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Chapter 1 Current Situations on Accidents Involving Foreign ConstructionLaborers 02
Chapter 2 Understanding the Risk Assessment 08
1. The Purpose of Risk Assessment 082. Definitions 083. The Importance of Risk Assessment 104. When Risk Assessment Is Required 105. Considerations during Risk Assessment 126. Risk Assessment Procedures and Flow by Stage 127. Review and Report of Risk Assessment Validity 188. Monitoring Risk Assessment Results 18
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type 22
1. Scaffolds 222. Scaffolding 503. Reinforcing Rods 604. Concrete 725. Steel Frame 906. Bricklaying and Plastering (Polishing) 1047. Painting 122
Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases 138
1. What is Occupation Disease? 1382. Prevention of Occurrence of Occupational Diseases 138
01 Current Situations onAccidents Involving
Foreign ConstructionLaborers
E En ng gl li is sh h
Safety Guide for Foreign
Construction LaborersConstructionIndustry
� 외국인 근로자를 위한 안전작업 길잡이(건설업)
제1장 건설업 외국인 근로자 재해현황
제1장 건설업 외국인 근로자 재해현황
1980년대 말부터 우리나라는 경제구조가 고도화 되어가면서 외국인 근로자를 유
입하는 해외노동력 수입국이 되었다.
이런 현상이 나타나게 된 정확한 시기는 1989년부터 제 3세계 사람들에게 한국이
부유한 나라로 알려지게 된 88올림픽을 기점으로 한국에 입국하는 외국인 근로자
들이 늘어나게 되었다.
그러나 현재 한국에서 취업하고 있는 외국인 근로자들은 섬유제품 제조업, 고무/
플라스틱 제조업, 가구제조업, 자동차/트레일러, 기타기계/장비 제조업 등 생산직
인력난이 심한 노동집약적 업종에 주로 근무하는 등 대부분 위험하고 힘들고 작업
환경이 좋지 않은 3D업종에 종사하고 있어 산업재해를 당할 위험도가 높다. 광업
을 제외하고 제조업과 건설업에서 천인율, 도수율, 강도율이 가장 높다.
이중 2008년 건설업에서 외국인근로자 산업재해 발생현황을 보면 재해자는
20,835명 중 958명(4.6%), 사망자는 690명 중 62명(9.0%)이 발생하여 건설현장
에서의 외국인 근로자 사망재해 예방이 절실히 필요하다.
20072008
476,179
548,558
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
-
외국인 근로자
[그림 1-1] 외국인 근로자 연도별 고용현황(법무부)
Chapter 1 Current Statistics on AccidentsInvolving Foreign Construction LaborersKorea has become a foreign labor force import power with the advancementof its economic infrastructure since the late-1980's. This phenomenon first appeared in 1989. With the Summer Olympics in1988, Korea became known in third world countries as a wealthy country,thus increasing the foreign laborer entry into Korea.
[Figure 1.1] Employment of Foreign Laborers by Year (Ministry of Justice)
However, foreign laborers currently employed in Korea mostly work in labor-intensive areas such as textile manufacturing, rubber/plastic manufacturing,furniture manufacturing, automobile/trailer and other machinery/equipmentmanufacturing, which all suffer from a severe shortage of production staff.Therefore foreign laborers are highly susceptible to work-related accidents inthese dangerous and laborious 3D industries with poor work environments.Aside from the mining industry, the casualty ratio per thousand persons, thefrequency ratio of labor accidents, and the intensity ratio of labor accidentsare the highest in the manufacturing and construction industry.Industrial disaster cases involving foreign laborers in the constructionindustry in 2006 shows that 387 out of 17,956 persons (2.1%) were involvedin an accident, and 32 out of 632 persons (5.1%) were killed. Death andaccident prevention for foreign construction laborers is desperately needed.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers2
Chapter 1 Current Statistics on Accidents Involving Foreign Construction Laborers
Foreign Laborer
20072008
476,179
548,558
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
-
Foreign Laborer
2008 958 20,835 4.662 690 9.0
� 외국인 근로자를 위한 안전작업 길잡이(건설업)
제1장 건설업 외국인 근로자 재해현황
<표 1-1> 외국인 근로자 연도별 재해발생 현황(공단 현황통계 기준)
이에 따라 자료의 신뢰성을 확보하기 위하여 ’04년~’08년에 걸쳐 건설현장 내에
서 발생한 외국인 근로자 중대재해에 대하여 공단이 수행한 중대재해조사 지원 보
고서(159건)를 바탕으로 재해원인분석을 통해 건설현장 외국인 근로자에 대한 동
종재해를 예방하고자 한다.
[그림 1-2] 공종별 중대재해 발생현황
중대재해 분석 결과 외국인 근로자가 거푸집 작업, 철근 작업, 콘크리트 작업 등 구
조물을 구축하기 위한 작업에서 가장 많은 중대재해가 발생하였으며, 그 다음으로
마감작업(도장, 방수, 미장작업) 및 철골 작업에서 많은 중대재해가 발생하였으므
로 이들 공종별 위험성평가 기법을 소개하고 아울러 재해사례 및 대책을 소개하여
외국인 근로자들의 재해를 예방하고자 한다.
구분 계 2004년 2005년 2006년 2007년 2008년
재해자
건설업전체(명) 92,403 18,896 15,918 17,956 18,798 20,835
외국인근로자(명) 2,610 395 283 387 587 958
외국인점유율(%) 2.82 2.1 1.8 2.1 3.1 4.6
사망자
건설업전체(명) 3,361 779 609 632 651 690
외국인근로자(명) 199 34 34 32 37 62
외국인점유율(%) 5.92 4.4 5.6 5.1 5.7 9.0
<Table 1.1> Accidents involving foreign laborers by year(Based on industry estate Statistics)
Category Total 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Construction Industry Total 95,375 19,925 22,680 18,896 15,918 17,956
Injured Number of Foreign Laborers 2,137 455 617 395 283 387
Foreigner Ratio(%) 2.24 2.3 2.7 2.1 1.8 2.1
Construction Industry Total 3,449 667 762 779 609 632
Deceased Number of Foreign Laborers 166 31 35 34 34 32
Foreigner Ratio(%) 4.81 14.6 4.6 4.4 5.6 5.1
As a result, in order to secure the reliability of the data, we seek to prevent therecurrence of these accidents by analyzing the source of disasters. Theanalysis is based on 110 cases of construction site accidents involving foreignlaborers as reported in the Report of Support for Investigation of MajorDisasters by the industrial estate.
[Figure 1.2] Major disaster occurrence by work type
According to the analysis, major disasters most frequently occurred duringframe construction operations including form operations, reinforcing rodoperations, and concrete operations. The next most frequent was in finishingoperations (painting, waterproofing, plastering) and steel frame operations.Therefore, we seek to prevent disasters involving foreign laborers in theseparticular vocations by presenting risk assessment methods, case studies andcounter measures.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers4
Chapter 1 Current Statistics on Accidents Involving Foreign Construction Laborers
Others, 43% Form Installation /Stripping, 27%
Painting,Waterproofing, 10%
Steel Frame Assembly/ Installation, 9%
Concrete Operation, 8%
Finishing Work, 7%
Re-barInstallation /Removal, 6%
Category Total 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Injured
Construction Industry Total 92,403 18,896 15,918 17,956 18,798 20,835
Number of Foreign Laborers 2,610 395 283 387 587 958
Foreigner Ratio(%) 2.82 2.1 1.8 2.1 3.1 4.6
Deceased
Construction Industry Total 3,361 779 609 632 651 690
Number of Foreign Laborers 199 34 34 32 37 62
Foreigner Ratio(%) 5.92 4.4 5.6 5.1 5.7 9.0
159
(2004~2008).
1. The Purpose of Risk Assessment 08
2. Definitions 08
3. The Importance of Risk Assessment 10
4. When Risk Assessment Is Required 10
5. Considerations during Risk Assessment 12
6. Risk Assessment Procedures and Flow by Stage 12
7. Review and Report of Risk Assessment Validity 18
8. Monitoring Risk Assessment Results 18
02 Understanding theRisk Assessment
E En ng gl li is sh h
Safety Guide for Foreign
Construction LaborersConstructionIndustry
Chapter 2 Understanding the Risk Assessment
1. The Purpose of Risk AssessmentPotential risks in construction work must be systematically identified and the
size of the danger assessed. Then, hazards which exceed the acceptable range
must undergo improvement. The purpose of risk assessment is to provide
technical items in establishing a risk assessment system which controls the
acceptable danger level, thus preventing industrial disasters.
2. Definitions
(1) IncidentAn undesirable event in which a risk develops, or could have developed,
into an accident which causes personal and/or material loss such as injury,
disease, and property damage. This includes near accidents which did not
cause any personal or material loss.
(2) AccidentCaused by the failure to fundamentally remove a hazard and being exposed to a
danger which leads to an undesirable result. It is an unforeseen event and
phenomenon which causes death, injury, disease, or other financial loss.
(3) HazardPotential harmful/danger factor which contains a factor (element) or combined
factors (elements) which cause personal casualty, material loss, or environmental
damage. Requires a stimulus to develop into an accident. Such stimulus can
include mechanical malfunction, system condition, and human factor, and can
have physical, chemical, biological, psychological, or behavioral causes.
(4) Hazard IdentificationIdentification of physical and chemical factors with potential danger within a system
which may cause personal casualty, environmental and/or property damage.
(5) DangerA state of exposure against a hazard
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers8
Chapter 2 Understanding the Risk Assessment
(6) RiskRefers to the severity or the degree of danger. When a certain hazard is
exposed in a dangerous situation, the combination of the possibility
(frequency) of such a hazard developing into a certain incident and the
significance of its result (severity of damage) is called a risk.
(7) Risk AssessmentScientific and systematic danger evaluation method which assesses the
risk of a potential hazard developing into an accident (that is, the
frequency and the severity of loss). When a risk exceeds the acceptable
range, risk reduction measures are formulated and the risk level is brought
down to an acceptable range.
(8) Acceptable RiskA risk which is below the acceptable level of risk previously decided in
accordance with the safety requirements of the law and the system.
(9) SafetyAlthough this can be defined as the absence of hazard, this is realistically
impossible at a construction site and in a construction system. Therefore,
Safety can be realistically defined as the management of the potential risk
of a hazard to an acceptable level.
3. The Importance of Risk Assessment(1) Fortified preventive measures against accident or health damage
(2) Potential accident or disaster predicted
(3) Efficient safety management made possible
(4) Site-oriented safety management system established
4. When Risk Assessment Is Required(1) Prior to starting a new job
(2) When work operation needs to change
(3) When new work method or material is employed
(4) When periodically reviewing the risk level of a previous type of work
(5) When a major accident or disaster occurs
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers10
Chapter 2 Understanding the Risk Assessment
5. Considerations during Risk Assessment(1) In order to account for every risk at a work site, an assessment target
list should be established beforehand, and all unsafe conditions,
actions, and management practices from each target must be assessed.
(2) Assessment performed only by the supervisor can be inadequate.
Therefore, when putting together an assessment team, a worker who is
directly exposed to danger at the work site must be included.
(3) A hazard identification process can be done by a brainstorming session
of team members. However, in order to reflect the experience of a near
accident or close call, in particular, by a laborer who is directly
exposed to the danger, a near accident report must be generated.
(4) The frequency (possibility of occurrence) and the intensity
(significance of accident or severity of loss) as well as the acceptable
risk level must be pre-determined by the risk assessment team
according to the size of the work site and the type of work being
performed.
(5) All data related to danger of the organization must be provided to the
assessors. When there is insufficient amount of data for the assessment,
expert advice must be obtained.
(6) Risk reduction measures must be formulated in such a way that the
danger level is maintained As Low As Reasonably Practical (ALARP)
after taking into account the technical and economical efficiency.
6. Risk Assessment Procedures and Flow by Stage
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers12
Chapter 2 Understanding the Risk Assessment
Safety MeasureFormulated
Danger level notifiedand workers trained
Start
YES
No
Selectingassessment
targetoperation
HazardIdentifi-cation
Riskcalcula-tion
Riskassess-ment
Acceptability
Evalua-tion
Finish→ → → → → →
(1) Stage 1: Selecting assessment target operation
① Assessment target is categorized by work type, and then selected.- Assessment target operation is divided into work units. Risk
assessment is performed on each work unit.
②When assessment target operation is decided according to work
flow, assessment target and range are established.
③ Data regarding safety issues of risk assessment target operation is
researched in advance
(2) Stage 2: Hazard Identification
① Hazard from unsafe manoeuvres by laborer identified
② Hazards from employed material and substance identified
③ Hazard from work methods identified
④ Hazard from machinery/equipment in operation identified
(3) Stage 3: Risk calculation (prediction)
① The frequency (possibility of occurrence) and the intensity
(significance of accident or severity of loss) of the danger/hazard
developing into accident are categorized into levels. Risk (severity of
danger) is calculated by combining these two factors.
② Risk (severity of danger) level regarding each hazard is decided by
combining frequency and intensity level.
(4) Stage 4: Risk assessment
① Risk level is evaluated according to the risk value of each
harmful/danger factor attained in stage 3
② Risk level and management standards are determined according to
assessed risk- Level is determined by relative comparison of work unit risk within
assessment target operation
- Management standards may vary due to work site particulars
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers14
Chapter 2 Understanding the Risk Assessment
③ Risk level defined
Risk Grade Assessment Standard
High(★★★) Value from frequency multiplied by intensity (risk) is relatively high
Medium(★★) Value from frequency multiplied by intensity (risk) is relatively medium
Low(★) Value from frequency multiplied by intensity (risk) is relatively low
④ Management standard by risk grade
Risk Grade Management Standard
(5) Stage 5: Formulating Improvement Measure① For serious risks, detailed risk reduction measures must be established and
employed so that the risk level is brought down to the acceptable range.
② For each hazard, new risk reduction measures must be established within
the current safety measures and inserted into the improved measures.
③ When employing improved safety measures for each hazard, post-
assessment must take place to evaluate the degree of risk reduction.
※ Risk level after employing the improved safety measures must be within
the acceptable range.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers16
Chapter 2 Understanding the Risk Assessment
Disaster prevention measures must be formulatedwithin the given time. Priority danger managementactivities required. Work must be stoppeddepending on the situation.
Management measures such as installation of safetydevices and allocation of supervisors required.
Post caution signs. Personal protective equipmentmust be worn. Daily safety management measuressuch as safety device installation requireddepending on the situation.
SeriousDanger
SignificantDanger
LightDanger
UnacceptableRisk
UnacceptableRisk
AcceptableRisk
High(★★★)
Medium(★★)
Low(★)
7. Review and Report of Risk Assessment Validity
(1) Reviewing Risk Assessment ValidityThe risk reduction measures attained through the 5-stage risk assessment must
undergo a final review for effectiveness. The following must be considered.
① Has the risk reduction measure take into account technical efficiency?
② Is the danger level As Low As Reasonably Practical (ALARP)?
③ Are the procedural steps appropriately prioritized?
④ Will it incur any new risks?
⑤ Is the risk level reduced to an acceptable range after executing the risk
reduction measures?
(2) Reporting Assessment ResultsThe risk assessment result which includes the final draft of the risk reduction
measures must be reported to management, and the risk reduction measures
must be taken by both the laborers and the company.
8. Monitoring Risk Assessment Results(1) For each type of work, any significant dangers must be recorded and
carefully managed at all times.
(2) Laborers must be notified of risk assessment results including risk
reduction measures. Any potential hazard for which further risk reduction
is impossible must be jointly recognized by the laborers and the company.
(3) After employing risk reduction measures, disaster reduction and
production improvement must be periodically monitored and evaluated.
Its result must be reflected in the following year's business plan along
with a disaster reduction goal for continuing improvement.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers18
Chapter 2 Understanding the Risk Assessment
1. Scaffolds 22
2. Scaffolding 50
3. Reinforcing Rods 60
4. Concrete 72
5. Steel Frame 90
6. Bricklaying and Plastering (Polishing) 104
7. Painting 122
03 Disaster Preventionby Work Type
E En ng gl li is sh h
Safety Guide for Foreign
Construction LaborersConstructionIndustry
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
1. Forms
(1) Disaster frequency and intensity by work unitOperation Material Transport Form Assembly Removal Form Carrying / Transport
Frequency(%) 5.82 10.27 7.43 0.44
Risk ★★★ ★★★ ★★★ ★
(2) Illustration
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers22
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Are there any work happeningsimultaneously in the upperand the lower section?
Are there any danger ofform timbers collapsing?
Is the laborer properlywearing the safety
harness?
Is the upper section of theform timber overloaded
with material?
Is there sufficientcommunication between
laborers?
Are the assemblyinstructions being complied
with?
Is the mounted equipmentproperly installed?
Are there appropriate safetymeasures in place when
lifting material?
Is the form timber installation /removal procedure being
complied with?
(3) Risk assessment
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers24
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Workmaterialcarried in
andtransported
Formfabrication
Removal
Form lifting/
transported
• Install temporary pathways fixed• Install guardrail on platform• Wear personal protective
equipment
• Install footboard and guardrail• Install cover on opening• Wear personal protective
equipment (Inspect mountedequipment installation in advance)
• Install safely structured footboard• Prohibit overloading footboard
with material
• Organize material• Install safety net
• Comply with work method andwork flow
• Prohibit overloading of uppersection of form timber withmaterial
• Transport through passagewaysinside building
• When transporting throughoutdoor passageways, securefootboard
• Wear personal protectiveequiptment
• Confirm that transport material issecure
• Control laborer presence withinoperation radius
• Install safety devices- Repellant and contactprevention device
• Prohibit wearing gloves duringoperation
Low
Risk : Assessed Risk (Predicted)
Hazard RiskCategoryFlow Safety Measure
High
High
Medium
High
Low
Medium
Medium
Laborer falls whilemoving on thetemporary pathway
Laborer falls during forminstallation / removal
Laborer falls throughvertical shaft such aselevator pit
Material falls during form /timber installation / removal
Form timber collapsesduring form assembly
Form material falls whilebeing transported toupper section from slabplatform.
Material falls whiletransporting materialwith tower crane
Disasters from circularsaw during formproduction
HumanFactor
PhysicalFactor
WorkMethod
Machineryand
Equipment
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers26
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling During Slab Floor Form InstallationCase 1Overview While installing plywood on the floor joist material for floor
slab form installation, part of the plywood gives in, causing
the laborer death after a 2.95 fall.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Prepare form and timber assembly drawing- When installing form and timbers, their structure shall be
inspected, and an assembly drawing prepared of a stable
structure which specifies material quality, cross-section
dimension, spacing, and the connection method of
framework members such as timber, yoke, and floor
joists. Assembly/installation shall be performed
according to the assembly drawing.
▶Use proper floor joist material- For floor joist material of slab floor form installation, the
use of scaffold iron round pipes shall be prohibited.
Square pipes or rectangular lumber which will not slip or
roll shall be used instead.
▶Hard hat mandatory- When wearing a hard hat, the chin strap shall be fastened
so that the hat does not slip off.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers28
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling While Installing Forms On ScaffoldingCase 2
Overview While installing a form on a scaffolding with no foot support
at a new commercial building construction site, the laborer
loses his balance, falls from a height of 8.5 m and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Install scaffolds- When working at a height of 2 m or more on an external
scaffolding, a scaffold whose width is 40 cm or more
shall be installed to prevent falling.
▶ Personal protective equipment mandatory- When working on scaffolding where the risk of falling is
high, safety harnesses and hard hats shall be
provided/worn with strict supervision to prevent falling
accidents.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers30
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling During Beam Form Assembly Preparation WorkCase 3Overview At a new church construction site, the victim climbs a wall
form made of euro form to install a beam form on the
previously installed wall form. While turning in the direction
of assembly, he loses his balance, falls from a height of 3.7 m
and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Install scaffolds appropriate to the work environment- When assembling beam forms at a height of 2 m or more,
if the installation of scaffolds such as double row staging
is not feasible due to the work conditions, scaffolds such
as a mobile rolling tower shall be installed.
▶ Personal protective equipment mandatory- When working in an environment with a risk of falling,
hard hats shall be worn.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers32
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling During Form Assembly In StairwaysCase 4Overview At a form assembly site in a stairway, a two pipe support is
horizontally placed against the wall. The laborer moves along
the pipe to assemble the horizontal member on the interior
wall form. He falls from a height of 1.84 m and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Scaffold installation mandatory- When working in an environment with a risk of falling,
scaffolding shall be assembled considers the shape of the
structure and risk of accidents. Either a scaffold with a
minimum width of 40 cm made of a material such as
lightweight aluminum shall be installed or a mobile
rolling tower shall be used.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers34
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling During Retaining Wall Form AssemblyCase 5
Overview At an LPG charging station construction site, the laborer loses
his balance while pulling on the form tie bolt to assemble a
retaining wall form. He falls from a height of 2.2 m and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Install guardrails- Sturdy guardrails shall be installed when there is a risk of
falling at the end of a scaffold at a height of 2 m or more.
※ Guardrail structure
·Upper rail : Between 90 cm and 120 cm from the floor/footsupport or the slope.
·Middle rail : Installed between the upper rail and thefloor/foot support or the slope
·Railing post : Installed with spacing that stabley supportsthe upper and the middle rail.
·Railing material : A metallic pipe (or stronger) with aminimum diameter of 2.7 cm.
·Guardrail : A sturdy structure that can endure a load of 100kg or more moving from any given point in any givendirection.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers36
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling During Frameworking At the UpperSection of System Support
Case 6
Overview During the frameworking process, at a bioreactor girder, the
laborer loses his balance while installing a yoke on the U-
head of the upper section of a system support. He takes a 6.2
m fall from the upper section of the system support and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶When installing a form such as a yoke at the upper section
of a system support where there is a risk of falling, a
scaffold shall be installed to prevent falling accidents. When
this is not feasible, mounted equipment shall be separately
installed and a harness worn before starting the job.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers38
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling During Form Removal On a BalconyCase 7
Overview At a multigenerational housing construction site, the victim
loses his balance during form removal and falls from the
balcony. He dies after falling from a height of 5.2 m.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Install guardrails- When performing form removal and other operations on
a balcony where there is a high risk of falling, guardrails
shall be installed on the slab platform.
▶ Personal protective equipment mandatory- When working in an environment where there is a risk of
falling, the wearing of a hard hat with the chin strap
fastened shall be strictly supervised.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers40
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling From External Scaffolding During Form RemovalCase 8Overview While removing euro form fixing pins to remove forms, a
laborer falls from a double row staging at a height of 6 m and
dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Scaffold installation mandatory- When removing forms on external scaffolding at a height
of 2 m or more, a sturdy scaffold that can support the
load (weight of the laborer + weight of the material) shall
be installed. The minimum width shall be 40 cm and the
maximum spacing between scaffolds 3 cm.
▶ Safety harness mandatory- A laborer who works on high places shall attach the
safety harness to the mounted equipment at all times
during work.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers42
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling From Scaffolding During Form RemovalCase 9Overview At a cafeteria extension (and other construction) site, a
worker loses his balance from a double row staging while
using a lever to remove exterior wall forms. He falls from a
height of 6.2 m and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ The business owner shall install guardrails on the ends of a
scaffold where the laborer has the risk of falling.
※ Guardrail installation standards
· Install the upper rail at a height of 90~120 cm. Install themiddle rail in the middle section.
·Must be able to endure an external force from 100 kg or more.
· Install a foot guard that is 10 cm or higher at the lowersection of the rails.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers44
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling While Moving Material From Beam FormCase 10Overview At an army barracks headquarter slab form assembly, a
laborer takes square pipes for a floor joist that a fellow
worker passes to him and piles them on the slab. While doing
this he falls from a height of 3.3 m and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Employ strict fall prevention measures- If there is a risk of falling when working at a height of 2
m or more, fall prevention measures such as scaffold
installation shall be employed. If this is not feasible, a
mounted equipment shall be installed and the harness
worn before starting work.
▶ Improve material transfer methods- When transferring material to the top of a slab, materials
such as plywood and rectangular lumber shall be piled on
the slab after transfer. Material transfer machinery such
as a mobile tower crane shall be used whenever possible.
When working at the end of a floor where temporary
structures such as external scaffolding are not yet in place,
a safety harness shall be worn before starting work.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers46
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling From Roof Floor Form During Material TransferCase 11
Overview While receiving rectangular lumber bundles from a mobile
crane on the roof floor form, a laborer attempts to avoid a
bundle coming his way. He trips backwards on a rectangular
lumber, falls from a height of 3.3 m and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Install mounted equipment- When working near an opening of a floor slab form (an
unstable temporary structure) where there is a high risk
of falling, mounted equipment shall be installed in
advance so the laborer may put on the harness before
starting the job.
▶ Strict supervision over providing and wearing safety
harness- When working at a height of 2 m or more, strict
supervision will be provided to ensure that safety
harnesses are provided to the laborer and harnesses are
worn while working.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers48
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Form Falling During Form Transfer
Due To a Broken Wire RopeCase 12
Overview While turning the boom of a jib crane with the form panel to
be used as an elevator shaft wall form, the wire rope snaps
and the panel falls on a labourer who is assembling forms on
a mobile scaffolding.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Strictly inspect and replace wire rope before starting the job.- When handling/transporting loads using a wire rope, the
wire rope shall be strictly inspected for any damage,
bearable weight, fastening method, fastening condition,
and appropriateness for the work environment. Wire
ropes shall be periodically replaced to remove any
potential for failure.
▶ Strictly prohibit laborer presence within range of crane operation- Crane danger radius will be established to avoid the
failure of a hook wire rope when transferring heavy loads
such as forms. Work shall be stopped during transfer and
resumed after the transfer has finished.
2. Scaffolding
(1) Disaster frequency and intensity by work unitOperation Scaffolding production and assembly Transfer and installatio Removal and transpor
Frequency (%) 0.02 0.19 0.07
Risk ★ ★★ ★★
(2) Illustration
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers50
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Is the signal man inplace? Is the structural stability of the
scaffolding ensured?
Safety inspection in advance.Compare lifting ability against
scaffolding weight.
Is it safe enough againstexternal forces such as
a gust of wind?
Is the installation/removal beingperformed while the load is
secured to the lift?
Are operation methodsand order beingcomplied with?
Is an entryway in and outof the scaffolding
secured?
Scaffolding safety measures- Guardrail installed on platform- Vertical safety net installed- Entryway secured- Walkways between scaffoldingand vertical ladder installed
(3) Risk assessment
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers52
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
•Install guardrails on scaffoldingplatform
•Install vertical safety net
•Install entryway•Install vertical walkways betweenscaffolds
•Install connecting walkwaysbetween scaffolding
•Install safety net•Prohibitworkers from leavingmaterials and tools unattended
•Perform nondestructive inspectionon weld zones
•Inspect bolts for tension atconnection points
•Prepare work plan- Work order and methods
•Secure scaffolding with lifterbefore starting installation/removal
•Inspect structure in advance•Prohibit the addition ofunnecessary loads
•Inspect hanging rope conditionbefore starting work
•Use hanging ropes appropriate forscaffolding weight
•Do safety inspection bycomparing transfer equipment andscaffolding weight
•Make sure everything is securedbefore starting the job.
High
Risk : Assessed Risk (Predicted)
Hazard RiskCategoryFlow Safety measure
Medium
Medium
Low
High
Low
Medium
High
Laborer falls whileworking inside scaffolding
Laborer falls whileentering/exiting andmoving inside scaffolding
Material piled onscaffolding falls
Connections (such aswelding) fail betweenscaffolding members
Laborer falls due toinadequate operationmethods during scaffoldinginstallation / removal
Fixing bolts on scaffoldingbreak due to overloading
Material falls duringtransfer due to hangingrope failure
Machinery topples overduring transfer with Derrickcrane or triangular cranethat is poorly secured.
Human Factor
PhysicalFactor
Work Method
Machineryand
Equipment
Scaffoldingproduction
andassembly
Lifting andinstallation
Removaland
transport
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers54
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Scaffolding Topples When Lowered to Slabfor AssemblyCase 1
Overview A transferred scaffolding could not be assembled. The
scaffolding is taken to the upper slab of the underground
parking area for assembly. As the scaffolding is lowered onto
the slab, the hooks on the chain block slip off of the
scaffolding hooks. The scaffolding topples over and falls on
top of a laborer who was signalling. He is fatally injured
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Install hook removal device- Hooks with removal devices shall be used to prevent
transfer hooks from slipping if hooks are used on the
transfer hooks, while transferring scaffolding using a
lifter like a tower crane.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers56
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Laborer Falls While Moving HorizontallyInto Gangform
Case 2
Overview A worker moves vertically from an apartment window into
the scaffolding for vertical adjustment after its installation. He
loses his balance and falls from a height of 9.1 m and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Work methods shall be improved by using an entryway (a
hinged door to be installed) in the center of the scaffold
inside the gang form. The laborer shall move vertically
using this entryway and secure the wire rope and the turn
buckle on the slab anchor
▶ When moving vertically and horizontally inside the
scaffolding, a safety harness shall be attached to objects
such as square pipes used to support the scaffolding.
(A vertical safety net shall be installed on the scaffolding
opening.)
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers58
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Laborer Falls With Scaffolding DuringScaffolding RemovalCase 3
Overview A worker removes a form tie bolt with the stairway wall gang
form unattached to the tower crane at an apartment building
construction site. The scaffolding pulls away from the surface
of the building. The laborer falls with it from a height of 44 m
and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Comply with operation procedures- During scaffolding removal/transfer, form tie bolts shall
be removed with the transfer hook of the scaffolding
fixed against a lifter such as a tower crane.
- Scaffolding removal shall take place once a sufficient
curing period has passed after the concrete placement.
- Determine the removal order and operation methods by
sections and members. Once this is done, supervisors will
oversee laborers and the lifter operation.
- A restricted access area under the scaffolding should be
designated when transferring scaffolding. Monitors shall
supervise the area to restrict worker access..
- When transferring scaffolding, laborers shall be
prohibited from entering the cage (detachable scaffold).
Rocking of the scaffolding shall be minimized by using a
secondary rope when a tower crane is used.
3. Re-bars
(1) Disaster frequency and intensity by work unitOperation Re-bar transport Processing and transport Re-bar assembly
발생빈도(%) 0.30 2.57 2.11
위 험 도 ★ ★★ ★★★
(2) Illustration
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers60
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Is the laborer properly wearingthe personal protective
equipment?
Is there any hazard forrods to be collapsed?
Is the work site well-organized?
Is the scaffoldinginstalled with small
spacing?
Is there a risk of beingpierced by a rod?
Is anyone holding onto therods with no scaffolding while
working?
Is there a risk of an accidentwith a cutter or a benderduring rod processing?
Is the rod being transportedsafely to the assembly site?
Are scaffolds firmly and safelyinstalled?- Guardrails installed- Foot support installed- Foot guard installed
(3) Risk assessment
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers62
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
•Install safely constructed scaffolds
•Install guardrails on scaffold
platform
•Protect adjacent opening
- Install guardrails and opening
cover
•Inspect in advance for potential
danger of collapse
•Handle in order from the top
during operation.
•Organize re-bars at work site
•Restrict laborer access to danger
zones
•Install safety nets
•Install struts to prevent toppling
•Establish work plans in advance
- Re-bar distribution at site, etc.
•Use dual-rope hanger on transfer
material
•Securely fasten re-bars to prevent
slipping
•Install inductor ropes
•Place signaller
•Comply with safety instructions
•Ground outer casing of
processing machinery
High
Risk : Assessed Risk (Predicted)
Hazard RiskCategoryFlow Safety Measure
Low
Low
Medium
High
Low
Medium
Laborer falls duringassemly
Laborer falls intoadjacent opening atwork site
Re-bar bundle falls andcollapses from transportvehicle during handling
Re-bar falls at work site
Re-bars topple duringassembly
Re-bars collide and fallduring transfer withcrane
Contact with orelectrocution from re-barprocessing machinery(cutter, bender)
Human Factor
PhysicalFactor
Work Method
Machineryand
Equipment
Reinforcingrod
transport
Processingand
transport
Reinforcingrod
assembly
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers64
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Binding Wire Failure During TransferCase 1
Overview Re-bars on the truck are handled with a mobile crane. The
wire breaks while raising the re-bars with a binding wire to be
placed on the hauler rope. The load falls and strikes a laborer
who was installing wooden props on the cage, killing him in
the process.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Improve operation methods- When installing wooden props for transferring heavy
loads such as re-bars, directly attachment of the shackle
on the binding wire shall be prohibited. The load shall be
lifted only as high as wooden props can be installed. The
operation shall be carried out in order. That is, one side
shall be lifted for installation of the wooden props and
then the other side lifted for installation.
▶ Appoint operation supervisor
- When handling heavy loads, a supervisor shall be
appointed to determine operation procedures and oversee
the process.
▶ Prepare work plans
- When handling heavy loads, a work plan shall be
prepared concerning the order of work and operation
procedures. All applicable laborers shall be instructed in
the work plan.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers66
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Re-bars Fall During TransferCase 2
Overview The binding wire(#6) was temporarily attached to the sling
belt shackle of the tower crane, lifting the re-bars. The wire
breaks at the height of about 1.7 m. The load falls and strikes
a worker, killing him in the process.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Prepare work plans- When handling heavy loads, the type and shape of the
load, the operation environment, and the terrain shall be
investigated. A work plan will be established and
prepared that details proper handling methods and
operation procedures.
▶ Appoint an operation supervisor- When handling heavy loads of 100 kg or more like a re-
bar bundle, a supervisor shall be appointed. The
supervisor shall oversee the activity by determining
operation procedures.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers68
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Form Collapses When Piling Re-barsCase 3Overview At a church extension construction site, a worker lowers re-
bar bundles on the form for assembly. The beam form and the
slab form collapses and the victim falls from a height of 7.5 m
and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Take safety measures on frame work members such as
form timbers- When assembling forms, take the necessary safety
measures. These measures include placing support beams
so that the forms do not fall over. (When the structure
puts the weight of the slab on the side panel of the beam
(as in horizontal beams), tools such as form ties shall be
used to secure the space between two side panels before
piling heavy loads.)
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers70
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Re-bars Collapse During Wall Re-bars AssemblyDue To External Shock
Case 4
Overview A worker assembles spacers between vertical re-bars of a retaining
wall at a road pavement/extension construction site. External force
from the operation causes the re-bars to collapse. The re-bars crush
the victim, killing him in the process.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶Take strict collapse prevention measures when assembling re-bars- X-Bracing and horizontal re-bars shall be assembled first to
secure the standing of the re-bars, preventing collapse.
- When installing temporary structures for collapse prevention,
steel pipes shall be used as horizontal framework members and
tilted support beams fastened with a clamp at the joint. On the
opposite side of the longitudinal gradient, an anchor shall be
installed at the base (or the floor of a framework member
nearby), and proper tension maintained in both directions at a
regular interval by installing a wire rope (9~12 mm or more)
and a turn buckle to prevent toppling.
- During a re-bar operation in retaining walls where there is a
risk of toppling, binding shall be rigidly distributed to every
joint point. The taller the re-bars, the higher the center of
gravity. Tall vertical re-bars are susceptible to toppling at the
slightest impact. Therefore, when preparing a detailed drawing
of re-bars, the re-bars shall be designed as short as possible.
4. Concrete
(1) Disaster frequency and intensity by work unit
Operation Concrete transpor Placing and compacting Curing
Frequency(%) 0.13 1.92 0.16
Risk ★ ★★ ★★
(2) Illustration
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers72
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Is there a risk of contact witha high voltage electrical line?
Is there any dispersionof materials?
Is there a signal man?
Is the placing order compliedwith? - Wall-pillar-beam-slab
Are laborers properlywearing their personalprotective equipment?
Is there a risk of the concretepump car overturning?- Prevent land settlement- Install outrigger
Is the form timber assembled incompliance with the assembly drawing,and is it being monitored forabnormalities during concrete placing?- Place supervisors
Is the delivery hoseplacement adequate
and safe?
(3) Risk assessment
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers74
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
• Install guardrails around openingsat work site
• Beware of shaking concretenozzle
• Install scaffolds and guardrailsaround work site
• Inspect bolting condition atdelivery pipe joints
• Firmly fix concrete delivery hosewith brackets
• Install safety nets• Restrict laborer access in danger
zones
• Inspect structure in advance• Prepare assembly drawing and
assemble in compliance with it• Comply with order of concrete
placement operation• Appoint supervisor
• Restrict laborer access• Ventilate before entering area
• Be careful not to put hand innozzle joint
• Perform safety training inadvance
• Ground outer casing• Install breaker on outlet circuit
• Prevent land settlement andinstall outrigger
• Protect high voltage processorelectrical line
• Appoint signaller
High
Risk : Assessed Risk (Predicted)
Hazard RiskCategoryFlow Safety Measure
Medium
Medium
Low
High
Low
Low
Medium
Medium
Laborer falls duringconcrete placementand curing
Accidents fromconcrete deliveryhose shock and/ordamage
Accidents fromaggregate disposalduring concreteplacement
Form timberingcollapses duringconcrete placing
Laborer''s finger getscaught in nozzle ofready mixed concretetransport truck
Laborer getselectrocuted while usingvibrating compactor
Pump car topples overor laborer getselectrocuted when itcomes in contact withprocessor electrical line
Laborer suffocates fromcarbon monoxide whilecuring concrete duringwinter
Laborer falls whilemaintaining concreteplacement equipment
Human Factor
PhysicalFactor
Work Method
Machineryand
Equipment
Concretetransfer
Placingand
compacting
Curing
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers76
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Getting Caught Between Ready Mixed ConcreteTruck And Pump Truck
Case 1
Overview The assistant driver of the pump truck places slab concrete at
a new elementary school construction site. The ready mixed
concrete truck backs up down the slope. The driver gets
caught between the truck and the delivery hose at the lower
section of the pump truck hopper and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Appoint a guide when operating vehicular transportmachinery- When working with vehicular transport machinery such
as a ready mixed concrete truck, a guide shall be
appointed and a pre-determined signal method used to
keep laborers safe.
▶ Inspect vehicular transport machinery beforeoperating, and take strict safety measures whenparking on a slope
- Perform a thorough inspection of the vehicle before operating.
- When parking on a slope, take safety measures such as
placing a wooden wedge under the wheels to prevent any
accidents that can result from a brake failure.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers78
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Getting Caught By Excavator Bucket DuringConcrete Placement
Case 2
Overview At a burrow bit restoration construction site, a concrete floor
for the retaining wall installation is being placed with the
excavator bucket. When the operator attempts to re-align the
excavator track, he gets caught under the bucket and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Prohibit random use of heavy construction equipment- When placing concrete, a pump truck shall be used
instead of an excavator for the operation.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers80
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling During Concrete PlacementCase 3
Overview During the placement of a concrete slab, the laborer loses his
balance. He falls from the platform at a height of 8.15 m and
dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Follow strict fall prevention measures
- When placing concrete, sturdy guardrails shall be
installed to prevent falling from the platform.
· Upper rail : 90~120cm
· Medium rail : Half-way between the upper rail and the
floor surface
· Foot guard : 10cm or taller from the floor surface
· Diameter of the rail : Metallic pipe of 2.7 cm in
diameter or larger.
· Must be able to withstand a load of 100 kg or more.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers82
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Collision With Broken Pump Truck Hose DuringConcrete PlacementCase 4
Overview The tremie pipe and the concrete pump truck hose are
connected while the concrete is delivered for a site placing
pile. The pump truck hose breaks and fatally strikes a worker.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Thoroughly inspect construction equipment in- When placing concrete with a concrete pump truck, the
connecting hose shall be inspected for possible damage
and/or change in condition. When there is a malfunction,
the hose shall be immediately replaced.
- Before placing concrete with a concrete pump car, the
interior of the hose shall be thoroughly cleaned before
use.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers84
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling From Retaining Wall During ConcretePlacement
Case 5
Overview During concrete placement at the top of a retaining wall, the
soil around the support beam of the concrete pump truck
outrigger collapses. The end of the boom collides with the
retaining wall form. The worker is killed after losing his
balance and falling.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Abide by strict pump truck rollover prevention
procedures- When placing concrete, the soil shall be compacted or
displaced to provide a firm place for the outrigger in
order to prevent the pump truck from rolling over
▶ Adhere to strict fall prevention measures- If there is a risk of falling from the vibration of a hose
when placing concrete, take the necessary steps such as
installing guardrails to prevent falling.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers86
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Lumber Collapse During Concrete PlacementCase 6
Overview At a highway expansion construction site, laborers are placing
concrete slabs. During this process, form timber collapses and
11 laborers are injured.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Thorough timber installation- Fixing pins shall be installed at the upper and the lower
joints of the pillar member.
- Bracing shall be installed to prevent buckling.
- The U-head, the yoke, and the floor joist material shall be
connected.
- Vibration shall be prevented by placing a wedge in the
clearance between the U-head and the yoke. A yoke shall
be installed in the middle of the U-head to vertically
align the applied weight axis.
▶ Install special timber when slab thickness is 1 m- H-section timber support
- Bent support
- Load tower
- The height of the timber shall be lowered by filling up
the ground with hard packed soil.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers88
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Colliding With Concrete Pump Truck Backing UpCase 7Overview At a drainage improvement construction site, the concrete
pump truck finishes placing the drainage base concrete. The
pump truck backs up on the temporary road and runs into a
worker, killing him in the process.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Follow strict collision prevention measures- When backing up construction machinery like a concrete
pump truck, laborer access shall be restricted in a zone
with a risk of collision. A guide shall also be provided.
▶ Prepare detailed instructions- When working with construction machinery, instructions
shall be established that account for the type of vehicle
being used, its route, intended use and method of
operation. Laborers shall be notified before starting the
job.
5. Steel Frame
(1) Disaster frequency and intensity by work unit
Operation Framework member transport Transfer and assembly Deck plate installation
Frequency (%) 0.62 2.26 0.31
Risk ★ ★★★ ★
(2) Illustration
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers90
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Is the condition of thehauler wire rope ok?
Are the fall preventionmeasures adequate?
Is the hauler rope being removedafter the temporary assembly of
the lifting steel frame?
Does the weight of the load exceedthe capacity of the machinery?
- Safety ratio 5 or moreIs the laborer wearing a
safety harness and attachedto the mounted equipment?
Is a walkway secured forthe laborer?
Is there any risk ofmaterials falling?
Are there any otheroperations being carriedout under the work site?
Is there a safety net installedfor every 10 m in height at the
lower section of the steelframe work site?
Is there an ascent/descent(stair) structure installed?
(3) Risk assessment
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers92
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
•Install walkway on steel framepillar
•Install block
•Install mounted equipment forsafety harness
•Put on safety harness•Install safety nets every 10 m
•Prohibit use of clamp•Inspect hanging rope in advanceand the use dual-rope hanger
•Install removal device on cranehook
•Firmly fix hauler rope to member•Temporarily assemble memberwhile it is hung on lifter
•Inspect hanging rope in advanceand use dual-rope hanger
•Temporarily fix member- 1/2 or more of main fixing bolt
•Install buckling line to preventcollapse
•Thoroughly construct base anchor•Comply with work procedures andwork flow
•Install automatic voltage reducer•Wear insulated gloves
•Prevent earth settling•Install lifter outrigger•Confirm transfer weight inadvance
Medium
Risk : Assessed Risk (Predicted)
Hazard RiskCategoryFlow Safety Measure
High
Low
High
High
Medium
Medium
Laborer falls from steelframe pillar while goingup or down
aborer falls during steelframe assembly or whilemoving
Steel frame member fallswhile loading / unloading
Steel frame falls duringtransfer
Steel frame collapsesduring assembly
Laborer getselectrocuted whilewelding
Lifter overturns duringmember transfer
Human Factor
PhysicalFactor
Work Method
Machineryand
Equipment
Carryingin
membersand
transportation
Hauling
and
assembly
Deckplateinstallation
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers94
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling During Steel Frame TransferCase 1Overview The laborer teams up with a co-worker to transfer a steel
frame to the roof. He attaches the wire rope to the steel frame
on the truck cage and the frame is transferred. The laborer
hangs onto the frame as it is being lifted, falls from a height
of approximately 10 m and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ When handling a heavy load, a supervisor shall oversee the
process and determine the work flow and method. If the
material being transferred is out of the operator's sight
when using a crane, a signaling system shall be established
and a signaler placed.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers96
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Steel Frame Collapse During AssemblyCase 2Overview While installing a steel frame member to the vertical frame at
a steel frame or reinforcing rod concrete construction site, a
frame structure (width 26.9 m, height 23.8 m) collapses. Two
steel frame workers fall, and nine framework workers on the
ground floor are crushed by the framework that collapses due
to the shock. One steel frame worker and two framework
workers die while 8 laborers are injured.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ When building structures such as steel frames, a sufficient
safety inspection shall be performed in advance to prevent
potential collapse and overturning. A steel frame work plan
shall then be prepared. Laborers shall be notified and the
work performed in compliance with the work plan.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers98
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling From a Steel Frame BeamCase 3Overview While on a steel frame beam on the 7th floor, a worker
secures and adjusts the transport path for a secondary beam
that is transferred by the tower crane. He misses his footing,
falls from a height of 10.3 m and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Mounted equipment shall be installed while working at a
high altitude (as in steel frame operations) where there is a
high risk of falling on the work site. Laborers shall wear a
safety harness, and safety nets shall be installed at the
lower section of the construction site.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers100
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling While Moving On a Steel Frame BeamCase 4Overview A laborer installs a steel arch for a storage building roof
installation on a 9 m-high steel frame. He moves to the next
row on the steel frame beam. He is killed after losing his
balance and falling to the ground.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ When moving or assembling on steel frames 2 m or higher,
a fixed temporary walkway shall be installed for safe
passage of the laborer. Alternatively, mounted equipment
shall be installed anda safety harness worn before moving
or starting the job.
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers102
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling During Steel Frame Deck PlateInstallation At Golf Course
Case 5
Overview On a third floor steel frame beam, a worker signals the crane
during a floor deck plate installation. The bundle slips off the
steel frame beam and bounces towards the worker. The
worker attempts to get out of the way, loses his balance and
falls from a height of 8.7 m. He dies when he hits the ground.
One other laborer is injured after his ankle is caught between
the deck plate bundle and the steel frame beam.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶A difficult scaffold installation is encountered before
installing the deck plates. Because of this there is a high
risk of falling while moving on the steel frame or during
material transfer. Therefore, safety nets and mounted
equipment must be installed. The installation shall be
carried out thoroughly to prevent slacking or unraveling of
the equipment. A safety harness (such as the lightweight
swing-type) shall be worn before starting the job.
6. Bricklaying And Plastering (Polishing)
(1) Disaster frequency and intensity by work unitOperation Material transport Brick and block laying Plastering
Frequency (%) 1.37 1.41 3.96
Risk ★★ ★★ ★★★
(2) Illustration
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers104
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Is there any danger of theblocks or the wall collapsing?
Is the daily work volume beingcomplied with to prevent thebrick wall from collapsing?
- 1.2 ~ 1.5 m / day
Are gloves worn to protectthe hands?
Is the work site organized,and are the adjacentopenings protected?
Are there any problems inthe brick or block transportpath and the method?
Is the fall prevention measure for thelaborer on the scaffolding adequate?- Install guardrails- Wear safety harness, etc.
Is the scaffolding properlyinstalled for the work siteand the work methods?
(3) Risk assessment
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers106
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
• Ensure scaffolding safety-Scaffolding width 40 cm or more
• If stage is 2 m or higher, installstair structure and guardrails
• Protect openings- Install guardrails or covers
• Secure scaffolding- Secure 2 places or more
• Use sturdy material forworkplatform to eliminate risk ofcollapsing- Use certified products
• Install safety nets• Organize material
• Employ disposal preventionmeasure at garbage drop-off point
• Transport garbage in gunnysacks when possible
• Install support beams to preventcollapsing
• Prohibit overworking- Comply with daily work volume
• Remove in order from uppersection to lower section
• Make sure that safety doors toentryway are closed- Ensure safety doors areoperable from lift side only
• Use equipment that is doubleinsulated- Inspect insulation for damage inadvance
• Install breaker on output powersource
High
Risk : Assessed Risk (Predicted)
Hazard RiskCategoryFlow Safety Measure
High
Medium
High
Low
Medium
High
Medium
Laborer falls whileworking on scaffoldingsuch as saddle scaffoldand movable scaffold
Laborer falls intoadjacent opening
Laborer falls asworkplatforms such asscaffolding stage falls orcollapses
Material or tool fallsduring operation
Accidents due tomaterial disposalthrough garbage chute
Bricks or blockscollapse during removal
Laborer falls throughopen lift entryway whilemoving bricks onawheelbarrow
Laborer getselectrocuted whilecutting material withgrinder
Human Factor
PhysicalFactor
Work Method
Machineryand
Equipment
Materialtransport
Brick /Blocklaying
Plastering
Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers108
Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling From Scaffolding During WorkplatformInstallation For Plastering
Case 1
Overview At a new courthouse construction site, a worker installs
workplatforms on an outdoor scaffolding. The workplatform
where the worker is standing falls off. He loses his balance,
falls from a height of 11.6 m and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Install sturdy workplatform- When installing workplatforms, underfloor support
beams such as single pipes shall be securely fixed to the
scaffolding with clamps first.
▶ Employ strict fall prevention measures-When working on a scaffolding, safety nets shall be
thoroughly installed between scaffolds, and between the
scaffold and the exterior of the wall. When scaffolding
installation is difficult, safety harness cables shall be
installed and the harness worn.
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Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling While Moving On ScaffoldingDuring PolishingCase 2
Overview The laborer works on polishing the exterior wall near the roof
eaves. He moves on the scaffolding, falls from a height of 2.2
m and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Thoroughly install workplatform (temporary walkway)- When working or moving in a place where there is a risk
of falling (as on a scaffold), a sturdy, near-gapless (gaps
3 cm or less) workplatform (temporary walkway) shall be
installed.
▶ Wear personal protective equipment- When moving or working on an outdoor scaffold where
there is a risk of falling, hard hats (with the chin strap
fastened) and safety harnesses shall be worn.
Supervisors shall strictly manage the proper use of
personal protective equipment.
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Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling During Apartment Balcony PolishingCase 3Overview At a new apartment construction site, the laborer polishes the
ceiling of the balcony with a grinder. He stands on a
workplatform on the anterior balcony on the 3rd floor. The
laborer loses his balance and falls over the guardrail
temporarily installed on the balcony platform. He falls at a
height of 9.5 m and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Employ strict fall prevention measures- When working in a place such as a balcony platform
where there is a risk of falling, a guardrail shall be
installed with the upper rail height of 90 cm~120 cm, and
the medium rail in the middle between the upper rail and
the workplatform.
- If guardrail installation is not feasible, strict danger
precautions shall be observed by installing safety nets or
wearing safety harnesses.
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Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling Into Opening During Plastering InApartment StairwayCase 4
Overview While plastering in an apartment stairway landing, a laborer
loses his balance and dies after falling through an outside
opening at a height of 28 m.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Employ strict fall prevention measures- When there is laborer traffic and work near a vertical
opening (meant for windows) at a stairway landing,
guardrails shall be installed to prevent falling. If the
guardrails must be removed due to the work situation,
safety harness cables shall be installed and harnesses
worn before starting work.
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Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling While Plastering Tile Cement OnScaffolding
Case 5
Overview During a tile cement plastering operation for artificial stones
on the exterior wall of a building, a laborer falls from the
scaffold platform at a height of 9 m and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Employ strict fall prevention measures- When working in a place that is 2 m or higher where
there is a risk of falling, strict fall prevention measures
shall be taken by installing guardrails or fences to
prevent falling. When this is not feasible, laborers shall
wear safety harnesses.
▶ Personal protective equipment (hard hats) mandatory- When working or moving in a place with a risk of
accident such as falling, personal protective equipment
such as hard hats shall be worn.
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Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling Due To Untying of Fiber Rope WhilePolishing Apartment Side Wall
Case 6
Overview A plasterer prepares his tools on a hanging scaffold at an
apartment building construction site. The hanging fiber rope
comes undone. The laborer dies after falling from a height of
55 m.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Thoroughly inspect rope tie offs in advance when
working on hanging scaffold- Inspect how the hanging scaffold fiber rope is secured
before starting the job.※ Safely secure the rope with an overhand knot at two
possible anchors. When securing the rope, use reinforcingrods or fix the end of the rope with a clip.
▶ Thorough safety harness installation- When working on a hanging scaffold, safety devices such
as a vertical lifeline shall be installed. Follow installation
instructions carefully to ensure the lifeline functions
properly.
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Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling While Finishing Window Sill PlasteringCase 7
Overview At an apartment house repair construction site, the laborer
installs workplatforms on a double row staging and does
finishing work on the plastering. He loses his balance, falls
from a height of 7.6 m and dies.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Employ strict fall prevention measures- Fall prevention structures such as guardrails shall be
installed on the workplatform before commencing work.
▶ Provide and wear personal protective equipment- When working in a place with a risk of falling, see to it
that personal protective equipment such as hard hats and
safety harnesses are provided and worn during operation.
7. Painting
(1) Disaster frequency and intensity by work unitOperation Surface treatment Indoor painting Outdoor painting
Frequency (%) 0.12 2.17 0.77
Risk ★ ★★★ ★
(2) Illustration
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Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Is a signal man or ansupervisor in place?
Is there any danger of thehanging rope coming undone
or breaking?
Is there any dangerof tools or materials
falling?
Is the laborer properlyattached to thevertical lifeline?
Is the fall preventionmeasure adequate?- Install vertical lifeline- Wear safety harness
Is the hanging rope longenough to reach theground surface?
Is the safety measureadequate to preventpainting dispersion?
Are laborersappropriately restrictedin the danger zones?
(3) Risk assessment
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Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
•Install walkways for laborers•Install guardrail on platform•Put on safety harness
•Lower scaffolding after securing rope•Slowly lower end first
•Train laborers in the proper use ofA frames and scaffolds
•Employ safety measures formovable scaffolds- Install stair structure- Install guardrails on scaffolding platform- Secure wheels
•Fix hanging rope to sturdy structure•Install pad in places such as edgeof structure where friction maycause damage to rope
•Employ safety measures formovable scaffolding
•Consider weather conditions when working•Put away dangerous objects inadvance and restrict laboreraccess in disposal danger zone
•Strictly manage fire equipment•Store painting materials in well-ventilated areas
•Secure scaffold hanging rope andinspect rope condition
•Mount safety harness on hangingrope and separate lifeline
•Mount safety harness on lifeline beforeclimbing onto hanging scaffolding
•Restrict laborer access withinoperation radius
•Secure rope length at minimum 12times distance from ropeconnection point to ground
•Prohibit welding near hanging rope
High
Risk : Assessed Risk (Predicted)
Hazard RiskCategoryFlow Safety Measure
Low
Medium
High
Low
Low
High
Low
Medium
Low
Laborer falls whilemoving during outdoorpainting
Laborer falls withhanging scaffoldingwhile lowering it
Laborer falls whileworking on A frame ormovable scaffolding
Laborer falls due tounraveling of supportrope on hangingscaffolding, damage tosupporting structure, orbreaking of rope
Public complaint frompaint disposal
Fire / explosion due tofire equipment
Laborer falls due toinsufficient length ofhanging scaffolding
Laborer falls whileclimbing onto hangingscaffolding
Laborer falls duringexterior painting onhigh-rise building
Laborer falls due to damage tohanging scaffolding rope bysparks from welding operation
HumanFactor
PhysicalFactor
WorkMethod
Machineryand
Equipment
Surface
treatment
Indoor
painting
Outdoor
painting
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Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling From Platform While PaintingCase 1
Overview While painting the ceiling with a paint roller in a factory
walkway, the laborer loses his balance at the end of the
walkway and falls.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Install guardrails- Guardrails should be installed in a place like the end of a
factory walkway where there is a risk of falling while
working or moving.
▶ Wear personal protective equipment- A safety harness and a hard hat shall be provided to
laborers who work in a place with a risk of falling. This
equipment shall be worn while working.
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Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling From Hanging Scaffold While PaintingExterior WallCase 2
Overview While painting the exterior wall on a hanging scaffold, the
fiber rope attached to the roof railing comes undone and the
laborer falls.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Secure and inspect fiber rope on hanging scaffolding- When painting the exterior wall on hanging scaffolding,
the fiber rope shall be secured on a sturdy structure so it
does not come undone (such as using an overhand knot
and securing the end with a clip).
- When painting on hanging scaffold, inspect the way the
rope is secured before starting the job.
▶ Install vertical lifeline and wear safety harness (fallprevention harness)- When painting on hanging scaffolding, a vertical lifeline
should be installed in addition to the fiber rope. A safety
harness (fall prevention harness) shall be mounted on the
lifeline while working.
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Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling From Movable Scaffolding While PaintingCase 3
Overview While painting the stage structures at a convention center
main assembly hall construction site, a laborer loses his
balance and falls from the 3-story movable scaffolding.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Comply with movable scaffolding (B/T) installation
standards- When working with a B/T, the scaffolding shall be
installed in a sturdy way, and guardrails installed on the
platform to prevent falling accidents.
▶ Improve operation methods- When installing scaffolding at a height of 7 m, there is a
risk of falling due to a shock in the lower section, as well
overturning from contacting obstructions due to frequent
movement. There is also a risk of falling when ascending
/ descending.
- Scaffolding shall be stabilized by installing brackets in
the lower section to prevent rollover, or a lifter such as a
hi-land and a lift truck shall be used..
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Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Falling From Aerial Ladder Truck While PaintingCase 4Overview The laborer paints the eaves on the roof on an aerial ladder
truck where riding is prohibited. He loses his balance
immediately after the turn of the boom and falls.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Use mobile lift that can be boarded- Proper machinery such as a cargo crane, which can be
boarded and is safe against the shaking of the boom, for
aerial operation, or
- Scaffolding that is installed outside the building and the
stage firmly fixed before starting to paint.
▶ Personal protective equipment mandatory- Safety harnesses and hard hats shall be provided and
worn by laborers who work in a place where there is a
risk of falling.
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Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type
Skylight Breaking During Slate Roof PaintingCase 5
Overview At a factory repair construction site, a worker spray paints the
old slate roof. He steps on a skylight slate. The plastic roof
caves in and he falls.
Illustration
SafetyMeasures
▶ Strict fall prevention measures- When working on top of weak material such as slate or
skylight roof, scaffolding with 30 cm or more in width
shall be installed to prevent laborers from falling.
▶ Confirm safety before starting work- The frame structure of the slate or skylight roof shall be
confirmed before the operation. If a laborer must climb to
the upper section, safety shall be confirmed and the
laborer notified.
▶ Wear personal protective equipment (safety harness)- When there is an operation at 2 m or higher, the business
owner shall install mounted equipment, and a safety
harness shall be worn before starting work.
1. Definition of occupational diseases 138
2. Prevention of Occurrence of 138Occupational Diseases
04 Prevention ofOccupational
Diseases
E En ng gl li is sh h
Safety Guide for Foreign
Construction LaborersConstructionIndustry
1. Definition of occupational diseasesAn occupational disease is defined as the disease of a worker that takes place during
and by his/her occupation. Occupational diseases are classified into two categories:
Typical occupational disease is caused by being exposed toharmful factors in the
occupation; and Occupation-relevant diseases comprise non-occupational factors,
which arefurther worsened by occupational factors. Typical occupational diseases
include noise-induced hearing loss, ocular disease, heatstroke, cutaneous disorder
and occupational cancer caused by exposure to physical factors such as noise,
harmful lights, radiation, and high-temperature heat. Those caused by exposure to
chemical factors include organic solvent intoxication, heavy-metal intoxication,
pneumoconiosis, cutaneous disorder, occupational cancer, oxygen depletion, and
harmful gas intoxication. Occupation-relevant diseases include musculoskeletal
system disorder caused by exercise of excessive force or repetitive processes, and
cerebrovascular/cardiovascular system disorder by stress for tasks.
2. Prevention of Occurrence of Occupational Diseases
2-1 Nose-induced hearing loss
(1) Definition of noiseNoise is defined as ‘undesired or unwanted sound’ or ‘sound mentally and
physically harmful to the human body.’ Main noise sources at work places
include frictional or striking sounds from production facilities, noise
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Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases
Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases
generated from motors, and explosive sound from compressed air. Noises can
be classified into continuous noise, interrupted noise and impulse noise in
accordance with the types of generation.
(2) Effects of noise to healthContinuous exposure to noise may cause reduction of work efficiency and accidents
due to loss of concentration on work because of adverse effects to physiological
systems such as noise-induced hearing loss from irrevocable (permanent) hearing
loss, ear noise, increase of stress, or change in the immune system.
The Industrial Safety and Health Act (KOSH Act) stipulates that work places with
noise greater than 80 dB(A) shall be measured for noise levels (every six months),
and workers exposed to noises shall be provided with special health inspection
(hearing ability inspection) for prevention and control of hearing loss (health
inspection cycle: first inspection within 12 months, and every 24 months thereafter).
The reference of noise exposure in Korea in 90 dB(A).
(3) Prevention of noise-induced hearing loss① Use of low-noise facilities or equipment
② Installing damping materials (e.g., vibration-absorbing springs and rubber
mats) on locations subject to impact to reduce impact power
③ Sealing or isolating noise facilities, and installing noise barriers
④ Installing sound-absorbent materials on the walls inside a room, or
providing a silencer on the section of generation of compressed air
⑤ Wearing appropriate personal protection gear to protect hearing ability
(e.g., earplugs and ear covers)
⑥ Installing a control booth for isolating work space
⑦ Restriction and control of the time exposed to noises
⑧ Regular hearing ability inspection
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Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases
2-2. Radiation
(1) Definition of radiationRadiation is classified into two categories; ionized radiation and non-ionized
radiation. Ionized radiation is radiation with energy enough to ionize objects
exposed to generated energy. X-ray and γ-ray are of electromagnetic
radiation, while a-wave, ß-wave and neutron are of particulate radiation.
Though its energy is relatively low, non-ionized radiation may give adverse
effect to health upon consistent and repetitive exposure. Non-ionized
radiation includes ultraviolet (UV) rays, visible light (VL) rays, infrared (IR)
rays,radiofrequency(RF),lowfrequency(LF)andextremelylowfrequency(ELF).
Exposure to ionized radiation is limited, since the exposure takes place with
medical devices, and non-destruction inspection systems. However, workers
have a high probability of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) ray with wavelengths
between 180 and 400 nanometer (nm), or visible light and near-infrared rays
between 385 and 3,000 nm. Ultraviolet rays and near-infrared rays are
regarded as harmless to health (e.g., actinic keratitis, and erythema) by most
workers even upon repetitive exposure. Ultraviolet rays may be generated
from welding arc, fluorescent and incandescent light and solar rays, and near-
infrared ray from solar rays and infrared lamps used for jobs.
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Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases
(2) Effects of radiation on healthAdverse effects to health resultingfrom exposure to ionized radiation reported
so far include leukemia, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, bone
marrow cancer, and skin cancer.
Adverse effects on health from non-ionized radiation are as listed in the table below:
Ray Band Wave length HealthEffect
UV-C 100~280 nm Skin rash, erythema
Ultra Violet UV-B 280~315 nm Skin rash, erythema
UV-A 315~400 nm Skin rash, erythema, cataract, skin cancer
Visible Light - 400~780 nmCornea damage or skin burn due to optical-physical reaction or heat
IR-A 780~1,400 nm Skin burn, cataract, cornea burn
Infra Red IR-B 1.4~3.0 ㎛ Skin burn
IR-C 3.0 ㎛~1.0 mm -
(3) Prevention of adverse effects on health from radiation① Workers shall not be exposed to ionized radiation.
② Workers shall wear appropriate personal protection gear (e.g., safety
glasses, protective clothes) to minimize expose to non-ionized radiation
such as ultraviolet rays, visible light and infrared rays.
2-3. High temperature heat
(1) Adverse effects to health from high-temperature heatHeat stress resulted from high-temperature heat is determined by the total
heat load applied to the human body caused by composite effects of
environmental and physical factors. Environmental factors include
temperature, air current, humidity and radiant heat. Physical factors produce
metabolic heat to the human body dependent upon work intensity to apply
heat load to the human body.
Wet Bulb, Globe Temperature (WBGT) is the typical index for assessing
stress caused from high-temperature heat. WBGT is an index that indicates
general effects to the human body from temperature, humidity, air current
rate and radiant heat.
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Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases
The exposure references for preventing adverse effects to health from high-
temperature heat are as listed in the following table:
Ratio of work and rest per hourStrength of Work(WBGT, ℃)
Light Moderate Heavy
100% Work(Successive) 30.0 26.7 25.0
75% Work; 25% Rest 30.6 28.0 25.9
50% Work; 50% Rest 31.4 29.4 27.9
25% Work; 75% Rest 32.2 31.1 30.0
Major adverse effects to the human body from heat stress are described below:
① Heat cramp: Cramp accompanied
with pain in the limbs and the
abdomen due to excessive drainage
of sweat together with loss of large
amount of salinity during exposure
to high-temperature heat for an
extensive period
② Heat exhaustion: Fatigue, emesis,
dizziness and cramp from
hypoglycemia caused by
dehydration
③ Heat stroke: Sudden thermoregulation disorder due to exposure to a high
temperature environment and humidity resulting in the elevation of body
heat or coma
(2) Prevention of adverse effects from health from high-temperature heat① Get sufficient rest in an air-conditioned rest area isolated from heat source,
or reduce work hours or execute shift system.
② Drink sufficient cold water and take table salt.
③ Wear light and airy clothes for easy dispersion of heat. Install heat barrier or
wear heat-resistant clothes at work environment with significant radiant heat.
④ Emit heat from high-temperature objects and install a local vent system on
the top of the heat source to exhaust hot air and reduce temperature in the
work place.
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Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases
heat cramp
heatexhaustion
heat stroke
2-4. Occupational diseases cause by chemical substances
(1) Adverse effects to health from chemical substancesChemical substances are used in various processes such as the manufacture,
composition and abstraction of chemical products, cleaning processes and
printing. Most of them are highly volatile and cause a large quantity of exposure.
The respiratory organ is the main path of absorption of chemical substances, and
some of them are absorbed via the skin and the mouth. Chemical substances
absorbed into human body may cause diseases in the respiratory system,
hematopoietic system, nervous system or liver dependent upon the characteristics
of the substances. Adverse effects on health from exposure to chemical
substances widely employed in work places are listed in the following table:
Chemicals Health Effect(Diseases) Chemicals Health Effect(Diseases)
Methanol(Methyl Alcohol) Optic nerve disorder Maleic anhydride Asthma
Methyl Bromide Optic nerve disorder Phthalic anhydride Asthma
Dimethyl acetamide Toxic hepatitis Acrylamide PNS
Hydrogen Chlorid Dental erosion by acid Acrylonitrile Nervous toxic
Sulfuric Acid Dental erosion by acid 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol Skin sensitization
Nitric Monoxide Asphyxiation Epichlorohydrin Skin sensitization
Nitroglycerin Headache, heart disease Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Asthma
Carbon disulfide CNS, PNS Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate Asthma
Stevensjohnson normal Hexane PNS Trichloroethylene syndrometoxic
liver diease
Sodium cyanide Asphyxiation Formaldehyde Sensitization, Leukemia
Potassium cyanide Asphyxiation Stoddard solvent Neural toxic
Glutaraldehyde Sensitization Hydrazine Sensitization
Nitrobenzene Hemoglobin disorder Asbestos Mesothelioma, lung cancer
Dinitrotoluene Hemoglobin disorder Dichlorobenzidine Bladder cancer
Dimethylaniline Hemoglobin disorder Zinc chromate Lung cancer
MDI Asthma Coaltar pitch volatiles Lung cancer
Methyl Chloride Nervous toxic Nickel sulfide roasting Lung cancer
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Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases
1) Respiratory system disease
▶ Occurrence and symptoms of respiratory system diseases
Dust enters the human body via the respiratory organs and are deposed in the lungs
to cause diseases resulting from fibrosis of the lungs and reaction of the bronchus.
Two major occupational respiratory organ diseases are pneumoconiosis and
occupational asthma. Pneumoconiosis is commonly found on miners who are
exposed to coal dusts. Sylicosis occurs in workers at a foundry working for casting
or sand removal processes, and welder lung occurs in welders. Exposure to asbestos
causes asbestosis. Pneumoconiosis may cause various respiratory organ
complications such as phthisis, pneumothorax and pulmonary emphysema.
Asthma-causing materials are varied and cover more than 300 types of materials.
The major asthma-causing materials at work places include isocyanate materials
(e.g., TDI and MDI) contained in forming agents or hardeners, reactive dies,
welding fume, rubber, and grain feed. Asthma results in occlusion of the bronchus
causing symptoms such as pressure in chest, cough, respiratory distress and
wheezing during work hours.
Materials such as asbestos, nickel compound, 6-chromium, beryllium and
crystalline silicate glass cause lung cancer. Polykaryon aromatic hydrocarbon
(PAH) and formaldehyde are also reported to cause lung cancer.
▶ Prevention of respiratory organ diseases
① Contain the facilities and install and operate vent systems such as local
venting apparatus to minimize exposure to chemical substances such as dusts.
② Employ wet processes to minimize
generation of dusts.
③ Wear protective gear for respiratory
organs to minimize exposure to dusts.
④ Provide workers with regular health
inspections.
⑤ Immediately see a physician upon
detecting symptoms of respiratory
organ disease, and provide the
physician with details of the nature of
the work, and chemical substances to
worked with.
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Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases
2) Hematopoietic system disease
▶ Occurrence and symptoms of hematopoietic system diseases
Hematopoietic system diseases are
defined as those pertinent to
erythrocytes, leukocytes and
lymphocytes in the bloods. Typical
occupational diseases include
hematopoietic system cancer resulted
from benzene, and anemia from lead.
Exposure to benzene is also probable
from solvent handling and painting
processes. Lead intoxication is a probable occurrence due to exposure to lead
during soldering, battery manufacture and glass manufacture.
▶ Prevention of hematopoietic system diseases
① Contain the facilities and install and operate vent systems such as local
venting apparatus to minimize exposure to benzene or lead.
② Wear protective gear for respiratory organs to minimize exposure to dusts.
③ Provide workers with regular health inspection.
④ Immediate see a physician upon detecting symptoms of hematopoietic
system disease, and provide the physician with details of the nature of the
work, and chemical substances worked with.
3) Nervous system disease
▶ Occurrence and symptoms of nervous system diseases
The major causes of nervous system
diseases include composite organic solvent,
acetonitrile, acrylamide, manganese, lead,
mercury, organic tin, and bromic methyl.
Exposure to those materials is probable:
Composite organic solvents widely used in
painting processes, acetonitrile at
pharmaceutical product manufacture
processes, manganese at welding processes,
and organic tin used as additives during the manufacture of plastics products.
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Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases
▶ Prevention of nervous system diseases
① Contain the facilities and install and operate vent systems such as a local
venting apparatus to minimize exposure to chemical substances that cause
nervous system diseases.
② Wear protective gear for respiratory organs to minimize exposure to those
materials.
③ Provide workers with regular health inspections.
④ Immediate see a physician after detecting symptoms of nervous system
disease, and provide the physician with details of the nature of the work,
and chemical substances worked with.
4) Toxic liver disease
▶ Occurrence and symptoms of toxic liver diseases
There are various chemical substances causing toxic liver disease including:
Tetrachloride, tetrachloroethane, Polychlorinated byphenyls (PCB),
trichlorotoluene, dinitrobenzene, N,N- dimethylformamide (DMF).
In particular, exposure to DMF occurs by inhaling or absorbing the materials
via the skin, and causes acute liver intoxication. There was one accident of
death of a foreign worker by acute toxic hepatitis in 2006, who worked at a
DMF handling process.
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Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases
▶ Prevention of toxic liver diseases
① Contain the facilities and install and operate vent systems such as a local
venting apparatus to minimize exposure to chemical substances that cause
toxic liver diseases.
② Wear protective gear for respiratory organs to minimize exposure to those materials.
③ Provide workers with regular health inspections.
④ Immediate see a physician after detecting symptoms of respiratory organ
disease, and provide the physician with details of the nature of the work,
and chemical substances worked with.
⑤ Prevent exposure by executing work turnover.
5) Cutaneous disorder
▶ Occurrence and symptoms of cutaneous disorders
Cutaneous disorders most likely occur from exposure to organic solvents such as
trichloroethylene (TCE), acids, alkalis and cleaning agents, and the symptoms of
the diseases may be worsened when exposed to light. Major symptoms of the
diseases include contact dermatitis, eczema, acne, and dermatomycosis.
▶ Prevention of cutaneous disorders
① Contain the facilities and install and operate vent systems such as a local
venting apparatus to minimize exposure to chemical substances that cause
cutaneous disorders.
② Wear protective clothes to minimize exposure to those materials.
③ Provide workers with regular health inspections.
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Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases
④ Immediate see a physician after detecting symptoms of respiratory organ
disease, and provide the physician with details of the nature of the work,
and chemical substances worked with.
Further, workers shall pay special attention to the following provisions for
preventing occupational diseases that result from exposure to chemical
substances:
① Wear personal protective gear such as non-permeable rubber gloves or
protective clothes when handling chemical substances, and do not touch
the substances with the bare hands, or let them contact the skin.
② Local venting apparatus shall be installed and operated to minimize
quantity of airborne chemical substances.
③ Work shall be started only after receiving instruction on the harm and risks
and precautions of handling chemical substances.
④ Protective gear appropriate for respiration shall be worn when handling
chemical substances.
⑤ Never ingest beverage or food, or smoke within work place when handling
chemical substances.
⑥ Health inspection shall be provided to workers before they are assigned to
jobs, and regular health inspections thereafter.
⑦ Upon detecting symptoms likely to cause occupational diseases,
immediately see a physician, or consult with local foreigner worker
support center.
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Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases
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2007년 10월 초판
2009년 5월 3차 개정판
이 자료는 건설분야 외국인 근로자용으로, 무상 보급되는 안전교육 교재입니다.
외국인근로자를위한안전작업길잡이(건설업)