Middle age notes

THE MIDDLE AGES

800-1215

FEUDAL & MANORIAL SYSTEMS

Origins of Feudalism • Feudalism originated as result of invasions• Kings can’t defend their lands & lands of their nobles• Nobles had to find way to defend own lands

• Built castles, often on hills (wood to stone)Knights and Lords • Nobles need trained soldiers • Knights: highly skilled soldiers • Mounted knights best defenders• Being a knight expensive; weapons, armor, horses• Knights need payment, usually land

The Feudal System

KNIGHTS

Fiefs and Vassals Feudal system, or feudalism: Giving land for service

Fief (Fiefdom): Land given to knight for service

Vassal: Anyone accepting fief

Lord: Person from whom he accepted fief was his lord

Oath of Fealty Lords, vassals in feudal system had duties to fulfillOath Of Fealty: Promise to remain loyalKnight’s Obligations Knights provide military service to his lord Knight had financial obligations to lord

Pay ransom for lord’s release if captured in battleGave money on special occasions, such as knighting of son

Lord’s Obligations Lord treat knights fairly, not demanding too much time, money Protect knight if attacked by enemies Act as judge in disputes between knights

Feudal Obligations

Lord and Vassal

• Person could be both lord, vassal

• Knights gave land to other knights, created many levels of obligations

• One knight could serve many lordsFealty to King • Everyone supposed to be loyal to the king, not everyone loyal• Some powerful nobles as strong as kings, ignored duties as vassals• Feudal rules specific to time, place; could change over time

A Complicated System

FEUDALISM VIDEO

Feudal system: was a political and social system. Manorial system: governed medieval economicsLords, Peasants, and Serfs Manors owned by wealthy lords, knightsPeasants farmed & given protection & plots of landSerfdom Most peasants were serfs, tied to manor, Not slaves, could not be sold Could not leave or marry without permissionFree People Manors had free people, that rented land Skilled workers like blacksmiths, millersPriest for spiritual needs

The Manorial System

• Most of manor’s land for crops, pastures for animals

• Middle Ages farmers learned, leaving field empty improved soil

Three Crop Rotation • 1 field planted for fall harvest• 2nd field planted for spring harvest• 3rd field unplanted for yearSmall Village• Manor included fortified house for

noble family, village for peasants, serfs

• Goal to make manor self-sufficient• Typical manor also included church,

mill, blacksmith

A Typical Manor

Life in a Castle Early castles built for defense not comfort Few windows, stuffy in summer, cold in winter, dark always

Space Nobles share space with soldiers, servants, etc… Private rooms very rare Main room the hall, large room for dining, entertaining

Bedrooms Noble family bedrooms separated from main area by sheets Later castles had separate bedrooms; latrines near bedrooms Wooden bathtub outside in warm weather, inside near fireplace in winter

Daily Life in the Middle Ages

•Typical village family lived in a small wooden one-room house. •Roof = straw, the floor of dirt, Open holes served as windows.

Bedrooms •Slept on beds of straw on floor•All shared one room with animals•Animals to provide heat in wintersMeals •Cooked meals over open fire •No chimneys, smoke; fires common•Meal: bread, cheese, vegetables, occasionally meat

Life in a Village

Power of the Church

Main Idea

Reform and changes swept through the Christian Church, one of the most influential institutions in medieval Europe.

Popes as Political Figures• Pope is head of Roman Catholic Church• Early popes = spiritual leaders• During Middle Ages = political figuresChristian Beliefs• Manorialism, feudalism encouraged local

loyalties• Religion touched almost every aspect of

Christians’ lives

Religion in the Middle Ages

Religious CeremoniesMajor life events marked by religious ceremoniesMonks acted as peacemakers, prayed for safety of rulers, armiesChurch officials served as teachers, record keeperDramatic IncreaseAround 1000, influence of church increased dramaticallyGreat upwelling of piety, level of devotion, in Europe

Europe’s common people inspired by a new sense of piety, Clergy members sought ways to improve conditions.Papacy

•900s, Pope = little authority

•Local bishops make most religious decisions

•Papacy not held in high regard

Church Reforms

•1049, Leo IX, reform papacy

•Believe, Europe’s clergy was corrupt

•Simony, buying/selling of church offices by bishops

Growth of Papal Power

Excommunication Bishops guilty of bad offenses Excommunicated, cast out of church

No greater punishment for Christians Excommunicated could not take part in Eucharist, could not be savedReforms Leo active in governing church than other popes Reforms = conflict with political, religious leaders Many bishops believed pope had no authorityConflict (GREAT SCHISM) Bishop of Constantinople, Reject Leo 1054, Leo excommunicated bishop, Follow Leo = Roman Catholics; those who sided with bishop = Orthodox

Power and Conflict

Popes and Politics• Pope became head of huge network of ecclesiastical courts, heard

cases on religious, moral matters

• Pope also ruled territories, like Papal States

– Had ability to raise armies to defend territories

– Several popes hired Normans to fight wars

– Crusades against Muslims launched by popes

Popes had increased their power, still conflict with political leaders.

Tradition

Kings active role in choosing clergy & Bishops

Reform

• Issue became critical during Pope Gregory VII’s pontificate

• Popes think only clergy should choose religious officials

Bishop of Milan

• Henry IV, Holy Roman emperor, chose new bishop for city of Milan

• Gregory removed bishop

• Henry disputed Gregory’s authority

Conflict over Bishops

Excommunication

• Gregory excommunicate Henry

• Henry traveled to Canossa to beg forgiveness

• Reluctantly, Gregory lifted excommunication

• Compromise: local clergy would choose bishops

Power

• Gregory stood up to emperor

• Pope become one of strongest figures in Europe

Gregory and Henry

Contemplation and Prayer Monasteries founded by men seeking lives of contemplation and prayer Monasteries often paid for by local rulers, who chose abbots who led them

Benedictine Rule Abandoned 900, Rulers stopped choosing qualified abbots, Benedictine Rule abandoned

Return to Monasticism Early 900s, New monastery at Cluny, France, to live by Benedictine Rule

Monks of Cluny choose own abbot

Changes in Monasticism

• Cluny became most influential monastery in Europe

• For some monks, Benedictine life not strict enough

• Cistercian order: wanted lives free from any worldly distractions

New Orders

• built outside of towns = Isolation• Undecorated, unheated; monks

divided time between prayer, labor

Cistercian Monasteries

Network of Monasteries

Monk’s Life Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts

THE CRUSADESTHE CRUSADES

GOAL OF CRUSADES

• Goal to reclaim Holy Land from Muslims-Seljuk Turks

• Christians launched Crusades: series of religious wars o reclaim the Holy Land

• Jerusalem; Holy Temple of Jews, where Jesus crucified, buried, was to come again

Muslims Control Holy Land• Late 1000’s, Fatamids

• Turkish Muslims persecuted Christians visiting region

• 1071, Turks attacked Byzantine Empire, destroyed army

• Byz. Emperor turned Pope Urban II, for help

Launching the CrusadesLaunching the Crusades

The Council of ClermontThe Council of ClermontPope Urban II called leaders to Clermont, France

Heavenly (Salvation) & Earthly Rewards (Family & Lands)

Call on Christian warriors to forget differences, & fight for and defend Constantinople against Seljuk Turks

Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for Crusade, “God wills it!”

Knights seek Glory & Land

Merchants seek $$$$$

Debtors, debt cancelled

Criminals, forgiven

1096, Crusaders left France 9 Crusades in all, (1096 and 1291)FIRST CRUSADE

•UNSKILLED PEASANTS answered Pope’s call–Slaughtered German Jews despite protests, Fell to Seljuk Turks

KNIGHTS, Many Unprepared for trip & fighting - climate & supplies•Trained in warfare, but unprepared for 3 year journey

•Siege of Jerusalem = 1099, Victory for Crusaders & disaster for city

•Four Crusader states in Holy Land; Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, & Tripoli

First Crusade - 1096-1099First Crusade - 1096-1099

Second Crusade - 1147 - 1149

Muslims began retaking lands

1144, Took city of Edessa, European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147

Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims

Emp. Conrad III (H.R.E.), King Louis vii (Fr) & wife Eleanor of Aquitaine

Second & Third CrusadeSecond & Third Crusade

Third CrusadeThird CrusadeThird CrusadeThird CrusadeThird Crusade - 1189 - 1192

1177, Saladin arose as Leader in Muslim world,

Overthrew Fatamids, took title of sultan

Retook Crusader states, drove Christians out of Jerusalem

Three Kings

Richard, Philip, Frederick set out on Third Crusade

Frederick (H.R.E.)Drowned, Philip (Fr) quarreled with Richard (Eng), returned home

Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land

Mutual Respect

Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister,

Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differencesFierce Fighting

Richard Unable to drive Muslims from Holy Land Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England

Third CrusadeThird Crusade

Fourth Crusade, 1201 • Innocent III, Call French Knights• Crusaders could not pay Venetians to take them to

Holy Land• In lieu of payment, Crusaders agreed to attack

Zara (Christian King)-Pope angered that Christian city attacked, excommunicated all

ConstantinopleCrusaders Attacked Christian city of ConstantinopleMore Failures• Disorganization, lack of leadership made Fourth

Crusade failure• Five other Crusades followed, none successful

Fourth and Later CrusadesFourth and Later Crusades

Children's Crusade: ??•Most not return settle or slavesFifth Crusade 1217–1221•A/H Army, Surrender QuicklySixth Crusade 1228–1229•Emp. Fredrick II, Excomm Greg IX•Diplomatic SuccessSeventh Crusade 1248–1254•Louis IX of France, FailedEighth Crusade 1270•Louis IX, Died, CanonizedNinth Crusade 1271–1272•Edward I of England

Economic Changes• Crusades enhanced existing trade; Europe & Middle East• Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe

Political Changes• Crusades led to deaths of knights & nobles

• Lands vulnerable

• Ambitious nobles took unoccupied lands

• Nobles & Kings increase power, influence in Europe

Social Changes• Many viewed non-Christians as enemies, persecuted Jews

• Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders

• Relations strained

Effects of the CrusadesEffects of the Crusades

CRUSADES

ART & CULTURE IN ART & CULTURE IN THE MIDDLE AGESTHE MIDDLE AGES

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

• Churches Built in Gothic Style

-Taller, brighter than previous churches

-Spires & High Walls - Notre Dame

ENGINEERING

• Gothic possible through advances in engineering

• Flying Buttress: Supported walls from outside

AIRY FEELING

• Flying buttresses = higher ceilings, no columns

• Larger Stained glass show Biblical scenes, saints

Architecture

Decorations

Statues of saints, kings, figures from Old Testament

Exterior had gargoyles, spouts for rainwater

Adornments

Walls = elaborate murals of religious scenes

Candleholders, crosses, statues = works of art

Decorated with gold, precious stones

Priests’ Robes = embroidered, w/ gold threads

art in the Middle Ages, was created as a symbol of God.

Illumination

• Illumination, decorating manuscript with pictures, designs (Gold & Silver)

• Illuminators brought pgs to life

• Decorated the 1st letter on a pg

Visual Arts

Illuminated Manuscript

Tapestry

• Tapestries, large woven wall hangings, hung in castles to prevent drafts

• Show scenes from daily life, fantastic creatures, unicorns, dragons

• Bayeux Tapestry, story of William the Conqueror 224 Ft Long

• http://www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk/BayeuxContents.htm

Visual Arts

• Middle Ages produced works that covered a wide spectrum

Religious Texts

• Few people other than monks, priests could read or write

• Range of works– Sermons on how to live– Interpretations of Bible– Lives of saints

• Widely read by nobility, clergy

Songs & Poems

• Writers created religious songs, poems

• Hildegard of Bingen, famous poet/nun

• Hildegard, used Latin, language of Roman Church

LiteratureLiterature

LiteratureLiteratureLiterature included epics, romances Epic Poems

Tell tales of war & heroes The Song of Roland, Charlemagne’s fight against Muslims in Spain

Romances Tell tales of true love & chivalry (Code of Honor)

King Arthur and knights of Round Table (25-150) Troubadours: Wandering Singers Tell Tales Vernacular: Writing in spoken language of region/country

Canterbury Tales

Geoffrey Chaucer’s collection of stories Group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury Characters give insight of life in the Middle Ages

All Backgrounds & Social ClassesContributions

Chaucer helped increase use of written English language in England, many had been speaking French

Major WorksMajor Works - Chaucer

The Divine Comedy

Dante Alighieri’s Story of his imaginary trip thru the afterlife Composed in 3 Cantos (Parts); Hell, Purgatory, & Paradise On journey, met people from own life, & figures from historyContributions

Dante’s writing shaped Italian language for centuries

Major WorksMajor Works - Dante

New Ideas

• Writers spread ideas thru Europe

• New ideas = new ways of thinking and learning

• Alchemy

• Conduct scientific experiments in alchemy, early chemistry

-Turn metals into gold

• Alchemy = later growth of science

Thinking & LearningThinking & Learning

Universities• European universities influenced by Islamic scholarship• Translation of Aristotle, other Greek scholars, from Arabic into Latin• European scholars exposed to new ideas• Universities taught religious courses, but later include medicine, law• Paris, Oxford, Bologna, & Salerno

Thomas Aquinas• Thomas Aquinas, 1 of most influential medieval scholars,

• Interested in works of ancient philosophers, especially Aristotle

• Used Aristotle’s logic to prove God

Teachings• Scholasticism, Aquinas’ use of intellect and logic to bring together

opposing ideas

• Teachings expanded thinking & understanding

EducationEducation

• 100 Years’ War took toll

• 1347 - 1351 another crisis Strikes

• Black Death, deadly plague

- Combination of two different plagues

-Bubonic, Pneumonic Origins

• Brought by sailors from Genoa

• Flea-infected rats from Genoa to Europe

Spread Quickly

• Plague traveled with merchants

• Struck coastal regions first, moved inland

• 1351, Most of Europe touched by Black Death

Black DeathBlack Death

Course of the Disease -• Black Death, one of worst global killers in all history• Symptoms: dark splotches, high fever, vomiting, severe headaches• Almost always fatal, most who caught plague died within days• Priests and doctors who tended sick also caught plague, died• 25 Million in Europe (1 in 3) 75 Million World Wide

Black DeathBlack Death

EFFECTS• Some Feel Plague = God’s punishment

• Some turned to witchcraft for cures

• Some blamed Jews, poisoning water wells

• Led to increase in anti-Semitic in Europe

• Loss of population = vacant land, bought by wealthy

• Created more organized estates, less labor

• Peasants moved to cities to find work

• Manorial system fell apart

Black DeathBlack Death

RING AROUND THE ROSY??

BLACK DEATH

HISTORY VIDEOS (History Teacherz Channel, You Tube)

• Illuminated Manuscript

• William the Conqueror

• King Arthur and knights of Round Table

• Canterbury Tales

• The Divine Comedy

• BLACK DEATH