Microstructure and Properties MSE 27-301 Fall, 2002 (1 st mini-course) Prof. A. D. Rollett .

Microstructure and Properties

MSE 27-301

Fall, 2002 (1st mini-course)

Prof. A. D. Rollett

http://neon.mems.cmu.edu

Course Content

• 27-301 is the first of a pair of (mini-)courses that describe the relationship between materials microstructure and properties.

• 27-301 deals mainly with single phase microstructures: the companion course, 27-302, deals with multi-phase microstructures.

• Technological materials (except Si-based) are multi-phase.

Cheating Policy

• Students are referred to the University Policy About Cheating and Plagiarism (Organization Announcement No. 297, 6116/80). It shall be the policy in this course to discourage cheating to the extent possible, rather than to try to trap and to punish. On the other hand, in fairness to all concerned, cheating and plagiarism will be treated severely.

• Cheating includes but is not necessarily limited to:

– 1.Plagiarism, explained below.

– 2.Submission of work that is not the student's own for reports or quizzes.

– 3.Submission or use of falsified data.

• Plagiarism includes (but is not limited to) failure to indicate the source with quotation marks or footnotes, where appropriate, if any of the following are reproduced in the work submitted by a student:

– 1.A graph or table of data.

– 2. Specific language.

– 3.Exact wording taken from the work, published or unpublished, of another person."

Jeopardy 11. A domain wall

A1. What is the boundary between two regions whose magnetization lies in different directions?2. Discontinuous transformationA2. What type of transformation is recrystallization an example of?

3. Continuous transformation

A3. What type of transformation is grain growth an example of?

4. Has low mobility because it iscomposed of dislocations.

A4. Why is a low angle GB difficult to move?

5. Nabarro-Herring Creep

A5. What type of deformation is controlled by diffusion in the bulk?

6. Lamellar microstructure

A6. What type of microstructure does a eutectoid reaction often give rise to?

Jeopardy 21. 4th rank tensor

A1. What kind of property is anisotropic elasticity?

2. Temperature divided by melting point

A2. What does homologous temperature mean?

3. Tangling and storage of dislocations

A3. What causes work hardening?

4. Use the dot product.

A4. How can we determine the direction cosine between two vectors?

5. Close packed direction

A5. How can we identify the direction of slip in a crystal (Burgers vector)?

6. Critical resolved shear stress

A6. What controls the onset of plastic flow (dislocation glide)?

Jeopardy 31. Magnetization is parallel to <100>

A1. To what directions does magnetoxtalline anisotropy limit magnetization in domains in Fe?

2. Orowan bowing stressA2. What do we call the stress required to force a dislocation past a set of hard obstacles?

3. Small enough fibers (whiskers) can be dislocation freeA3. Why do very thin metal wires/whiskers exhibit very high strengths?

4. The maximum flaw (crack) size is limited by the fiber size.

A4. Why does the strength of glass fibers increase as the diameter goes down?5. A balance between energy required to create new crack surface and elastic energy released.

A5. What energies do we examine in order to derive the Griffith equation?

6. E/2π

A6. What is an estimate of the theoretical cohesive strength of a crystalline solid?

Jeopardy 41. Who is the funniest professor in MSE?

Q1. I’m not going to say!

2. Controlled by diffusion alonggrain boundaries.Q2. What is the mechanism for Coble creep?

3. Size increases as the yield stress goes down.Q3. How does the plastic zone size depend on yield stress?

4. E100 and E111.

Q4. In cubic materials, which pair of directions exhibit the largest and smallest modulus?5. Cleavage fracture.

Q5. What type of fracture leads to flat fracture surfaces, often crystallographic?

6. Cup and cone.

Q6. What is the term often used to describe ductile fracture in a tensile test?

Jeopardy 51. Leak before break

Q1. What is the design philosophy often applied to pressure vessels?

2. Which professor is the best tennis player in the dept?

Q2. Fruehan

3. Micro-cracking

Q3. Which toughening mechanism in ceramics relies on a weak second phase?

4. It works by dispersing a metastable second phase through the material that transforms in the vicinity of a crack tip.

Q4. How does transformation toughening work?

5. Flat, crystallographic surfaces with “river lines.”

Q5. What fracture morphology do you associate with brittle fracture (in metals)?

6. Too large particles will transform on cooling, before any stress is applied to them.Q6. Why is there a critical size for particles for transformation toughening?

Jeopardy 61. Each phase experiences the same strain

Q1. What does isostress mean in estimating the modulus of a composite?

Q2. What was originally housed in the clean room in Hamerschlag basement?

2. A coal-fired power plant

3. The modulus is the arithmetic mean of the component moduli.Q3. What average does the isostrain model lead to for composite modulus?

4. Upper bound in strength.

Q4. What do we call the limit that specifies the maximum value of a property?

5. High modulus and simple lattice.

Q5. What properties of non-metallic materials are associated with high thermal conductivity?

6. Ductile-to-Brittle-Transition-Temperature.

Q6. What is the temperature at below which many materials become brittle?

Jeopardy 71. Diamond>AlN>SiC

Q1. Name three adamantine compounds that are excellent thermal conductors and their ranking?

2. Where is the least politically correct inscription on a CMU building?

Q2. On Margaret Morrison!

3. Hill average

Q3. Whose name is associated with the average of the isostress and isostrain models?

4. Rule of Mixtures.

Q4. What rule can we apply as a first approximation to composite properties?5. Reuss, Voigt

Q5. What names are associated with the isostress and isostrain assumptions for composite modulus?

6. K = C v l.

Q6. What is the basic equation for thermal conductivity?

27-301 web site

• Go to neon.mems.cmu.edu• Click on Faculty• Click on Rollett• Click on Educational Activities• Click on 27-301 (bottom of the list)• Download powerpoint, word files of lecture notes*,

lab manuals, homeworks etc.• Blackboard will have on-line gradebook, quizzes.• http://neon.mems.cmu.edu/ABET/student.epl?semester=F02 is the link for feedback on course outcomes (ABET).

* lecture notes are only preliminary until the day of the lecture!

Homework, Test Review

• Mid-course Test/ Q1. What is the rule for determining the slip direction in a close-packed material?Close packed directions have the smallest Burgers vector and therefore correspond to the direction of slip.

• Mid-course Test/ Q4. For a steel with 0.8% carbon (by weight), sketch the microstructures that you would expect to observe based on the following thermal histories.(a)Slow cooled (normalized)(b)Quenched from 1030K (into water)(c)Quenched from 1030K (as in part b), then tempered (annealed) at 820K.(d)Quenched from 1030K (as in part b), then tempered at 970K.

Homework, Test Review, contd.

• Mid-course Test/ Q8. [10 points] A specimen of Al and a specimen of Fe are deformed to the same stress at room temperature. The shear modulus of Al is ~ 27GPa, and the shear modulus of Fe is ~80 GPa. Assume that the Taylor factor is the same in both materials. The Burgers vector of Al is 0.283 nm and the Burgers vector in iron is 0.249 nm. Assume that any other constants are unity.(a) What is the ratio of their dislocation contents (densities)? Express your answer as (Al):(Fe) = x:y(b) Based on your answer to (a), what is the ratio of the stored energies in the two specimens? Express your answer as E(Al):E(Fe) = x:y.Answer: (a) the ratio of dislocation densities is given by (Al):(Fe) = (GFebFe/GAlbAl)2 = {(80x0.249)/(27x0.283)}2 = {2.607}2 = 6.80(b) The ratio of stored energies is given by the ratio of shear moduli; E(Al):E(Fe) = GAlbAl

2Al: GFebFe2Fe =

(GAlbAl2/GFebFe

2) x (GFebFe/GAlbAl)2 = GFe/GAl= 80/27 = 2.96.

Homework 4 Review, contd.

• HWK4/ Q1e. The orientation of several grains has been characterized in a polycrystal: their orientations with respect to the tensile axis are [259], [001], [011] and [111]. Calculate their Schmid factors and calculate their average in order to estimate the yield stress of the polycrystal. Answer: the average Schmid factor = (0.49+0.43+0.425+0.275)/4=0.405. Therefore the polycrystal should yield at 190/0.405 = 469 MPa.

• HWK4/ Q2a. The expected answer was that the Orowan stress would become larger than the Hall-Petch stress. This suggests that generating/nucleating dislocations inside each grain will eventually become more difficult than propagating them from one grain to the next.

• HWK4/ Q2b. The expected answer was that you would find out that the creep rate is far too large for the high strength at small grain size to be useful!

Homework 3 Review• HWK 3/ Q4. The “Goss” orientation, {110}//ND, <001>//RD, was

chosen so as to place a soft direction in the rolling plane which itself is a low index plane. This simplifies the domain structure considerably. It also is representative of a technologically significant material, i.e. transformer steel.

• HWK 3/ B:Q1. The difficulty here is (a) to associate matrices with symmetry operations and (b) to do the matrix arithmetic correctly. Much better to use a Math package. Training in Mathematica needed?

• B2. [10 points] (a) The thermal conductivity of a material has been measured ….. (b) Comment on how you might design such an experiment. Hint: a sketch would be useful.The key here is to realize that you must impose the thermal gradient in one direction and simultaneously measure the heat flow in different direction!

27-301 Labs

• Lab 1 = Investigation of recrystallization with measurement of grain size (comparison of area versus line intercept methods). Purpose of the lab: illustration of basic method of influencing microstructure development, microstructure quantification.

• Lab 2 = Investigation of mechanical properties as a function of microstructure, as illustrated by different heat treatments of two steels. Purpose of the lab: learn about how strongly microstructure affects properties in a classical (and useful) system. Also to learn how to quantify (mechanical) properties.

301 Lab 2 Grading

• The grading will be according the following:- 35% presentation skills (facing the audience, speaking clearly, explaining each slide…)- 20% technical content of presentation (correctness of introduction, procedures, results, discussion)- 20% answering questions from audience and instructor- 25% quality of the slides set (as the written documentation of the Lab report): this part of the grade is common to all members the group if a single submission is made by the group.

Test, Exams, Grading Policy

• Homeworks: 1 per week 100 points• Quizzes: 1 per week 20 points• Exams: two: see weighting below• Grading Policy A > 85%

B > 75%C > 65%D > 55%

• The instructor will request an Oral exam in borderline cases.• Weighting (%):

Homeworks 15Quizzes 5Lab 30Exams 50

• Notes: the distribution between the two exams is to be determined. The quizzes are mainly there to encourage students to stay on top of the material. The 30% weighting for the Lab (or Project) reflects the number of units assigned to the Lab part of the class.

Calendar: 301

See the 301 Calendar posted on the website

Exam Rules

• Mid-course test on Friday 27th; Final exam on Oct. 18th (AM).• Topics for 27th: microstructure; grain growth; recrystallization;

stereology; relating microstructure to phase diagrams; examples of microstructures in steel as a function of thermal history; magnetism (especially soft ferromagnetic materials); domains and domain walls; grain size (Hall-Petch, N-H creep); dislocations, plastic yield (Orowan bowing stress); critical resolved shear stress; Taylor equation; creep (Nabarro-Herring, Coble); Griffith equation.

• No books; no lecture notes; no computers• One “cheat sheet” with notes (both sides if you like); hand in

the the cheat sheet with the exam paper/book.• Calculator OK

Mid-course evaluations

Question Mean Question Mean Question Mean

Enthusiasm 4.50 ProperLevel

3.375 Time 4.625

Clearness 3.75 Real World 4.25 Papers,exams

4.5

Verbal 4.75 Conferences

4.375 A/V use 4.75

Feedback 3.75 AnswerQuestions

4.75 Legible 4.75

Interaction 4.625 Names 5 Varyingactivities

4.125

Critical think 4.25 Attitudes(avoidsarcasm)

4.875 Disruptions 4.75

Speaking 4.6253.2

301 Final Exam Rules

• Exam on Friday Oct. 18th.• Topics for final: all topics discussed in class. A few

topics were for information and do not need to be understood in detail (effect of symmetry on 4th rank elastic tensor properties; anything in the handouts that was not discussed in class).

• No books; no lecture notes; no computers• One “cheat sheet” with notes (both sides if you like);

hand in the the cheat sheet with the exam paper/book.

• Calculator OK

301 Final Exam: topics

• You may safely neglect the following topics:• [to be posted]