Middle School Cardiovascular & Exercise Presentation

Exercise  H.E.L.P.  6th  Grade  

The  cardiovascular  system  carries  oxygen  

and  nutrients  to  various  parts  of  the  body  and  removes  cellular  waste  

products.  It  contains  the  heart  and  blood  

vessels.  

The  heart  uses  four  chambers  to  pump  blood.  

Heart  Valves  •  Blood  flows  through  the  heart,  entering  and  exiEng  through  Valves.  

•  Valves  prevent  backflow  of  blood  going  the  wrong  way.  

•  The  Bicuspid  is  located  on  the  leG  side  between  the  leG  atrium  (LA)  and  leG  ventricle  (LV)  

•  The  Tricuspid  is  located  on  the  right  side  between  the  right  atrium  (RA)  and  right  ventricle  (RV)  

Paths  for  delivering  Blood  

• For  blood  to  be  delivered  from  the  heart  to  other  parts  of  the  body,  it  needs  to  travel  through  blood  vessels.  

• Some  examples  of  blood  vessels  are  veins  and  arteries,  and  capillaries  

Arteries of the Cardiovascular

System

Veins of the Cardiovascular

System

Blood  only  moves  in  ONE  direcEon!  

•  Deoxygenated  blood  •  Looks  dark  red/  like  the  color  of  smashed  blackberries,  shown  as  “maroon  or  blue”  

•  Carbon  dioxide  (CO2)  rich  •  Travels  in  veins/  venules  •  Travels  from  the  right  atrium  to  right  ventricle  to  pulmonary  arteries  

•  Oxygenated  blood  •  Looks  bright  red  •  Oxygen  (O2)  rich  •  Travels  in  arteries/  arterioles  •  Travels  from  pulmonary  veins  (where  it  was  oxygenated)  to  the  leG  atrium  to  leG  ventricle  

QuesEon  Review  from  Reading?  • What  side  of  the  heart  does  deoxygenated  blood  enter?  

•  Right  side,  into  the  Right  Atrium  (RA)  

• Where  does  the  blood  go  from  the  right  side?  •  Nope,  not  the  leG  side.  •  It  eventually  does  flow  back  into  the  LeG  Atrium,  but  it  first  goes  to  the  Lungs  where  CO2  is  released  into  alveoli  thru  capillaries,  and  O2  enters  into  the  blood,  aZaching  to  the  iron  in  the  Heme  group  in  red  blood  cells.  

•  How  does  the  blood  move  through  veins?  •  Resistance  and  pressure  (hemodynamics  and  hydrostaEc  pressure)    Certain  pressure  differences  drive  flow.    Viscosity  also  affects  blood  flow.    Thicker  blood,  with  more  plasma  takes  a  lot  longer  than  thinner  blood.  But  blood  that  is  too  thin  is  not  good  either.  

• Where  does  the  blood  leave  from?  •  The  boZom  LV  leG  ventricle  thru  the  AORTIC  ARCHES  back  into  ROTATION.  

Muscle  Tissues  

Oxygen  &  the  Muscles  

• For  Muscles  to  maintain  energy  levels  and  provide  energy  to  the  body,  the  must  break  down  sugars,  fats,  and  in  some  cases  protein.  

• Muscles  is  highly  concentrated  in  Mitochondria  

• Mitochondria,  also  known  as  the  powerhouses  of  the  cells,  convert  food  sources  into  energy  of  the  body  

• To  efficiently  do  this,  Mitochondria  need  O2  

How  do  the  muscles  get  O2?  

• The  Muscles  require  consistent  blood  flow,  and  rely  on  the  red  blood  cells  to  deliver  oxygen.  

• With  more  red  blood  cells,  there  is  more  opportunity  to  deliver  oxygen  to  the  muscles.  

• The  red  blood  cells,  come  from  myeloid  progenitors,  located  in  the  bone  marrow.  

Bone  Marrow  Place where blood cells are made; on a 28 day basis. Bone marrow is the soft, fatty tissue inside your bones. Stem cells are immature stem cells in the bone marrow that give rise to all of your blood cells.

Hematopoeisis  

• Two  types  of  blood  cells  stem  from  the  Bone  Marrow.  

• These  progenitors  are  called  myeloid  Progenitors  and  Lymphoid  Progenitors  

• Myeloid  Progenitors  form  many  of  the  innate  immune  system  bloods  cells  and  red  blood  cells  

• Lymphoid  progenitors  form  many  adapEve  immunity  blood  cells.  

Structure  of  Blood  Cells  • Blood  cells  are  simple  cells.  • Unlike  most  cells  in  the  body,  these  cells  differ.  

• They  have  no  nucleus  –  hence  the  concave  shape  • Lack  protein  receptors  on  their  surfaces  

Protein  Structure  of  Heme  

•  Blood Cells contain an Iron (Fe) Structure •  This iron is what holds Oxygen in place as it is being

transported

Low  Red  Blood  Cells  -­‐  Anemia  

• Without  Iron  (Fe)  in  the  diet,  blood  cells  have  difficulty  forming  

• Iron  depleEon,  also  known  as  anemia,  can  be  seen  in  some  vegans,  because  iron  in  vegetables  are  less  accessible  due  to  their  fibrous  cellulose  structure,  and  in  some  geneEc  cases  

• Many  are  suggested  to  supplement  with  a  mulEvitamin.  

Increasing  the  number  of  Blood  Cells  • Having  lots  of  oxygen  in  the  blood  is  very  valuable.  

• To  be  able  to  accomplish  that,  it  is  necessary  that  there  are  red  blood  cells.  

• In  athletes,  it  enhances  performance  and  allows  more  oxygen  to  be  delivered  to  muscle  for  energy  conversion  processes  in  the  mitochondria  ATP.  

Training  • For  athletes  to  increase  their  blood  cell  count,  some  train  at  high  alEtudes,  where  oxygen  in  the  air  is  less  accessible  to  the  body.  

• The  pressure  of  liZle  to  no  oxygen  forces  the  bone  marrow  to  generate  more  blood  cells  to  help  deliver  oxygen  with  more  efficiency.  

• This  generaEon  kicks  in,  in  order  to  stave  off  blood  acidosis,  from  too  much  CO2.    This  results  from  condiEons  like  hypervenElaEon,  as  in  Cheyne-­‐Stokes,  which  can  affect  oxygen  levels  in  the  blood.  

“Schoolhouse  Rock:    Do  the  CirculaEon”  

•  hZp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tTkxYeNF9Q  

•  0:54-­‐1:27  (<1min.)  

Exercise Exercise is good for our health because it: Physically •  Improves how the heart,

lungs, and muscles work together

•  Keeps our body healthy Mentally/Emotionally •  Helps us to focus, which

helps us learn better •  Makes up feel better, and

happier •  Helps with confidence

How  much  should  we  exercise?  

How  much  should  we  exercise?  

Experts  say  teens  need  to  exercise  for  about  1  hour  each  

day.  

Aerobic  exercises  =  “with  oxygen”:  done  for  long  periods  of  Eme  to  strengthen  the  heart  muscle  

What  are  examples  of  aerobic  exercise?  

Examples  of  Aerobic  Exercises  

Anaerobic  exercises  =  “without  oxygen”:  done  for  shorter  periods  of  Eme  to  strengthen  skeletal  

muscles  What  are  examples  of  anaerobic  exercise?  

Examples  of  Anaerobic  Exercises  

AthleEc  Injuries  

•  The  one  risk  from  exercise  is  that  of  INJURY  •  3-­‐5  million  adults  and  children  are  injured  each  year  in  sport,  exercise,  and  recreaEonal  seqngs  

•  Physical  factors:  •  Muscle  imbalances,  high-­‐speed  collisions,  overtraining,  and  faEgue  

•  Psychological  factors:  •  Personality  factors,  stress,  predisposing  aqtudes  •  High  stress  levels  increase  risk  for  injury  

The  more  we  use  our  heart  muscles,  the  stronger  it  gets.  

•  Moderation is key.

•  If something doesn’t feel good, STOP, so that you don’t get injured

Heart  rate  •  Heart  Rate  is  the  number  of  beats  per  minute.  •  ResEng  heart  rate  (RHR)  is  higher  in  unfit  individuals, and

lower in more fit individuals •  Heart  rate  changes  rate  during  exercise.  •  It  recovers  back  to  a  lower  pace  in  a  faster  Eme  increment,  in  

training  individuals  •  Quicker  recovery  helps  for  maintaining  balance,  and  

homeostasis  

CalculaEng  “ResEng  Heart  Rate”  

•  Put  your  hand  lightly  on  your  throat  next  to  your  windpipe.    

•  You  can  feel  a  light  beat,  or  pulse.    

•  Count  the  number  of  beats  for  15  seconds.    

•  MulEply  that  number  by  4  to  get  your  RHR.  

CalculaEng  “Non-­‐resEng  Heart  Rate”  •  Do  jumping  jacks  for  30  seconds.  •  Take  your  pulse  again  for  15  seconds.  •  MulEply  that  number  by  4  to  get  your  NRHR.  •  Did  your  heart  rate  increase  or  decrease?  Why?    

CalculaEng  “Target  Heart  Rate  Zone”  •  Maximum  Heart  Rate  =  220  –  age  in  years    

•  Target  Heart  Rate  Zone  =  ~60-­‐85%  of  our  maximum  HR  

•  THRZ  =  (0.60)(MHR)  to  (0.85)(MHR)  

•  Sample  target  rates:      Age  12:  125-­‐177  bpm  

           Age  13:  124-­‐176  bpm  

         Age  14:  124-­‐175  bpm  

AcEvity  

• Bring  in  heart  rate  monitors  and  cuffs  • Take  pulse  while  siqng  down.  • Take  pulse  while  standing  • Have  your  partner  do  25  jumping  jacks  • Take  his  pulse  • Switch;  you  do  25  jumping  jacks  • Have  him  take  your  pulse