1 Migrations of Homo sapiens “Peopling of the Earth” Possible coastal routes of human migration Possible landward routes of human migration Migrations in Oceania Human Origins 200,000-250,000 years ago Southwest Asia 100,000 years ago Europe 40,000 years ago Siberia 40,000 years ago Australia as many as 60,000 years ago North America 12,000-30,000 years ago Oceania 1600 B.C.E.-500 C.E. Chile 12,000-13 ,000 years ago
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Migrations of Homo sapiens “Peopling of the Earth”
Siberia 40,000 years ago. Europe 40,000 years ago. North America 12,000-30,000 years ago. Oceania 1600 B.C.E.-500 C.E. Southwest Asia 100,000 years ago. Australia as many as 60,000 years ago. Chile 12,000-13 ,000 years ago. Human Origins 200,000-250,000 years ago. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Migrations of Homo sapiens“Peopling of the Earth”
Possible coastal routes of human migrationPossible landward routes of human migrationMigrations in Oceania
Human Origins200,000-250,000
years ago
Southwest Asia100,000 years ago
Europe40,000 years ago
Siberia40,000 years ago
Australiaas many as 60,000
years ago
North America12,000-30,000
years ago
Oceania1600 B.C.E.-500 C.E.
Chile12,000-13 ,000
years ago
How did geography shape the migration?
How did the Austronesian migration differ from other early patterns of human
movement?
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Remains discovered at Blombos Cave are one example of the more complex culture some humans were developing as many as 90,000 years ago.
View looking out of Blombos Cave to the Indian Ocean
Bone points from the cave
Ochre piece with scrapemarks. A person may havescraped the ochre to get powder to use to makebody paint.
The people who lived in this seaside camp:
• Made sharp stone spear points using methods that appeared in Eurasia only 50,000 or more years later.
• Made objects from bone, the earliest use of this material known.
• Scored bits of bone and ochre with marks that may have had symbolic meaning.
Key Concept 1.2
Neolithic Revolution
Around 8,000 B.C., the Neolithic Revolution occurred & early humans discovered how
to farm & domesticate animals
Farming changed the way humans lived:People no longer
had to be nomads Food surpluses led to population increases
Farming villages became established along river valleys for their good soil & irrigation
The Neolithic Revolution(9,000BCE-3,500BCE)
• Sometimes termed the Agricultural Revolution.• Humans begin to slowly domesticate plant and animal stocks in Southwest Asia.
• Agriculture requires nomadic peoples to become sedentary.
• Populations begin to rise in areas where plant and animal domestication occurs.
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which reflects the DOMESTICATION of…
and plantsanimals
One of the major changes is reflected in this frieze on a wall in Mesopotamia (today Iraq) :
Division of Labor (Specialization)GovernmentSocial Stratification & Patriarchy!!Record KeepingCultural ExpressionTrade
Characteristics of Civilization
Key Concept 1.3: Core Civilizations
The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies.
Note. 2 Exceptions to river valley pattern
Common Characteristics ??
Water!!River Valley Civilizations (with exception of Americas)
Opportunity to adapt environmentSuitable for domesticated plants/animalsRelatively stable (a bit hot) climate
Early River Valley Civilizations
•Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable•No natural barriers•Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings
Environment
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Indus River Valley
China
•Flooding of the Nile predictable•Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages•Deserts were natural barriers•Indus flooding unpredictable•Monsoon winds•Mountains, deserts were natural barriers•Huang He flooding unpredictable•Mountains, deserts natural barriers•Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations•Mountains and ocean natural barriers•Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall•Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations
Mesoamerica & Andes
Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished.
Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys Egypt in the Nile River Valley Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley Olmecs in Mesoamerica Chavín in Andean South America
The first states emerged within core civilizations.
Early civilizations based around city-statesPower new states replaced city-states as main political unit.Rulers were viewed as divine.Kept power by maintaining a strong military.Competition between city-states and nomads lead to an increase in conflict!
Examples of early empires.
Mesopotamia- started as city-states (4000BC)Priests military leadersRulers viewed as representatives of godsEmpires emerged as city-states competed for power/resources.Akkad (2330-2100 BCE)Sargon the Great: Built first empire c. 2340 BCE.Babylonian Hammurabi: King of Babylon c.1792 BCEAssyrianFierce military tacticsLibrary
*** Why so much conflict in this region (Mesopotamia)?
Sargon of Akkad:The World’s First Empire
[Akkadians]
(2350 BC)
Key Civilizations in MesopotamiaBabylonian Empire (1800-1500 B.C.)Most important king was HammurabiHammurabi’s Code282 laws that formed the basis of the Babylonian legal systemDifferent punishments for rich & poor“Eye for an eye”
Egyptian Religion & Politics
Pharaohs (God-Kings)Considered gods on Earth who ruled over gov’t, religion, & the militaryThis is known as a theocracy*Comparison: Mesopotamian kings were representatives of gods, but they themselves were not considered gods
Egyptian Religion & Politics
PyramidsEgyptians believed kings had eternal spirits & Built pyramids as tombs for pharaohs (resting places from which their rulers could reign forever after death)
Pastoralists (nomadic herders) interact quite often with “urban societies”2 examples would be through new weapons and modes of transportation.Examples: Iron weapons and chariotsWhat would the effect be on “settled societies”?
Architecture and Urban Planning
Specialization, conquest, and trade promote large building
projects.
Ziggurats
Prevalent in Mesopotamia.Usually the most prominent building in the city.Made of mud bricks.Dedicated to the chief god or goddess of the city.Priests/Priestesses controlled these structures.
Pyramids & Monuments Egypt
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
Planned Cities: Indus
Mohenjo Daro
Arts and Artisanship
Promoted by the Elites (Political and Religious)
Sumerian Religious Sculpture
C. 2400 BCEMade of marble.Roughly 30 inches tall.This is an example of a “worshipper”. Humans and gods were thought to be physically present in their statues.
Egyptian Wall Paintings
Nebamun Hunting Scene.C.1400 BCELocated in his tomb.Egyptian noble.
Systems of Record Keeping
Eventually would branch out to include other forms of “writing”.Examples: - cuneiform – Mesopotamia - hieroglyphs – Egypt - alphabets – Phoenicia
Cuneiform
C. 3000 BCE in Mesopotamia.A reed stylus was used to make “wedge-shaped” impressions on clay tablets which were then baked or dried.PicturesSymbols Phonetic system
Legal Codes
States would eventually use writing to develop legal codes.Often reflected existing hierarchies and helped the government rule over the people.
The Code of Hammurabi
Read the Code of Hammurabi excerpt on p. 13 in the Duiker book.What do these points of law from the Code of Hammurabi reveal to you about Mesopotamian society?
New Religious BeliefsThe Vedic religion – Indus River ValleyHebrew monotheism – PalestineZoroastrianism – Persia
New religious beliefs develop later in the period that in most cases offer a contrast to the “polytheistic” beliefs of early religions.
The Vedic Religions
Religion of Aryans, an Indo-European group (pastoralists), that migrated into the Indus River Valley c.1500 BCE.Name comes from the collection of sacred texts called the Vedas.Precursor to Hinduism.
Religion in Mesopotamian Hearth
At first polytheistic, gods had human characteristics Toward the end of the period, Zoroastrianism, a monotheistic religion similar to Judaism emerged and will be most noted in the next period with the Persian
Hebrew Monotheism
Abraham considered the “Father” of Hebrew monotheism also known as Judaism. c. 2000 BCEWorship of “one god” is relatively new.Moses and the 10 Commandments.Christianity and Islam have connections to Judaism.
Zoroastrianism
Founder was Zoroaster who was born in Persia c. 660 BCE.Monotheistic: Ahuramazda is the only god.Dualism – * Ahuramazda=Good * Ahriman=Bad***Man has “free will” to follow who he chooses.
TRADE: Regional and Transregional
Trade begins locallyregionaltransregional.Goods, culture, and technology are all exchanged.Diffusion- the spread of ideas and goods.
Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley
Harappan seals have been found in Mesopotamia which leads us to believe that the 2 regions trade goods.The Indus Valley had cotton which probably was what sparked trade between the 2 regions.
Egypt and Nubia
What did they have to offer?Egypt: stone dishes, painted boxes, wooden furniture, and paper.Nubia: ivory, incense and spices
Social and Gender Hierarchies
Egypt
Varna (Social Hierarchy)Caste System
Shudras
Vaishyas
Kshatriyas
Pariahs [Harijan] Untouchables
BrahminsAryans brought Vedic religious beliefs, the foundation of Hinduism
Buddhism and Christianity encouraged monastic life and Confucianism emphasized filial piety (respect for parents and ancestors and bring honor to the parents by respecting others, including women)
Shamanism and Animism
•Shamanism: a range of beliefs and practices regarding communication with the "spiritual world".
•Animism: the belief that every living thing/object has a soul, such as plants and various other inanimate natural objects
Regions Where Ancestor Veneration Persisted•Africa•The Mediterranean•East Asia•The Andean Areas
Ancestor veneration is the belief that those who die still live in other ways and are able to influence the lives of those still alive and of later generations
•Centralized governments•Elaborate legal systems and bureaucracies
Imperial Governments Project Military Power•Diplomacy•Developing Supply Lines•Building fortifications, roads, and defensive walls•Drawing new groups of military officers and soldiers from
locals or conquered peoples
Much of the success of the empires rested on their promotion of tradeand economic integration by building and maintaining roads and issuingcurrencies.
Cities involved...
•Centers of trade•Public performances of religious rituals•Political administration for states and empires
HierarchiesThe social structures of empires displayed hierarchies that included cultivators, laborers, slaves, artisans, merchants, elites, or caste groups.
Methods to Maintain Food Production and Rewards for Loyalty•Slavery•Rents and tributes•Peasant communities•Family and household production
Patriarchy continued to shape gender and family relations in all imperial societies of this period.
Decline :(
The Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta empires created political, cultural, and administrative difficulties that they could not manage, which eventually led to their decline, collapse, and transformation into successor empires or states.
What are some possible factors of decline for an empire?
Through excessive mobilization of resources, imperial governments caused environmental damage and generated social tensions and economic difficulties by concentrating too much wealth in the hands of elites
External Problems
External problems resulted from security issues along their frontiers, including the threat of invasions.
•Between Han China and the Xiongnu
•Between the Gupta and the White Huns
•Between the Romans and their northern and eastern neighbors.
Alongside the trade in goods, the exchange of people, technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals, and disease pathogens developed across far-flung networks of communication and exchange.
Changes in Irrigation and Farming Techniques•The qanat system