimsk district

UdmurtUdmM mdash Malmyž UdmurtUdmMU

mdash

Malmyž-Uržum UdmurtUdmS mdash Sarapul UdmurtUdmU mdash Ufa Udmurt

Main sources of lexical data

Genetz Arvid 1897 Ost-permische Sprachstudien In Journal de la Socieacuteteacute FinnoOugrienne SuomalaisUgrilaisenSeuran Aikakauskirja XV 1ndash57

Korhonen Mikko (ed) 1987 Wotjakischer Wortschatz Aufgezeichnet von Yrjouml Wichmann bearbeitet von T E Uotila und Mikko Korhonen Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae XXI Helsinki Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura

Lindahl Ericus and Oumlhrling Johannes 1780 Lexicon lapponicum cum interpretatione vocabulorum svecolatina et indicesvecano lapponico in usum tam illorum quibus cura ecclesiarum in Lapponia committenda aut jam commissa estquam aliorum curiosorum et linguarum studiosorum indigenarum et exteriorum illustratum praefatione latinosvecana Holmiae Joh Georg Lange

Moisio Arto (ed) 2013 Wogulisches Woumlrterbuch Gesammelt und geordnet von Artturi Kannisto bearbeitet von VuokkoEiras Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae XXXIII Helsinki Socieacuteteacute Finno-Ougrienne Kotimaisten kieltenkeskus

Moisio Arto and Saarinen Sirkka 2008 Tscheremissisches Woumlrterbuch Aufgezeichnet von Volmari Porkka Arvid GenetzYrjouml Wichmann Martti Raumlsaumlnen TE Uotila und Erkki Itkonen Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae XXXII HelsinkiSuomalais-Ugrilainen Seura amp Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus

Nickel Klaus Peter and Sammallahti Pekka 2006 Saacutemiduiskka saacutetnegirji SaamischDeutsches Woumlrterbuch KarasjokDavvi Girji

Steinitz Wolfgang 1966ndash1993 Dialektologisches und etymologisches Woumlrterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache 1ndash15 BerlinAkademie Verlag

Вахрос Игорь Щербаков Антти 2007 Большой финскорусский словарь Suomalaisvenaumllaumlinen suursanakirjaСвыше 250 000 слов и словосочетаний Под редакцией В Оллыкайнен и И Сало Москва Живой язык[Vakhros Igorrsquo Scherbakov Antti 2007 Bolrsquoshoj finskorusskij slovarrsquo Suomalaisvenaumllaumlinen suursanakirjaSvyshe 250 000 slov i slovosochetanij Pod redaktsiej V Ollykajnen i I Salo Moskva Zhivoj yazyk]

Гальди Ласло (изд) 1974 Венгерскорусский словарь 40 000 слов Москва mdash Будапешт Русский язык [GalrsquodiLaslo (izd) 1974 Vengerskorusskij slovarrsquo 40 000 slov Moskva mdash Budapesht Russkij yazyk]

Жилина Татьяна Ивановна 1975 Верхнесысольский диалект коми языка Москва Наука [Zhilina Tatrsquoyana Iva-novna 1975 Verkhnesysolrsquoskij dialekt komi yazyka Moskva Nauka]

Кириллова Людмила Евгеньевна (изд) 2008 Удмуртскорусский словарь около 50 000 слов Удмуртӟуч кыл люкам 50 000 ёрос кыл Ижевск [Kirillova Lyudmila Evgenrsquoevna (izd) 2008 Udmurtskorusskij slovarrsquo okolo50 000 slov Izhevsk]

Куруч Римма Дмитриевна (изд) 1985 Сāмьршь соагкнэкь 8000 сāннӭ Саамскорусский словарь 8000 словМосква Русский язык [Kuruch Rimma Dmitrievna (izd) 1985 Saamskorusskij slovarrsquo 8000 slov MoskvaRusskij yazyk]



Mikhail Zhivlov

146

Лыткин Василий Ильич (изд) 1961 Комиароча словарь 25 000 кымын кыв Комирусский словарь около 25 000слов С приложением грамматического очерка коми языка составленного проф В И Лыткиным и Д А Тимушевым Москва Государственное издательство национальных и иностранных словарей[Lytkin Vasilij Ilrsquoich (izd) 1961 Komirusskij slovarrsquo okolo 25 000 slov S prilozheniem grammaticheskogoocherka komi yazyka sostavlennogo prof V I Lytkinym i D A Timushevym Moskva]

Лыткин Василий Ильич 1961 Комиязьвинский диалект Москва Издательство Академии наук СССР [Lyt-

kin Vasilij Ilrsquoich 1961 Komiyazrsquovinskij dialekt Moskva Izdatelrsquostvo Akademii nauk SSSR]Насибуллин Риф Шакрисламович 1978 Наблюдения над языком красноуфимских удмуртов В О диалектах и говорах южноудмуртского наречия (Сборник статей и материалов) Ижевск С 86ndash151 [NasibullinRif Shakrislamovich 1978 Nablyudeniya nad yazykom krasnoufimskikh udmurtov V O dialektakh i govorakh yuzhnoudmurtskogo narechiya (Sbornik statej i materialov) Izhevsk S 86ndash151]

Потапкин Степан Григорьевич Имяреков Андрей Константинович 1949 Мокшанскорусский словарь около17000 слов Под редакцией Д В Бубриха с приложением краткого грамматического очерка мокшан-ского языка составленного С Г Потапкиным Москва Государственное издательство иностранных инациональных словарей [Potapkin Stepan Grigorrsquoevich Imyarekov Andrej Konstantinovich 1949 Mokshanskorusskij slovarrsquo okolo 17000 slov Pod redaktsiej D V Bubrikha s prilozheniem kratkogo gram-maticheskogo ocherka mokshanskogo yazyka sostavlennogo S G Potapkinym Moskva Gosudarstvennoe

izdatelrsquostvo inostrannykh i natsionalrsquonykh slovarej]Серебренников Борис Александрович Бузакова Раиса Николаевна Мосин Михаил Васильевич (изд) 1993Эрзянскорусский словарь ок 27 000 слов Эрзяньрузонь валкс Москва Русский язык Дигора [Serebren-nikov Boris Aleksandrovich Buzakova Raisa Nikolaevna Mosin Mikhail Vasilrsquoevich (izd) 1993 Erzyanskorusskij slovarrsquo ok 27 000 slov Moskva Russkij yazyk Digora]

References

Aikio Ante 2002 New and Old Samoyed Etymologies In FinnischUgrische Forschungen 57 9ndash57Aikio Ante 2006 New and Old Samoyed Etymologies (Part 2) In FinnischUgrische Forschungen 59 9ndash34

Aikio Ante 2009 The Saami Loanwords in Finnish and Karelian PhD Diss University of Ouluhttpccoulufi~anaikioslwpdfAikio Ante 2012 On Finnic long vowels Samoyed vowel sequences and Proto-Uralic x In T Hyytiaumlinen

L Jalava J Saarikivi and E Sandman (ed) Per Urales ad Orientem Iter polyphonicum multilingue Festskrift tillaumlgnad Juha Janhunen paring hans sextioaringrsdag den 12 februari 2012 Helsinki P 227ndash250 (Suomalais-UgrilaisenSeuran Toimituksia Meacutemoires de la Socieacuteteacute Finno-Ougrienne 264)

Aikio Ante 2013 Uralilaisen kantakielen vokaalistosta Paper presented at Etymologia ja kielihistoria Erkki Itkosen jaAulis J Joen 100vuotisjuhlaseminaari Helsinki lthttpccoulufi~anaikiovokaalisto_handoutpdfgt

Aikio Ante 2014 On the reconstruction of Proto-Mari vocalism In Journal of Language Relationship Вопросы языкового родства 11 125ndash157

Aikio Ante (forthcoming) The Uralic-Yukaghir lexical correspondences genetic inheritance language contact or

chance resemblance To appear in FinnischUgrische Forschungen 62Buck Carl Darling 1949 A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal IndoEuropean Languages a Contribution to

the History of Ideas Chicago The University of Chicago PressBudenz Joacutezsef 1866 Erdei eacutes hegyicseremisz szoacutetaacuter főleg Reguly cseremisz szoacutegyűjtemeacutenyeacuteből eacutes az Uacutejtestamentom cse

remisz fordiacutetaacutesaacuteboacutel Vocabularium čeremissicum utriusque dialecti imprimis e collectione Regulyana et ex versioneNovi Testamenti čeremissica Pest Eggenberger Ferdinaacutend

DEWOS = Steinitz Wolfgang 1966ndash1993 Dialektologisches und etymologisches Woumlrterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache1ndash15 Berlin Akademie Verlag

Harms Robert T 1967 Split Shift and Merger in the Permic Vowels In UralAtaische Jahrbuumlcher 39 163ndash198Helimski Eugene 1984 Problems of Phonological Reconstruction in Modern Uralic Linguistics In Советское

финноугроведение 20 241ndash257

Helimski Eugene 2001a Ablaut als Umlaut im Ostjakischen Prinzipien und Grundzuumlge der lautgeschichtlichenBetrachtung In H Eichner et alii (ed) Fremd und eigen Untersuchungen zu Grammatik und Wortschatz desUralischen und Indogermanischen in memoriam Hartmut Katz Wien Edition Praesens P 55ndash76




147

Helimski Eugene 2001b PU iumlś lsquoto cause to be to bersquo and some other core vocabulary items in Proto-Uralic Re-marks on etymology and reconstruction In Budapesti Uraacuteli Műhely II Szoacutefejtő Műhely 1999 szeptember 8ndash10Budapest MTA Nyelvtudomaacutenyi Inteacutezet P 76ndash84

Itkonen Erkki 1954 Zur Geschichte des Vokalismus der ersten Silbe im Tscheremissischen und in den permischenSprachen In FinnischUgrische Forschungen 313 149ndash345

Janhunen Juha 1981 Uralilaisen kantakielen sanastosta In Journal de la Socieacuteteacute FinnoOugrienne Suomalais

Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja 77 219ndash274Kallio Petri 2012 The non-initial-syllable vowel reductions from Proto-Uralic to Proto-Finnic In T Hyytiaumlinen L Jalava J Saarikivi and E Sandman (ed) Per Urales ad Orientem Iter polyphonicum multilingue Festskrift tillaumlgnad Juha Janhunen paring hans sextioaringrsdag den 12 februari 2012 Helsinki P 163ndash175 (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen SeuranToimituksia Meacutemoires de la Socieacuteteacute Finno-Ougrienne 264)

Mari NT = 1827 Святoacuteй апoacuteстолвлянъ пяшaacuteвля святoacuteй Iоaacuteннанъ апокaacuteлипсисъге Питер-алашта Н ГречъMayrhofer Manfred 1989 Vorgeschichte der iranischen Sprachen Uriranisch In R Schmitt (ed) Compendium

Linguarum Iranicarum Wiesbaden P 4ndash24Nikulin Andrei nd Six Uralic Etymologies lthttpswwwacademiaedu4479745Six_Uralic_etymologiesgtPeiros Ilia 1997 Macro Families Can a Mistake Be Detected In I Hegedűs P A Michalove and A Manaster

Ramer (ed) IndoEuropean Nostratic and Beyond Festschrift for Vitalij V Shevoroshkin Washington DC In-

stitute for the Study of Man P 265ndash292 (Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph No 22)Reshetnikov Kirill and Zhivlov Mikhail 2011 Studies in Uralic vocalism II Reflexes of Proto-Uralic a in Sa-moyed Mansi and Permic In Journal of Language Relationship Вопросы языкового родства 5 96ndash109

Sammallahti Pekka 1988 Historical Phonology of the Uralic languages with special reference to Samoyed Ugricand Permic In D Sinor (ed) The Uralic Languages Description history and foreign influences Leiden NewYork Brill P 478ndash554

SSA = Itkonen Erkki and Kulonen Ulla-Maija (ed) 1992ndash2000 Suomen sanojen alkuperauml Etymologinen sanakirja Hel-sinki Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus amp Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura

SUE I = Aikio Ante 2013 Studies in Uralic Etymology I Saami Etymologies In Linguistica Uralica XLIX (3) 161ndash174

SUE II = Aikio Ante 2014 Studies in Uralic Etymology II Finnic Etymologies In Linguistica Uralica L (1) 1ndash19

SUE III = Aikio Ante 2014 Studies in Uralic Etymology III Mari Etymologies In Linguistica Uralica L (2) 81ndash93UEW = Reacutedei Kaacuteroly 1988ndash1991 Uralisches Etymologisches Woumlrterbuch Budapest Akadeacutemiai KiadoacuteWiedemann Ferdinand Johann 1880 SyrjaumlnischDeutsches Woumlrterbuch nebst einem wotjakischdeutschen im Anhange

und einem deutschen Register St Petersburg Eggers amp CoWitsen Nicolaes 1705 Noord en Oost Tartarye Tweede Deel Behelzende de Landschappen Georgia Mengrelia Cirkas-

sia Crim Astakkia Altin Tingoesia Siberia en Samojedia Amsterdam Franccedilois HalmaZhivlov Mikhail 2010 Studies in Uralic vocalism I A more economical solution for the reconstruction of the

Proto-Permic vowel system In Journal of Language Relationship Вопросы языкового родства 4 167ndash176

КЭСК = Лыткин Василий Ильич и Гуляев Евгений Семёнович 1970 Краткий этимологический словарь коми языка Москва Наука [Lytkin Vasilij Ilrsquoich i Gulyaev Evgenij Semenovich 1970 Kratkij etimologicheskij slo

varrsquo komi yazyka Moskva Nauka]ОСНЯ I = Иллич-Свитыч Владислав Маркович 1971 Опыт сравнения ностратических языков (семитохамит

ский картвельский индоевропейский уральский дравидийский алтайский) Введение Сравнительный словарь (bḲ ) Под редакцией и с вступительной статьей В А Дыбо Москва Наука [Illich-Svitych Vladi-slav Markovich 1971 Opyt sravneniya nostraticheskikh yazykov (semitokhamitskij kartvelrsquoskij indoevropejskij uralrsquoskij dravidijskij altajskij) Vvedenie Sravnitelrsquonyj slovarrsquo (bḲ) Pod redaktsiej i s vstupitelrsquonoj statrsquoej V A DyboMoskva Nauka]

Понарядов Вадим Васильевич 2013 Отражение прафинно-пермских конечных гласных второго слога в эр-зянском языке В Уралоалтайские исследования 2 (9) 114ndash120 [Ponaryadov Vadim Vasilrsquoevich 2013 Otra-zhenie prafinno-permskikh konechnykh glasnykh vtorogo sloga v erzyanskom yazyke Uraloaltajskie issledovaniya 2 (9) 114ndash120]

Решетников Кирилл Юрьевич 2011 Новые этимологии для прибалтийско-финских слов В Уралоалтайские исследования 2 (5) 109ndash112 [Reshetnikov Kirill Yurrsquoevich 2011 Novye etimologii dlya pribaltijsko-finskikh slov Uraloaltajskie issledovaniya 2 (5) 109ndash112]



Mikhail Zhivlov

М А Живлов Исследования по уральскому вокализму III

В статье рассматриваются три проблемы из истории уральского вокализма переход праураль-ского сочетания гласных aumlauml в праприбалтийско-финское ae судьба прауральского перед ве-лярными согласными в прибалтийско-финских саамских и мордовских языках а также возмож-ность реконструировать две различные прауральские гласные непервых слогов вместо a тради-

ционной реконструкции Цель статьи mdash показать что развитие уральского вокализма должноописываться с помощью строгих фонетических законов а не laquoспорадических измененийraquo

Ключевые слова уральские языки финно-угорские языки историческая фонетика лингвистиче-ская реконструкция прауральский вокализм



Российский государственный гуманитарный университет

Институт языкознания Российской Академии наук

Вопросы языкового родстваМеждународный научный журнал

12 (2014)

Москва 2014






Nordm

12 (2014)

Moscow 2014





Х АЙХНЕР















К В БАБАЕВ

А В ДЫБО


М А МОЛИНА






Advisory Board


M E ALEXEEV


V BLAŽEK (Brno)

H EICHNER (Vienna)


L HYMAN (Berkeley)


A LUBOTSKY (Leiden)



V F VYDRIN (Paris)

Editorial Staff




K V BABAEV

A V DYBO


M A MOLINA

I S YAKUBOVICH





УДК 81(05)ББК 81я5





ISSN 1998-6769

































168









Contributors




aldavletshinmailru






tamihmsumailru



mariamolinamecom







scatebrmailru










mvhumanitygmailcom






































gstarstrinetru












0 Introduction








Mikhail Zhivlov

114

















115


















Mikhail Zhivlov

116






















117














749ndash751]





Mikhail Zhivlov

118
















119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov










Nordm

12 (2014)

Moscow 2014





Х АЙХНЕР















К В БАБАЕВ

А В ДЫБО


М А МОЛИНА






Advisory Board


M E ALEXEEV


V BLAŽEK (Brno)

H EICHNER (Vienna)


L HYMAN (Berkeley)


A LUBOTSKY (Leiden)



V F VYDRIN (Paris)

Editorial Staff




K V BABAEV

A V DYBO


M A MOLINA

I S YAKUBOVICH





УДК 81(05)ББК 81я5





ISSN 1998-6769

































168









Contributors




aldavletshinmailru






tamihmsumailru



mariamolinamecom







scatebrmailru










mvhumanitygmailcom






































gstarstrinetru












0 Introduction








Mikhail Zhivlov

114

















115


















Mikhail Zhivlov

116






















117














749ndash751]





Mikhail Zhivlov

118
















119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov









Х АЙХНЕР















К В БАБАЕВ

А В ДЫБО


М А МОЛИНА






Advisory Board


M E ALEXEEV


V BLAŽEK (Brno)

H EICHNER (Vienna)


L HYMAN (Berkeley)


A LUBOTSKY (Leiden)



V F VYDRIN (Paris)

Editorial Staff




K V BABAEV

A V DYBO


M A MOLINA

I S YAKUBOVICH





УДК 81(05)ББК 81я5





ISSN 1998-6769

































168









Contributors




aldavletshinmailru






tamihmsumailru



mariamolinamecom







scatebrmailru










mvhumanitygmailcom






































gstarstrinetru












0 Introduction








Mikhail Zhivlov

114

















115


















Mikhail Zhivlov

116






















117














749ndash751]





Mikhail Zhivlov

118
















119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Advisory Board


M E ALEXEEV


V BLAŽEK (Brno)

H EICHNER (Vienna)


L HYMAN (Berkeley)


A LUBOTSKY (Leiden)



V F VYDRIN (Paris)

Editorial Staff




K V BABAEV

A V DYBO


M A MOLINA

I S YAKUBOVICH





УДК 81(05)ББК 81я5





ISSN 1998-6769

































168









Contributors




aldavletshinmailru






tamihmsumailru



mariamolinamecom







scatebrmailru










mvhumanitygmailcom






































gstarstrinetru












0 Introduction








Mikhail Zhivlov

114

















115


















Mikhail Zhivlov

116






















117














749ndash751]





Mikhail Zhivlov

118
















119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







УДК 81(05)ББК 81я5





ISSN 1998-6769

































168









Contributors




aldavletshinmailru






tamihmsumailru



mariamolinamecom







scatebrmailru










mvhumanitygmailcom






































gstarstrinetru












0 Introduction








Mikhail Zhivlov

114

















115


















Mikhail Zhivlov

116






















117














749ndash751]





Mikhail Zhivlov

118
















119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov































168









Contributors




aldavletshinmailru






tamihmsumailru



mariamolinamecom







scatebrmailru










mvhumanitygmailcom






































gstarstrinetru












0 Introduction








Mikhail Zhivlov

114

















115


















Mikhail Zhivlov

116






















117














749ndash751]





Mikhail Zhivlov

118
















119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov













Contributors




aldavletshinmailru






tamihmsumailru



mariamolinamecom







scatebrmailru










mvhumanitygmailcom






































gstarstrinetru












0 Introduction








Mikhail Zhivlov

114

















115


















Mikhail Zhivlov

116






















117














749ndash751]





Mikhail Zhivlov

118
















119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Contributors




aldavletshinmailru






tamihmsumailru



mariamolinamecom







scatebrmailru










mvhumanitygmailcom






































gstarstrinetru












0 Introduction








Mikhail Zhivlov

114

















115


















Mikhail Zhivlov

116






















117














749ndash751]





Mikhail Zhivlov

118
















119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov














0 Introduction








Mikhail Zhivlov

114

















115


















Mikhail Zhivlov

116






















117














749ndash751]





Mikhail Zhivlov

118
















119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

114

















115


















Mikhail Zhivlov

116






















117














749ndash751]





Mikhail Zhivlov

118
















119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








115


















Mikhail Zhivlov

116






















117














749ndash751]





Mikhail Zhivlov

118
















119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

116






















117














749ndash751]





Mikhail Zhivlov

118
















119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








117














749ndash751]





Mikhail Zhivlov

118
















119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

118
















119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








119







PU 9830829831379830859831371





PU 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831372


PU kaa2


PSam karinglauml






Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

120



PU 983082 983145 9830859831372



Exceptions














121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








121

















Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

122



front central back


mid e o

low auml a






i u e k o o e o a














erwise





123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








123








Zhivlov2010

Sammallahti1988


u u o u ŭ u u u

u o uuml uuml u

i i i i ĭ i i i

o u u o ō o

o uuml ouml ū o

(w) u

e eo e e i e ī e

u o o o o o

eo e e e e e e

e auml auml euml ē

oa auml auml






Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

124























125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








125






















Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

126


PU 9830829831379830859831371





















127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








127















PU 9830829831379830859831372








Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

128























129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








129

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 9830829831379830859831372





























131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov










131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








131






















Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

132














PU 983082 983145 9830859831371







133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








133








PU 983082 983145 9830859831372








PU 983082 983145 9830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831372









Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

134


Exception


PU 983082 983145 983085983145


















135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








135




















Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

136













PU 983082983151983085983137











137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








137
























Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

138
























139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








139












PU 983082983151983085983145













Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

140
























141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








141





PMs a is irregular


















Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

142

PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082 983145 9830859831371



PU 9830829831379830859831372 or 983082 983145 9830859831372


PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137












A new comparison







143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








143









Exception



PU 983082983137983085983137 or 983082 983145 983085983137 or 983082983137983085983145




PU 983082983151983085983137 or 983082 983145 9830859831371





PU 9830829831379830859831371 or 983082983151983085983137




Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

144

PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983137



PU 983082983137983085983145 or 983082983151983085983145


Unclear cases





















145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








145



Čandyri








mdash

















Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov

146






References

















147
























Mikhail Zhivlov








147
























Mikhail Zhivlov







Mikhail Zhivlov





Mikhail Zhivlov - Studies in Uralic vocalism III

Documents