-
82
1626Manhattan Islandpurchased from theManhates people
1664New Amsterdambecomes New York
1681William Penn foundsPennsylvania
1702New Jersey becomesa royal colony
CHAPTER 3 Colonial America
Main IdeaPeople from many different countriessettled in the
Middle Colonies for avariety of reasons, including
religiousfreedom.
Key Termspatroon, proprietary colony, pacifist
Reading StrategyClassifying Information As you readthe section,
re-create the diagrambelow and describe how the MiddleColonies were
founded.
Read to Learn why the Middle Colonies had the
most diverse populations in colo-nial America.
who was Americas first town planner.
Section ThemeIndividual Action Leaders such asPeter Stuyvesant
and William Pennhelped the Middle Colonies grow.
Middle Colonies
English royal plate
Colony Founder Why settlers came
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
In 1649, 17-year-old Philip Henry stood near the back of the
crowd gathered arounda public platform near Whitehall Palace in
London. There he watched Charles I, theking of England, prepare to
die. The king made a short speech, prayed silently, andthen knelt
with his head on the block.
With just one blow, the executioner severed the kings head from
his body. At thatmoment, the crowd uttered such a groan as I never
heard before, and desire I maynever hear again, Henry wrote in his
diary.
England and the ColoniesIn England the Puritans who controlled
Parliament were engaged in a strug-
gle for power against King Charles I. In 1642 a civil war began.
Led by OliverCromwell, a Puritan, the Parliamentary forces defeated
the king. Charles I wasbeheaded in 1649 after a parliamentary court
declared him guilty of treason.
A new government was established with Cromwell as Protector.
During theseyears of unrest, many Puritans left New England and
returned to England tofight with Parliaments forces. After the war
ended, English men and womenloyal to the king went to royal
colonies like Virginia.
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1600 1650 1700
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83CHAPTER 3 Colonial America
After Cromwell died in 1658, Parliamentbrought back the
monarchy, but placed new lim-its on the rulers powers. Charles II,
son ofCharles I, became king in 1660. His reign iscalled the
Restoration because the monarchy hadbeen restored.
In 1660 England had two clusters of coloniesin what is now the
United StatesMassachu-setts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and
RhodeIsland in the north and Maryland and Virginiain the south.
Between the two groups of Englishcolonies were lands that the Dutch
controlled.
In 1621 a group of Dutch merchants hadformed the Dutch West
India Company to tradein the Americas. Their posts along the
HudsonRiver grew into the colony of New Netherland.The main
settlement of the colony was NewAmsterdam, located on Manhattan
Island. In1626 the company bought Manhattan from theManhates people
for small quantities of beadsand other goods. Blessed with a good
seaport,the city of New Amsterdam soon became a cen-ter of shipping
to and from the Americas.
To increase the number of permanent settlersin its colony, the
Dutch West India Company sentover families from the Netherlands,
Germany,Sweden, and Finland. The company gave a largeestate to
anyone who brought at least 50 settlersto work the land. The
wealthy landowners whoacquired these riverfront estates were
calledpatroons. The patroons ruled like kings. Theyhad their own
courts and laws. Settlers owed thepatroon labor and a share of
their crops.
England Takes OverNew Netherland boasted an excellent harbor
and thriving river trade. The English wanted toacquire the
valuable Dutch colony that laybetween Englands New England and
SouthernColonies. In 1664 the English sent a fleet toattack New
Amsterdam.
At the time Peter Stuyvesant was governor ofthe colony. His
strict rule and heavy taxesturned many of the people in New
Netherlandagainst him. When the English ships sailed intoNew
Amsterdams harbor, the governor wasunprepared for a battle and
surrendered thecolony to the English forces.
N
S
EW
100 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection
100 miles0
36N
40N
72W
76W
AtlanticOcean
NEW YORK
PENNSYLVANIA
NEWJERSEY
DELAWAREDover
Philadelphia
Perth AmboyNew York City
Wilmington
Albany
Area claimedby New York
and NewHampshire
King Charles II gave the colony to his brother,the Duke of York,
who renamed it New York.New York was a proprietary colony, a colony
inwhich the owner, or proprietor, owned all theland and controlled
the government. It differedfrom the New England Colonies where
voterselected the governor and an assembly.
Most of New Yorks settlers lived in the Hud-son River valley.
The Duke of York promised thediverse colonists freedom of religion.
In 1654, 23Brazilian Jews had settled in New Amsterdam.
Grain
Cattle
Fish
Lumber
Rum
Iron
Products
The Middle Colonies
The Middle Colonies were settled by people from many
differentcountries and ethnic backgrounds.1. Region What were the
four Middle Colonies and what
were their main products?2. Drawing Conclusions What geographic
features
made Philadelphia and New York City centers for trade?
83CHAPTER 3 Colonial America
After Cromwell died in 1658, Parliamentbrought back the
monarchy, but placed new lim-its on the rulers powers. Charles II,
son ofCharles I, became king in 1660. His reign iscalled the
Restoration because the monarchy hadbeen restored.
In 1660 England had two clusters of coloniesin what is now the
United StatesMassachu-setts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and
RhodeIsland in the north and Maryland and Virginiain the south.
Between the two groups of Englishcolonies were lands that the Dutch
controlled.
In 1621 a group of Dutch merchants hadformed the Dutch West
India Company to tradein the Americas. Their posts along the
HudsonRiver grew into the colony of New Netherland.The main
settlement of the colony was NewAmsterdam, located on Manhattan
Island. In1626 the company bought Manhattan from theManhates people
for small quantities of beadsand other goods. Blessed with a good
seaport,the city of New Amsterdam soon became a cen-ter of shipping
to and from the Americas.
To increase the number of permanent settlersin its colony, the
Dutch West India Company sentover families from the Netherlands,
Germany,Sweden, and Finland. The company gave a largeestate to
anyone who brought at least 50 settlersto work the land. The
wealthy landowners whoacquired these riverfront estates were
calledpatroons. The patroons ruled like kings. Theyhad their own
courts and laws. Settlers owed thepatroon labor and a share of
their crops.
England Takes OverNew Netherland boasted an excellent harbor
and thriving river trade. The English wanted toacquire the
valuable Dutch colony that laybetween Englands New England and
SouthernColonies. In 1664 the English sent a fleet toattack New
Amsterdam.
At the time Peter Stuyvesant was governor ofthe colony. His
strict rule and heavy taxesturned many of the people in New
Netherlandagainst him. When the English ships sailed intoNew
Amsterdams harbor, the governor wasunprepared for a battle and
surrendered thecolony to the English forces.
N
S
EW
100 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection
100 miles0
36N
40N
72W
76W
AtlanticOcean
NEW YORK
PENNSYLVANIA
NEWJERSEY
DELAWAREDover
Philadelphia
Perth AmboyNew York City
Wilmington
Albany
Area claimedby New York
and NewHampshire
King Charles II gave the colony to his brother,the Duke of York,
who renamed it New York.New York was a proprietary colony, a colony
inwhich the owner, or proprietor, owned all theland and controlled
the government. It differedfrom the New England Colonies where
voterselected the governor and an assembly.
Most of New Yorks settlers lived in the Hud-son River valley.
The Duke of York promised thediverse colonists freedom of religion.
In 1654, 23Brazilian Jews had settled in New Amsterdam.
Grain
Cattle
Fish
Lumber
Rum
Iron
Products
The Middle Colonies
The Middle Colonies were settled by people from many
differentcountries and ethnic backgrounds.1. Region What were the
four Middle Colonies and what
were their main products?2. Drawing Conclusions What geographic
features
made Philadelphia and New York City centers for trade?
-
They were the first Jews to settle in North Amer-ica. In 1664
New York had about 8,000 inhabi-tants. Most were Dutch, but
Germans, Swedes,Native Americans, and Puritans from New Eng-land
lived there as well. The population alsoincluded at least 300
enslaved Africans. NewAmsterdam, which was later called New
YorkCity, was one of the fastest-growing locations inthe
colony.
By 1683 the colonys population had swelledto about 12,000
people. A governor and councilappointed by the Duke of York
directed thecolonys affairs. The colonists demanded a
rep-resentative government like the governments ofthe other English
colonies. The duke resistedthe idea, but the people of New York
would notgive up. Finally, in 1691, the English govern-ment allowed
New York to elect a legislature.
New JerseyThe Duke of York gave the southern part of
his colony, between the Hudson and DelawareRivers, to Lord John
Berkeley and Sir GeorgeCarteret. The proprietors named their
colonyNew Jersey after the island of Jersey in the Eng-lish
Channel, where Carteret was born.
To attract settlers, the proprietors offeredlarge tracts of land
and generous terms. Theyalso promised freedom of religion, trial by
jury,and a representative assembly. The assemblywould make local
laws and set tax rates.
Like New York, New Jersey was a place ofethnic and religious
diversity. Because New Jer-sey had no natural harbors, however, it
did notdevelop a major port or city like New York.
The proprietors of New Jersey did not makethe profits they had
expected. Berkeley sold hisshare, West Jersey, in 1674. Carterets
share, EastJersey, was sold in 1682.
By 1702 New Jersey had passed back into thehands of the king,
becoming a royal colony. Thecolonists still continued to make local
laws.
Explaining Why did no major portdevelop in New Jersey?
PennsylvaniaIn 1680 William Penn, a wealthy English gen-
tleman, presented a plan to King Charles. Pennsfather had once
lent the king a great deal ofmoney. Penn had inherited the kings
promise to
84 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America
History Through Art
Penns Treaty with the Indians In 1682 William Pennmade his first
treaty with the Delaware people. Why didPenn see Pennsylvania as a
holy experiment?
They were the first Jews to settle in North Amer-ica. In 1664
New York had about 8,000 inhabi-tants. Most were Dutch, but
Germans, Swedes,Native Americans, and Puritans from New Eng-land
lived there as well. The population alsoincluded at least 300
enslaved Africans. NewAmsterdam, which was later called New
YorkCity, was one of the fastest-growing locations inthe
colony.
By 1683 the colonys population had swelledto about 12,000
people. A governor and councilappointed by the Duke of York
directed thecolonys affairs. The colonists demanded a
rep-resentative government like the governments ofthe other English
colonies. The duke resistedthe idea, but the people of New York
would notgive up. Finally, in 1691, the English govern-ment allowed
New York to elect a legislature.
New JerseyThe Duke of York gave the southern part of
his colony, between the Hudson and DelawareRivers, to Lord John
Berkeley and Sir GeorgeCarteret. The proprietors named their
colonyNew Jersey after the island of Jersey in the Eng-lish
Channel, where Carteret was born.
To attract settlers, the proprietors offeredlarge tracts of land
and generous terms. Theyalso promised freedom of religion, trial by
jury,and a representative assembly. The assemblywould make local
laws and set tax rates.
Like New York, New Jersey was a place ofethnic and religious
diversity. Because New Jer-sey had no natural harbors, however, it
did notdevelop a major port or city like New York.
The proprietors of New Jersey did not makethe profits they had
expected. Berkeley sold hisshare, West Jersey, in 1674. Carterets
share, EastJersey, was sold in 1682.
By 1702 New Jersey had passed back into thehands of the king,
becoming a royal colony. Thecolonists still continued to make local
laws.
Explaining Why did no major portdevelop in New Jersey?
PennsylvaniaIn 1680 William Penn, a wealthy English gen-
tleman, presented a plan to King Charles. Pennsfather had once
lent the king a great deal ofmoney. Penn had inherited the kings
promise to
84 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America
History Through Art
Penns Treaty with the Indians In 1682 William Pennmade his first
treaty with the Delaware people. Why didPenn see Pennsylvania as a
holy experiment?
-
repay the loan. Instead of money, however, Pennasked for land in
America. Pleased to get rid ofhis debt so easily, the king gave
Penn a tract ofland stretching inland from the Delaware River.The
new colony, named Pennsylvania, wasnearly as large as England.
William Penn belonged to a Protestant groupof dissenters called
the Society of Friends, orQuakers. The Quakers believed that every
indi-vidual had an inner light that could guide himor her to
salvation. Each person could experiencereligious truth directly,
which meant that churchservices and officials were unnecessary.
Every-one was equal in Gods sight. Though firm intheir beliefs, the
Quakers were tolerant of theviews of others.
Many people in England found the Quakersideas a threat to
established traditions. Quakerswould not bow or take off their hats
to lords andladies because of their belief that everyone wasequal.
In addition they were pacifists, peoplewho refuse to use force or
to fight in wars.Quakers were fined, jailed, and even executedfor
their beliefs.
William Penn saw Pennsylvania as a holyexperiment, a chance to
put the Quaker idealsof toleration and equality into practice. In
1682he sailed to America to supervise the building ofPhiladelphia,
the city of brotherly love. Pennbelieved that
any government is free to the people underit . . . where the
laws rule, and the people are aparty to those laws.
Penn had designed the city himself, makinghim Americas first
town planner. Penn alsowrote Pennsylvanias first constitution.
Penn believed that the land belonged to theNative Americans and
that settlers should payfor it. In 1682 he negotiated the first of
severaltreaties with local Native Americans.
To encourage European settlers to come toPennsylvania, Penn
advertised the colonythroughout Europe with pamphlets in
severallanguages. By 1683 more than 3,000 English,Welsh, Irish,
Dutch, and German settlers hadarrived. In 1701, in the Charter of
Liberties, Penngranted the colonists the right to elect
represen-tatives to the legislative assembly.
The southernmost part of Pennsylvania wascalled the Three Lower
Counties. Settled bySwedes in 1638, the area had been taken over
bythe Dutch and the English before becoming part ofPennsylvania.
The Charter of Privileges allowedthe lower counties to form their
own legislature,which they did in 1704. Thereafter the
countiesfunctioned as a separate colony known asDelaware,
supervised by Pennsylvanias governor.
Summarizing How did WilliamPenn encourage self-government?
Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Write a short
paragraph
in which you use the following keyterms: patroon, proprietary
colony,pacifist
2. Reviewing Facts What did the Char-ter of Liberties grant to
Pennsylvaniacolonists?
Reviewing Themes3. Individual Action How did William
Penn earn the respect of NativeAmericans?
Critical Thinking4. Compare and Contrast How was
the Quaker religion different fromthat of the Puritans?
5. Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and
describe howeach of the Middle Colonies was governed.
Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Review the map
on page 83. What is the title of themap? What items are shown in
thekey? What products were importantto Pennsylvania?
CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 85
Art Design a flag for one of theMiddle Colonies. Decide what
sym-bols and colors would be appropri-ate to represent that
colony.Display your flags in class.
Colony Type of government
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania