'Migration, Immigration & Cha 'Migration, Immigration & Cha nging Borders' TAMU Office of nging Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1 Intenational Outreach, Dec 1 1 Does (will) global Does (will) global environmental change environmental change accelerate accelerate immigration? immigration? Prof. Andrew Millington Prof. Andrew Millington Dept. of Geography, TAMU Dept. of Geography, TAMU [email protected][email protected]
24
Embed
'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006 1 Does (will) global environmental change accelerate immigration?
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
11
Does (will) global Does (will) global environmental change environmental change
accelerate immigration?accelerate immigration?
Prof. Andrew MillingtonProf. Andrew Millington
Dept. of Geography, TAMUDept. of Geography, [email protected]@geog.tamu.edu
22'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
Would you know an environmental migrant Would you know an environmental migrant if you saw one?if you saw one?
33'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
Environmental migrants and Environmental migrants and refugeesrefugees
175 million people live outside their country of birth 175 million people live outside their country of birth
10-11 million refugees from armed conflicts10-11 million refugees from armed conflicts
12-25 million refugees from natural disasters and famine12-25 million refugees from natural disasters and famine
Majority of environmental migrants/refugees have moved Majority of environmental migrants/refugees have moved since 1980since 1980
Cross-border migrants Cross-border migrants currently mainly social and economic opportunistscurrently mainly social and economic opportunists economic migrants fastest growing groupeconomic migrants fastest growing group
Internally displaced persons Internally displaced persons currently mainly environmental and political refugeescurrently mainly environmental and political refugees
44'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
Refugees and environmental Refugees and environmental refugeesrefugees
Conflicts and Disasters
Traditional Refugees:
Persecution, Human rights violations,
Repression, Conflict
Environmental Refugees:
Natural disasters,Environmentaldegradation
EnvironmentalRefugees:
Anthropogenic disasters
55'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
Refugees and environmental Refugees and environmental refugeesrefugees
Similarities between traditional and environmental Similarities between traditional and environmental refugeesrefugees
Forced nature of migrationForced nature of migration Need for material assistanceNeed for material assistance Need for permission to re-locateNeed for permission to re-locate
Debate raging at present:Debate raging at present: Should environmental migrants be treated, and have same status Should environmental migrants be treated, and have same status
as, traditional refugees as codified in International Law and as, traditional refugees as codified in International Law and guarded by the UN?guarded by the UN?
66'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
Originally identified and broadly defined by UN researcher El-Originally identified and broadly defined by UN researcher El-Hinnawai (1985). Hinnawai (1985).
““People who migrate from their usual residence due to changes in People who migrate from their usual residence due to changes in their ambient non-human environment” their ambient non-human environment” Diane BatesDiane Bates (2002) (2002)
1212'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
Earthquakes and IDPsEarthquakes and IDPs
FOR MORE INFO... Link> Population Reference Bureau
NumberNumber Total Total deathsdeaths
Total Total affectedaffected
(mills)(mills)
AfricaAfrica 6464 329329 1.81.8
AmericasAmericas 229229 195 740195 740 24.824.8
AsiaAsia 447447 1 302 1891 302 189 60.660.6
EuropeEurope 215215 346 801346 801 10.710.7
OceaniaOceania 3838 439439 0.090.09Earthquake data 1901-2005 (Pop Ref Bureau)Earthquake data 1901-2005 (Pop Ref Bureau)
1313'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
1414'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
Environmentally-IDPs in the USAEnvironmentally-IDPs in the USA
Hurricane KatrinaHurricane Katrina ““In…14 days the hurricane scattered In…14 days the hurricane scattered
as many as 1 million evacuees as many as 1 million evacuees across the US…”across the US…”
““Many evacuees are putting down Many evacuees are putting down roots in new areas and saying they’ll roots in new areas and saying they’ll never return.” never return.”
“…“…the largest displacement of the largest displacement of Americans in 150 years…as if the Americans in 150 years…as if the entire Dust Bowl occurred in 14 entire Dust Bowl occurred in 14 days” days” Peter Grier, Christian Science Peter Grier, Christian Science Monitor, Sept 12 2005Monitor, Sept 12 2005
1515'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
Environmentally-IDPs in the USAEnvironmentally-IDPs in the USA
1616'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
International environmental International environmental refugees: Haitirefugees: Haiti
20% (1.3 million) of 20% (1.3 million) of population emigrated, population emigrated, 300 000 to USA300 000 to USAPolitical oppressionPolitical oppressionEnvironmental basisEnvironmental basis
High population growthHigh population growth 33% of land suitable for 33% of land suitable for
cultivated: 60% cultivatedcultivated: 60% cultivated 80% population chronically 80% population chronically
malnourishedmalnourished
Cost of Haitian migrants to Cost of Haitian migrants to Florida $250 millionFlorida $250 million17x USAID annual spent on 17x USAID annual spent on environmental safeguards environmental safeguards in entire Caribbeanin entire Caribbean
1717'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
International environmental International environmental migration: historical contextsmigration: historical contexts
1818'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
Migration gradientMigration gradient
Driven outright by Driven outright by environmental environmental pressurespressures
2222'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
Does (will) global environmental change Does (will) global environmental change accelerate immigration?accelerate immigration?
Does global environmental change accelerate Does global environmental change accelerate immigration?immigration?√ √ Majority of 25million environmental migrants since 1980 – 1995 Majority of 25million environmental migrants since 1980 – 1995
? Some not due to global environmental change but other hazards? Some not due to global environmental change but other hazards
X Most of IDPs, not immigrantsX Most of IDPs, not immigrants
Will global environmental change accelerate Will global environmental change accelerate immigration?immigration?√ √ Environmental migrants projected to double by 2010 Environmental migrants projected to double by 2010
? Some not due to global environmental change but other hazards? Some not due to global environmental change but other hazards
X Many still IDPs, but more will migrateX Many still IDPs, but more will migrate
2323'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
Responsibilities and ResponsesResponsibilities and Responses
Analogies with the ‘polluter pays principle’Analogies with the ‘polluter pays principle’
Increase the legal scope of refugeeIncrease the legal scope of refugee
Better understanding of interplay of causes of Better understanding of interplay of causes of migrationmigration
Better targeting of aid moniesBetter targeting of aid monies
Recognition of the value of refugees in a Recognition of the value of refugees in a globalized economy globalized economy
2424'Migration, Immigration & Changing Bor'Migration, Immigration & Changing Borders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreders' TAMU Office of Intenational Outreach, Dec 1st 2006ach, Dec 1st 2006
Would you know an environmental migrant Would you know an environmental migrant if you saw one?if you saw one?