Migration. Concepts The long term movement of people from one area to another The long term movement of people from one area to another Movement out of.

Migration Migration

Concepts Concepts

The long term movement of people The long term movement of people from one area to anotherfrom one area to another

Movement out of an area is called Movement out of an area is called emigrationemigration

movement inward is referred to as movement inward is referred to as immigrationimmigration

ConceptsConcepts

Host CountryHost Country= receiving country.= receiving country.

Donor CountryDonor Country=source country.=source country.

migration balancemigration balance is the difference is the difference between the number of emigrants between the number of emigrants and the number of immigrantsand the number of immigrants

Concepts Concepts

Net migrationNet migration: the difference between the : the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a number of immigrants and emigrants in a country country

Push factorPush factor: things that make people leave : things that make people leave an areaan area

Pull factorPull factor: things that attract people to an : things that attract people to an area area

Barriers to migrationBarriers to migration: anything that makes : anything that makes migration difficult or impossiblemigration difficult or impossible

Concept Concept RefugeeRefugee: someone who leaves their : someone who leaves their

country due to a well founded fear of country due to a well founded fear of persecution based on religion, politics etc. persecution based on religion, politics etc. have been given refugee status in a host have been given refugee status in a host countrycountry

Asylum seekerAsylum seeker: a person who applies for : a person who applies for refugee status in a country to which they refugee status in a country to which they movedmoved

Internally displaced personInternally displaced person: someone who : someone who is forced to move within their own country is forced to move within their own country due to persecution, conflict or internal due to persecution, conflict or internal disasterdisaster

Types of migration Types of migration

Forced Migration.Forced Migration.• Unemployment e.g. Ireland to England and Unemployment e.g. Ireland to England and

USA 1930s to 1980s and current timesUSA 1930s to 1980s and current times• Natural disasters e.g. famines, floods etc.Natural disasters e.g. famines, floods etc.• War e.g. troubles in the Middle eastWar e.g. troubles in the Middle east• Religious persecution e.g. Pilgrim fathers to Religious persecution e.g. Pilgrim fathers to

America.America.• Political persecution e.g. apartheid in the old Political persecution e.g. apartheid in the old

South Africa.South Africa.

Types of migrationTypes of migration Voluntary Migration.Voluntary Migration. Job prospects e.g. West of Ireland to the Job prospects e.g. West of Ireland to the

Dublin RegionDublin Region Travel & Adventure e.g. Young Irish people Travel & Adventure e.g. Young Irish people

going to Australia etcgoing to Australia etc Religious freedom e.g. Nigerian Christians Religious freedom e.g. Nigerian Christians

in Irelandin Ireland Higher Living Standards e.g. better Higher Living Standards e.g. better

facilities in Citiesfacilities in Cities Climate e.g. Irish people on retiring Climate e.g. Irish people on retiring

moving to Spain etcmoving to Spain etc

Types of migrationTypes of migration

Intra-national: Intra-national: West of Ireland to Dublin.West of Ireland to Dublin. Urban depopulation: Urban depopulation: Inner city to Inner city to

suburbs.suburbs. Regional: Regional: Connemara to Galway City.Connemara to Galway City. Returning migrants: Returning migrants: Philippino nurses Philippino nurses

going home after 2 years.going home after 2 years. Seasonal: Seasonal: Students to USA on J1 visas & Students to USA on J1 visas &

touriststourists

Effects of migration Effects of migration

Positive effects of Emigration on Positive effects of Emigration on Donor country.Donor country.

Safety valve reducing overpopulationSafety valve reducing overpopulation – reduces – reduces pressure on natural resources (Ireland 1980’s)pressure on natural resources (Ireland 1980’s)

Governments save on social welfare payments.Governments save on social welfare payments. RemittancesRemittances – second largest source of income – second largest source of income

in some countries – Mexico in 2006 worth 19b in some countries – Mexico in 2006 worth 19b euroeuro

TourismTourism

Effects of migrationEffects of migration Negative effects of Emigration on Donor Negative effects of Emigration on Donor

country.country. Loss of young educated workforce i.e. brain drain Loss of young educated workforce i.e. brain drain

e.g. Poland today.e.g. Poland today. Slows economic develpment, education Slows economic develpment, education

investment reduced, loss of tax and spendinginvestment reduced, loss of tax and spending Smaller home market.Smaller home market. Rural depopulation – an ageing population left Rural depopulation – an ageing population left

behind resulting in fewer services.behind resulting in fewer services. Abandoned farms and farmhousesAbandoned farms and farmhouses, farming , farming

practices stagnate, services closepractices stagnate, services close

Effects of migrationEffects of migration

Positive effects of Immigration on Positive effects of Immigration on Host country.Host country.

Skills enrichment & labour shortagesSkills enrichment & labour shortages• Young educated workforce at no cost.Young educated workforce at no cost.• Renewed inward investmentRenewed inward investment

MMulti racial societyulti racial society• Greater diversity, tolerance & understandingGreater diversity, tolerance & understanding

Economic contribution to government Economic contribution to government budgetbudget

Effects of migrationEffects of migration Negative effects of Immigration on host countryNegative effects of Immigration on host country Language BarrierLanguage Barrier

• Discrimination & ExploitationDiscrimination & Exploitation

Lack of integrationLack of integration• Ghettoisation, racism & discrimination, shanty townsGhettoisation, racism & discrimination, shanty towns

Racism e.g. neo Nazism in GermanyRacism e.g. neo Nazism in Germany

RefugeesRefugees

OverpopulationOverpopulation & Pressure on Resources & Pressure on Resources• Housing, education & medical servicesHousing, education & medical services• Xenophobia, stereotypesXenophobia, stereotypes

Ethnic IssuesEthnic Issues

Identity of a minority group, Identity of a minority group, collective self-identity in larger collective self-identity in larger populationpopulation

Place of birth, language/religionPlace of birth, language/religion Ethnic Cleansing e.g.Muslims in Ethnic Cleansing e.g.Muslims in

Bosnia-HerzegovinaBosnia-Herzegovina

Racial IssuesRacial Issues Biological Inheritance, physical characteristics e.g skin colourBiological Inheritance, physical characteristics e.g skin colour Social segregation: ghettosSocial segregation: ghettos Apartheid: South AfricaApartheid: South Africa In 2006 ESRI survey 35% of imigrants had experienced In 2006 ESRI survey 35% of imigrants had experienced

harassment in public placeharassment in public place New National policy of Racism developed to help them integrate New National policy of Racism developed to help them integrate

and be successfull and happyand be successfull and happy France: race riots, 2005, carried out by youths of North African France: race riots, 2005, carried out by youths of North African

descent, following accidental death of 2 youth being chased by descent, following accidental death of 2 youth being chased by police in Clichy-sous-Bois suburb of Parispolice in Clichy-sous-Bois suburb of Paris

Unemployment higher in migrants, issues over housing and lack Unemployment higher in migrants, issues over housing and lack of opportunitiesof opportunities

Mass rioting affecting 274 towns for 2 weeksMass rioting affecting 274 towns for 2 weeks Integration & discrimination, 200m euro in damage, 30b euro aid Integration & discrimination, 200m euro in damage, 30b euro aid

packagepackage

Irish National Policy against Irish National Policy against RacismRacism

Full Participation in all areas of lifeFull Participation in all areas of life Raising awarenessRaising awareness Provided for by the governmentProvided for by the government Included in all areas of economic & Included in all areas of economic &

social lifesocial life Same laws & protection as everyone Same laws & protection as everyone

elseelse

Religous IssuesReligous Issues

Muslim Indians, Pakistan, Plantations of Muslim Indians, Pakistan, Plantations of Protestants, Northern IrelandProtestants, Northern Ireland

Irish educational system: trusteeship of Irish educational system: trusteeship of catholic churchcatholic church

Equal status act 2000Equal status act 2000 60 muli-denominational Educate Together 60 muli-denominational Educate Together

schoolschool Ireland: integrated/melting pot approachIreland: integrated/melting pot approach Britain: multicultural/salad bowl approachBritain: multicultural/salad bowl approach

Migration in EuropeMigration in Europe Migration from peripheral regions to core Migration from peripheral regions to core

commoncommon Migrants brought their families, high birth Migrants brought their families, high birth

rates their numbers increased rates their numbers increased low low birth rate of the European core regions birth rate of the European core regions

created a need for their labourcreated a need for their labour high oil prices led to a recession (1970s)= high oil prices led to a recession (1970s)=

jobs lost, unemployment rosejobs lost, unemployment rose 1990s=new wave of economic migrants 1990s=new wave of economic migrants

from Eastern Europe (fall of the old Soviet from Eastern Europe (fall of the old Soviet Union and very low living standards)Union and very low living standards)

Ireland and MigrationIreland and Migration

Patterns of Migration to IrelandPatterns of Migration to Ireland 18418455 to 1 to 1849849: : Post Famine: Post Famine:

• high emigration particularly from rural areas to US & UKhigh emigration particularly from rural areas to US & UK (0ver (0ver 1,000,000)1,000,000)

• Reduced Irish birth ratesReduced Irish birth rates• Age and sex selectiveAge and sex selective

The Irish Free State: 1922The Irish Free State: 1922• 1926: 10% employed in manufacturing1926: 10% employed in manufacturing• ProtectionismProtectionism

Emmigration Emmigration 1919550s:0s: Deep economic recessionDeep economic recession 1961 population: 2.82m1961 population: 2.82m 400,000 emigrated400,000 emigrated Lacked skills & educationLacked skills & education Rapid depopulation, social isolationRapid depopulation, social isolation High dependency RatioHigh dependency Ratio

Economic Prosperity late 1960’s & Economic Prosperity late 1960’s & 70’s70’s

Taoiseach Sean LemassTaoiseach Sean Lemass Programmes for economic expansionProgrammes for economic expansion Foreign investment & free tradeForeign investment & free trade Outward migration declinedOutward migration declined world economic boom world economic boom foreign investment led to jobs in the industrial foreign investment led to jobs in the industrial

sector eg. Pfiserssector eg. Pfisers 1966: 300+ foreign companies1966: 300+ foreign companies 1973: Ireland joined the EEC1973: Ireland joined the EEC Exports grewExports grew living standards rose by 50%living standards rose by 50% Inmigration outweighed eInmigration outweighed emigrationmigration Between 1971-81 population increased by 15.6%Between 1971-81 population increased by 15.6%


Patterns of Migration to IrelandPatterns of Migration to Ireland Recession Recession 1980s: 1980s: High unemployment ratesHigh unemployment rates Economic RefugeesEconomic Refugees GGovernment debt and a restructuring of overnment debt and a restructuring of

the CAP=led to a sharp rise in emigration.the CAP=led to a sharp rise in emigration. different as it was predominately highly-different as it was predominately highly-

educated people (brain draineducated people (brain drain of 200,000 of 200,000)) Manufacturers closed downManufacturers closed down

Celtic Tiger Era 1997-2007Celtic Tiger Era 1997-2007

Net inward migration, highest in 2006Net inward migration, highest in 2006 EU & non EU skilled & unskilled workersEU & non EU skilled & unskilled workers New wave of investment: high-tech MNC’sNew wave of investment: high-tech MNC’s Ireland: 1% of EU population, 20% of new inward Ireland: 1% of EU population, 20% of new inward

investment in Europeinvestment in Europe In 1996 net inmigration due to demand for labour: 1995-99 In 1996 net inmigration due to demand for labour: 1995-99

second highest rate of net inmigration in the worldsecond highest rate of net inmigration in the world 2002: applications for asylum seekers peaked – 11,634: 2002: applications for asylum seekers peaked – 11,634:

dropped since the EU policy of “safe country of origin”dropped since the EU policy of “safe country of origin” removal of the right of automatic residency for parents of removal of the right of automatic residency for parents of

Irish born childrenIrish born children Citizenship Referendum removed Irish born child's Citizenship Referendum removed Irish born child's

automatic right to citizenship when the parents are non- automatic right to citizenship when the parents are non- Irish nationalsIrish nationals

Current RecessionCurrent Recession MNC’s shutting downMNC’s shutting down Young well educated workforce emigrateYoung well educated workforce emigrate Governemental debt 38.5b (2005) and 84b Governemental debt 38.5b (2005) and 84b

(2010)(2010) Housing market collapse, living costs going Housing market collapse, living costs going

upup 140,000 jobs lost since 2007140,000 jobs lost since 2007 Unemployment: 4.2% (2005), 14.3% (2011)Unemployment: 4.2% (2005), 14.3% (2011) Inmigration decreased: tightened Inmigration decreased: tightened

regulationsregulations Net outward migrationNet outward migration


From 2010-return to out-migrationFrom 2010-return to out-migration 2010 net out migration was 34,500 2010 net out migration was 34,500

(highest recorded since 1989)(highest recorded since 1989) 2009 figure was 2009 figure was 65,100 - 18,400 were Irish 65,100 - 18,400 were Irish

NationalsNationals Included both Irish and non Irish nationalsIncluded both Irish and non Irish nationals Inmigration down from 83,800 – 57,300Inmigration down from 83,800 – 57,300 Net outmigration first time since 1995Net outmigration first time since 1995

Migration policy in Ireland and the Migration policy in Ireland and the EUEU

Migrants from outside the EU have to Migrants from outside the EU have to apply for a work permitapply for a work permit

Permits cater for high level skills (IT, Permits cater for high level skills (IT, science, biotechnology etc) crucial to the science, biotechnology etc) crucial to the development of the economydevelopment of the economy

Attract companies with high valued jobsAttract companies with high valued jobs Permit will only be issued if no suitable Permit will only be issued if no suitable

Irish national to fill the positionIrish national to fill the position

Irish Migration PolicyIrish Migration Policy

2007 – stricter laws2007 – stricter laws Focus on skills in short supplyFocus on skills in short supply

• Green card, work permit intra-company permit, Green card, work permit intra-company permit, spousal & dependent permitsspousal & dependent permits

Migrant & Irish workers – same rightsMigrant & Irish workers – same rights 5+ years permenent citizenship possible5+ years permenent citizenship possible Asylum seekers cn apply for refugee Asylum seekers cn apply for refugee

statusstatus Irish born children of non nationals & their Irish born children of non nationals & their

parents not automatic citizensparents not automatic citizens

Four categories of permitsFour categories of permits

1.1. The Green Card Scheme The Green Card Scheme:: Available for occupants with salaries of Available for occupants with salaries of

over 60,000 euro over 60,000 euro Jobs in communications, IT, healthcare, Jobs in communications, IT, healthcare,

construction etcconstruction etc Issued for two yearsIssued for two years May lead to permanent or long- term May lead to permanent or long- term

residenceresidence Card holders permitted to bring spouses Card holders permitted to bring spouses

and familiesand families


2. 2. The Work Permit: The Work Permit: For non-green card occupations in For non-green card occupations in

30,000-60,000 annual salary range30,000-60,000 annual salary range

Granted for two yearsGranted for two years

Can be extended for a further three Can be extended for a further three yearsyears


3. 3. Intra-Company Transfer Permit:Intra-Company Transfer Permit: For trans national senior managers, For trans national senior managers,

key personnel and traineeskey personnel and trainees

Multinationals to transfer staff Multinationals to transfer staff between branches on a temporary between branches on a temporary basisbasis


4. 4. New spousal/ Dependant Work New spousal/ Dependant Work Permit:Permit:

Allows the spouse and dependents of Allows the spouse and dependents of employment permit holders to live in employment permit holders to live in Ireland and apply for work permitsIreland and apply for work permits

Rights of migrant workers in IrelandRights of migrant workers in Ireland

Same employments rights and Same employments rights and protection protection

Resident in Ireland for at lest 2 years Resident in Ireland for at lest 2 years to be eligible of social welfareto be eligible of social welfare

Permits will not be issued for jobs Permits will not be issued for jobs paying below minimum wagepaying below minimum wage

Become an Irish citizen after five Become an Irish citizen after five years of legal residency years of legal residency

Rights of asylum seekers/ refugees Rights of asylum seekers/ refugees in Irelandin Ireland

2010: 260,730 people sought asylum in Europe (2,000 2010: 260,730 people sought asylum in Europe (2,000 in Ireland)in Ireland)

Asylum seekers can arrive and apply for refugee Asylum seekers can arrive and apply for refugee statusstatus

2005: 966 people granted refugee status in Ireland2005: 966 people granted refugee status in Ireland Asylum seekers are not permitted to work, set up Asylum seekers are not permitted to work, set up

business or leave the state while application is being business or leave the state while application is being processedprocessed

Entitled to accommodation in specified centres across Entitled to accommodation in specified centres across the countrythe country

Receive healthcare, education and welfare supportReceive healthcare, education and welfare support If refugee status is not granted, deportation is the If refugee status is not granted, deportation is the

next stepnext step Once status granted the person has the same rights of Once status granted the person has the same rights of

any other national any other national

EU Migration PolicyEU Migration Policy

Migration needed – labour shortagesMigration needed – labour shortages Many countries are in stage 4 or 5 of Demographic Many countries are in stage 4 or 5 of Demographic

Transition ModelTransition Model 1995 Schengen Agreement – free movement 1995 Schengen Agreement – free movement

between member statesbetween member states EU common laws: share immigration between EU common laws: share immigration between

member statesmember states They want to eliminate trafficking of migrants $8b They want to eliminate trafficking of migrants $8b

worth anuallyworth anually Prevent readmission of migrants refused in other Prevent readmission of migrants refused in other

countrycountry 2000 3% miggrants worldwide, 63% in the North2000 3% miggrants worldwide, 63% in the North


Why is there a need for a migration policy?Why is there a need for a migration policy?

1.1. EU countries have different rules. For example EU countries have different rules. For example Ireland and the UK has restricted access to Ireland and the UK has restricted access to those from Bulgaria and Romaniathose from Bulgaria and Romania

2.2. Some countries receive more migrants than Some countries receive more migrants than others, ie. Italy and Spain have high in-others, ie. Italy and Spain have high in-migration from Albania and North Africamigration from Albania and North Africa

3.3. Illegal trafficking of migrant into the EU is Illegal trafficking of migrant into the EU is increasingincreasing


Benefits of common migration policyBenefits of common migration policy1.1. A common migration policy would help A common migration policy would help

reduce illegal trafficking of vulnerable reduce illegal trafficking of vulnerable people from outside the EUpeople from outside the EU

2.2. Help to support counties with high in Help to support counties with high in migration ie. Spain and Italymigration ie. Spain and Italy

3.3. Processing applications for asylum Processing applications for asylum quicker and easierquicker and easier

4.4. Common policy will make easier to obtain Common policy will make easier to obtain permits and residency permits and residency


Problems with a common policyProblems with a common policy1.1. Creation of a ‘Fortress Europe’Creation of a ‘Fortress Europe’ – migrants – migrants

unable to enterunable to enter

2.2. Encouragement of an us and them Encouragement of an us and them mentalitymentality

3.3. Rights of genuine migrants might be Rights of genuine migrants might be restricted when faced with strict rigid restricted when faced with strict rigid rulesrules

4.4. Countries might lose sovereignty if more Countries might lose sovereignty if more power is handed over to EUpower is handed over to EU

Fortress EuropeFortress Europe

XenophobiaXenophobia is the hatred or fear of is the hatred or fear of foreignersforeigners

migration managementmigration management: : • Militarised its borders.Militarised its borders.• Created obstacles to migration and asylum.Created obstacles to migration and asylum.• Set target-driven deportation programmes.Set target-driven deportation programmes.• Removed the problem of asylum by removing Removed the problem of asylum by removing

asylum seekers altogether.asylum seekers altogether.

Rural – Urban migrationRural – Urban migration

1900: 10% of world population in 1900: 10% of world population in citiescities

2005: 50%2005: 50%

2075: 75% projected2075: 75% projected

Impact of rural-urban migrationImpact of rural-urban migration

Impact of rural to urban migrationImpact of rural to urban migration

Developed worldDeveloped world Developing worldDeveloping world

Urban sprawlUrban sprawl Shanty towns/ favelasShanty towns/ favelas

Air pollutionAir pollution Air pollutionAir pollution

Traffic congestionTraffic congestion Traffic congestionTraffic congestion

Water and air qualityWater and air quality Waste disposalWaste disposal

Services under pressureServices under pressure Absence of servicesAbsence of services

Case study: Dublin Case study: Dublin Case study: Sao Paulo,BrasilCase study: Sao Paulo,Brasil

Case Study: IrelandCase Study: Ireland

Impacts on the Rural area:Impacts on the Rural area:

Rural depopulation:Rural depopulation:

• Reduction in birth rates and marriage ratesReduction in birth rates and marriage rates Greying populationGreying population Imbalance in make to female ratioImbalance in make to female ratio

Reduction of services:Reduction of services: Amalgamtion of schools, closure of servicesAmalgamtion of schools, closure of services Bitterness and resentmentBitterness and resentment

Case study: developed world,Case study: developed world,Dublin Dublin

Reasons for growth (pull factors)Reasons for growth (pull factors)

1.1. Centre of government, thousands of Centre of government, thousands of jobsjobs

2.2. Main port, source of employmentMain port, source of employment

3.3. Recent centre of financial servicesRecent centre of financial services

4.4. Major centre of educationMajor centre of education

Results of rural-urban migrationResults of rural-urban migration

1. 1. Urban SprawlUrban Sprawl: : Dispersed city, growth at the edge of cityDispersed city, growth at the edge of city Not developed high rise like other EU citiesNot developed high rise like other EU cities Expansion on edges and other towns greater Expansion on edges and other towns greater

distance away such as Gorey and Navan distance away such as Gorey and Navan Greater demand on houses result increase (car Greater demand on houses result increase (car

ownership increased)ownership increased) House price Dublin 32% more expensiveHouse price Dublin 32% more expensive Fuelled by in migration form those looking for Fuelled by in migration form those looking for

workwork


2. 2. Traffic Congestion: Traffic Congestion: Higher employment levels mean more Higher employment levels mean more

commuters to and from dublincommuters to and from dublin High house prices mean people High house prices mean people

travelling form outside the citytravelling form outside the city Under developed public transport Under developed public transport

system, better roads encourage people system, better roads encourage people to driveto drive

Creates congestionCreates congestion Transport 21: funds transferredTransport 21: funds transferred


3. 3. Services under pressure in dormitory town Services under pressure in dormitory town close to Dublinclose to Dublin

Swords, Leixslip and Balbriggan under Swords, Leixslip and Balbriggan under increasing pressure on services from rapidly increasing pressure on services from rapidly expanding populationexpanding population

Few servicesFew services Sense of community absentSense of community absent Investment is required in education healthcare Investment is required in education healthcare

etcetc Finding landfill sites is difficult (demand on Finding landfill sites is difficult (demand on

houses)houses)

Solving problems of rural-urban Solving problems of rural-urban migration migration

1. 1. New towns on the edge of DublinNew towns on the edge of Dublin 1960’s three new towns, Tallaght, 1960’s three new towns, Tallaght,

Blanchardstown, Lucan-ClondalkinBlanchardstown, Lucan-Clondalkin Housing the over spill populationHousing the over spill population Adamstown 4 billion to construct (New Town) Adamstown 4 billion to construct (New Town) Services are being put into place unlike towns Services are being put into place unlike towns

of the 60’sof the 60’s Retail, commercial and leisure servicesRetail, commercial and leisure services 3 primary schools, 1 secondary school, crèches, 3 primary schools, 1 secondary school, crèches,

fire station, 3 major public parks, rail station fire station, 3 major public parks, rail station and bus corridorand bus corridor

Solving problems of rural-urban Solving problems of rural-urban migrationmigration

2. 2. National Spatial Strategy (NSS):National Spatial Strategy (NSS): Trying to balance dev. across Ireland to Trying to balance dev. across Ireland to

control growth in Dublincontrol growth in Dublin Aims to allow people to live and work Aims to allow people to live and work

locally locally Investing in towns with gateway and hub Investing in towns with gateway and hub

status status Receive more investment in jobs and Receive more investment in jobs and

servicesservices Reduce need for housing in DublinReduce need for housing in Dublin


3. 3. Investment in Transport infrastructureInvestment in Transport infrastructure Transport 21: plan to develop transport Transport 21: plan to develop transport

services across countryservices across country Investment to improve transport links Investment to improve transport links

to rural areas, encourage economic to rural areas, encourage economic dev.dev.

Reduce rural depopulation and provide Reduce rural depopulation and provide more balanced economic dev. Of the more balanced economic dev. Of the countrycountry


4. 4. Use existing land in Dublin carefully:Use existing land in Dublin carefully: All derelict, vacant and underused land All derelict, vacant and underused land

in the city will be identified to allow for in the city will be identified to allow for redevelopment for housingredevelopment for housing

Better use of existing housing (shops Better use of existing housing (shops who have unused apartments above who have unused apartments above them) them)

‘‘living over the shop scheme’: living over the shop scheme’: encourage more people to live in the encourage more people to live in the city and not move to the suburbscity and not move to the suburbs

Rural to Urban Migration: Developing Rural to Urban Migration: Developing worldworld

Development of mega citiesDevelopment of mega cities 21, e.g. Mexico City21, e.g. Mexico City Countryside overcrowdedCountryside overcrowded Services more easily available in citiesServices more easily available in cities Overurbanisation – shanty towns develop Overurbanisation – shanty towns develop

on cities outskirtson cities outskirts 600m urban inhabitants in these areas600m urban inhabitants in these areas Infant mortality highInfant mortality high

Case study: Sao PauloCase study: Sao Paulo

Mega city with a population of Mega city with a population of 20million +20million +

Fourth most populous city in the Fourth most populous city in the worldworld

Most of growth due to the rural to Most of growth due to the rural to urban migrationurban migration

Reasons for growth (pull factors)Reasons for growth (pull factors)

In 1950s and 1960s advertising In 1950s and 1960s advertising campaign organised in poor rural campaign organised in poor rural areas to attract workersareas to attract workers

Health and education services are Health and education services are better than rural areasbetter than rural areas

Successful migrants encourage Successful migrants encourage family members to join themfamily members to join them

Reasons to leave the countrysideReasons to leave the countryside(push factors)(push factors)

High unemployment rates due to High unemployment rates due to mechanisation of farmsmechanisation of farms

Wealthy landowners take land back Wealthy landowners take land back from tenants (cash crops for exports) from tenants (cash crops for exports) leaving ex tenants with no incomeleaving ex tenants with no income

Health and education= poor/absentHealth and education= poor/absent Periodic droughts in north east Brazil Periodic droughts in north east Brazil

force people to leave the land or force people to leave the land or starve starve

Problems caused by rural to urban Problems caused by rural to urban migration migration

1. 1. Poor living conditions & Poor living conditions & Growth of favelas:Growth of favelas: Shanty towns and overcrowded slums cling to Shanty towns and overcrowded slums cling to

the hillside, homes to millionsthe hillside, homes to millions 5% of population live in favelas which lack clean 5% of population live in favelas which lack clean

water, electricity, rubbish collection, sewage water, electricity, rubbish collection, sewage disposaldisposal

risk of disease is highrisk of disease is high Dangerous hillside, flooded often leading to Dangerous hillside, flooded often leading to

landslide landslide Many shelters made of wood, risk of fire is highMany shelters made of wood, risk of fire is high High unemployment many working in hidden High unemployment many working in hidden

economy ie. shoe shiner,no minimum wages etc economy ie. shoe shiner,no minimum wages etc Over half the economy employed in this sectorOver half the economy employed in this sector

Problems caused of rural-urban Problems caused of rural-urban migrationmigration

2. 2. Traffic congestion: Traffic congestion: 1,000 new cars are bought on a daily 1,000 new cars are bought on a daily

basisbasis City the focus of several state roadsCity the focus of several state roads Large numbers of travellers and Large numbers of travellers and

cargo pass through the city every cargo pass through the city every dayday

Average speed in the city is 17km/hAverage speed in the city is 17km/h Increased air pollution Increased air pollution


3. 3. Pollution Pollution Air pollution levels are 2Air pollution levels are 2ndnd only to Los only to Los

Angeles: due to traffic, domestic, industry Angeles: due to traffic, domestic, industry and power plantsand power plants

Land and water pollution from landfill and Land and water pollution from landfill and untreated sewage untreated sewage

High levels of poverty led people to be less High levels of poverty led people to be less concerned about unleaded petrol and concerned about unleaded petrol and smokeless fuelssmokeless fuels

Anti pollution methods are not enforced Anti pollution methods are not enforced


Lack of employment opportunities:Lack of employment opportunities:• Unemployment rates very highUnemployment rates very high• Informal sector/hidden economy: half of Informal sector/hidden economy: half of

workforceworkforce• Subsistence lifestyleSubsistence lifestyle


1. 1. Site and service schemes:Site and service schemes: Government provides a site and a small Government provides a site and a small

concrete hut with basic amenitiesconcrete hut with basic amenities Migrant has ownership rights and is Migrant has ownership rights and is

expected to finish it at their own expenseexpected to finish it at their own expense Land and building materials can Land and building materials can

sometimes be provided and built by a sometimes be provided and built by a group of migrantsgroup of migrants


2. 2. Self help schemes (rehabilitation):Self help schemes (rehabilitation): Residents of the favelas are given Residents of the favelas are given

materials to improve existing sheltersmaterials to improve existing shelters Residents set up community schemes to Residents set up community schemes to

improve health and educational servicesimprove health and educational services Improving access to electricity, water and Improving access to electricity, water and

sewage disposalsewage disposal Example Monte Azul FavelaExample Monte Azul Favela


3. 3. Housing development: Housing development: Large areas of shanty towns cleared, Large areas of shanty towns cleared,

tower blocks built and residents re housedtower blocks built and residents re housed Best known is ‘Cingapura housing Project’Best known is ‘Cingapura housing Project’4. 4. Transport: Transport: Underground metro system improving Underground metro system improving

movement and reduces pollutionmovement and reduces pollution New roads, rail and bus services, parts of New roads, rail and bus services, parts of

the CBD is pedestrianised the CBD is pedestrianised Parking restrictions in the city are commonParking restrictions in the city are common


5. 5. Industrial estates:Industrial estates: New industrial estates with water New industrial estates with water

supplies, sewerage systems and supplies, sewerage systems and electricity supplies are built close to electricity supplies are built close to the favelas to provide business the favelas to provide business premises and jobspremises and jobs

Racial, ethnic and religious issuesRacial, ethnic and religious issues

Ethnic group is a group of people of the Ethnic group is a group of people of the same race or nationality who share a same race or nationality who share a distinctive culturedistinctive culture

Newcomers under stress as they try to Newcomers under stress as they try to adapt to new language and customs of adapt to new language and customs of behaviour and social interactionbehaviour and social interaction

Residents may feel swamped by rapid Residents may feel swamped by rapid change in societychange in society

Opportunity for misunderstanding can be Opportunity for misunderstanding can be highhigh


Integration: requires the inward Integration: requires the inward migrants to adapt to the culture of migrants to adapt to the culture of the host country (melting pot)the host country (melting pot)

Multiculturalism: gives distinct Multiculturalism: gives distinct groups equal status (salad bowl)groups equal status (salad bowl)


2006: survey reported that 35% of 2006: survey reported that 35% of immigrants had experienced harassment immigrants had experienced harassment in public place and public transport in public place and public transport

Racism can show itself in society in Racism can show itself in society in several ways:several ways:

1.1. Discrimination Discrimination 2.2. Assaults, threatening behaviour Assaults, threatening behaviour 3.3. Insults and labellingInsults and labelling4.4. Combination of racism with other forms Combination of racism with other forms

of discrimination such as different rates of discrimination such as different rates of payof pay


Equality tribunal established in 1999Equality tribunal established in 1999 Investigate discrimination in the area of employment and Investigate discrimination in the area of employment and

provision of services in Irelandprovision of services in Ireland Ireland national policy on racism has 5 aims:Ireland national policy on racism has 5 aims:

Everyone , regardless of nationality should have the right toEveryone , regardless of nationality should have the right to Participate fully in all areas of life. (focusing at the political, Participate fully in all areas of life. (focusing at the political,

policy and community level)policy and community level) Be recognised for who they are. (focusing on awareness in Be recognised for who they are. (focusing on awareness in

media, arts, sport and tourism)media, arts, sport and tourism) Be provided for in government services. (focusing on education, Be provided for in government services. (focusing on education,

healthcare, social services, childcare, accommodation and the healthcare, social services, childcare, accommodation and the administration of justice)administration of justice)

Be included in all areas of economic and social life. (focusing on Be included in all areas of economic and social life. (focusing on employment, workplace and poverty)employment, workplace and poverty)

Be protected by the same laws as everybody else. (focusing on Be protected by the same laws as everybody else. (focusing on discrimination, assaults, threatening behaviour)discrimination, assaults, threatening behaviour)

Racial, ethnic and religious issuesRacial, ethnic and religious issuesCase Study: Rioting in FranceCase Study: Rioting in France

France has a large migrant populationFrance has a large migrant population Since 1960’s migrants attracted by Since 1960’s migrants attracted by

government scheme linked to French government scheme linked to French coloniescolonies

Migrants settled in urban areas ie. Paris, Migrants settled in urban areas ie. Paris, Lyon and MarseilleLyon and Marseille

Often employed in low paid service Often employed in low paid service industry jobs, live in poor suburbsindustry jobs, live in poor suburbs

2005 serious of riots and violent clashes 2005 serious of riots and violent clashes occurred (Oct. and Nov.) mainly involved occurred (Oct. and Nov.) mainly involved french youths of North African originfrench youths of North African origin


Civil unrest triggered by accidental death of two Civil unrest triggered by accidental death of two teenagers in working class area of Clichy-sous-teenagers in working class area of Clichy-sous-Bois. Triggered pre existing tensionsBois. Triggered pre existing tensions

Main causes were youth unemployment and lack Main causes were youth unemployment and lack of opportunities in Frances poorest communityof opportunities in Frances poorest community

Unemployment rates are 1.5times higher Unemployment rates are 1.5times higher amongst those with foreign originamongst those with foreign origin

Housing waiting lists and substandard housing Housing waiting lists and substandard housing causing tensioncausing tension

Protesters maintained the unrest was an Protesters maintained the unrest was an expression of frustration with high expression of frustration with high unemployment, police harassment and brutalityunemployment, police harassment and brutality


Violence involved burning of cars and buildings Violence involved burning of cars and buildings by youths at nightby youths at night

Spread to other regions quicklySpread to other regions quickly State of emergency was declared for 2weeks in State of emergency was declared for 2weeks in

November 2005November 2005 Summary stats of riots:Summary stats of riots: Started 27Started 27thth Oct 2005 Oct 2005 Towns affected: 274Towns affected: 274 Property damage: 8,973 vehiclesProperty damage: 8,973 vehicles Monetary damage: estimated at €200million Monetary damage: estimated at €200million Arrests: 2,888Arrests: 2,888


French government admitted that the violence French government admitted that the violence was a result of the failure to provide opportunities was a result of the failure to provide opportunities to young people within these areasto young people within these areas

€€30 billion aid package was announced for the 30 billion aid package was announced for the riot zonesriot zones

Aimed primarily at young people Aimed primarily at young people Employment agency focusing on 239 ‘hot zones’ Employment agency focusing on 239 ‘hot zones’

to help provide employment to 1.5million peopleto help provide employment to 1.5million people Survey found that job applications from people Survey found that job applications from people

with Arab sounding names were rejected five with Arab sounding names were rejected five times as often than those with French sounding times as often than those with French sounding namesnames

Migration. Concepts The long term movement of people from one area to another The long term movement of people from one area to another Movement out of.

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