Microseismic Microseismic Monitoring at the CCS fields Monitoring at the CCS fields Microseismic Microseismic Monitoring at the CCS fields Monitoring at the CCS fields -- -- What we learned from What we learned from Nagaoka Nagaoka -- -- Ziqiu Ziqiu Xue Xue ([email protected]) ([email protected]) Ziqiu Ziqiu Xue Xue ([email protected]) ([email protected]) Research Institute of Innovative Tech for the Earth Research Institute of Innovative Tech for the Earth
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Microseismic monitoring at the CCS fields - what we learnt from Nagaoka
Dr Ziqiu Xue, Chief Researcher of the CO2 Storage Group at Japan’s Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE) will lead a Global CCS Institute webinar to review and discuss microseismic monitoring at CCS storage sites.
The secure storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in deep geological formations requires a sufficient overlying cap rock layer to contain the CO2 within the formation. Injection of CO2 increases the formation pressure in the target reservoir. This will decrease the effective pressure and will also lead to geomechanical deformation of the rocks. Therefore, to ensure safety of storage, the CO2 injection must be controlled to maintain integrity of the cap rock.
This webinar will give a simple review on microseismic monitoring results observed at onshore CO2 injection sites such as Weyburn, Canada and Lacq, France. Case study results from the Nagaoka pilot site in Japan will also be introduced, including the field survey results after an earthquake hit the area during CO2 injection.
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MicroseismicMicroseismic Monitoring at the CCS fieldsMonitoring at the CCS fieldsMicroseismicMicroseismic Monitoring at the CCS fieldsMonitoring at the CCS fields
---- What we learned from What we learned from NagaokaNagaoka ----
ContentsContentsContentsContentsPrevious studies of fluid injectionPrevious studies of fluid injectionPrevious studies of fluid injectionPrevious studies of fluid injectionGeothermal and oil fields
Seismicity at COSeismicity at CO22 injection fieldsinjection fieldsWeyburn (Canada), Lacq (France)
Fi ld lt tFi ld lt t N kN kField survey results at Field survey results at NagaokaNagaokaafter the two earthquakesafter the two earthquakes(2004,2007)(2004,2007)after the two earthquakesafter the two earthquakes(2004,2007)(2004,2007)CO2 Retention (well log, x-well seismic) Caprock & Wellbore integrityCaprock & Wellbore integrity
Fluid InjectionsFluid Injections:
S R kR k
Stimulation & Production at geothermal and oil fieldsS Site Activity RockRock Sensors Wells
Unconsolidated sandstone
Low porosity
Hot-Dry Rock GraniteGranite
Phillips et al, 2001
Lessons from Previous Fluid InjectionsLessons from Previous Fluid InjectionsLessons from Previous Fluid InjectionsLessons from Previous Fluid InjectionsMicroseismic monitoring must be performed by
downholedownhole i t t d t th ll idownholedownhole instruments due to the small size
Most events fall in the magnitudemagnitude - 4 to -2 range,Most events fall in the magnitudemagnitude 4 to 2 range,formed surrounding the injection point.
f lf l f ffMicroseismic techniques equally useful useful if sufficient events observed in sedimentary reservoirs.
Lower Frio: 54 located from 2900 events (too small for location).
Clinton Co : 3200 events recorded clearly associated withClinton Co.: 3200 events recorded clearly associated with production rate, with time lag.
Fenton Hill: over 11 000 locatable events recorded in a volumeFenton Hill: over 11,000 locatable events recorded in a volume of 1 km x 1 km x 300m.
ContentsContentsContentsContentsPrevious studies of fluid injectionPrevious studies of fluid injectionPrevious studies of fluid injectionPrevious studies of fluid injectionGeothermal and oil fields
Seismicity at COSeismicity at CO22 injection fieldsinjection fieldsWeyburn (Canada), Lacq (France)
Fi ld lt tFi ld lt t N kN kField survey results at Field survey results at NagaokaNagaokaafter the two earthquakesafter the two earthquakes(2004,2007)(2004,2007)after the two earthquakesafter the two earthquakes(2004,2007)(2004,2007)CO2 Retention (well log, x-well seismic) Caprock & Wellbore integrityCaprock & Wellbore integrity
MicroseismicMicroseismic Monitoring at Monitoring at WeyburnWeyburngg yyCO2CO2--EOR fieldEOR field
Verdon, 2010
8-level, 3-components geophones installed in well 101/06-08, about 50 m away from injection well 121/06-08, CO2 injection rate 100-500 ton/day, 2003.8 – 2004.11
Map (a) and EastMap (a) and East--West crossWest cross--section (b) view of section (b) view of p ( )p ( ) ( )( )Phase 1B events plotted by Phase 1B events plotted by VerdonVerdon (2010)(2010)
Yellow: pre-injection (Aug-Dec 2003); Magenta: initial injection period (Jan-Apr 2004);Red d ring ele ated injection rate period (J l No 2004) b Verdon (2010)Red: during elevated injection rate period (Jul-Nov 2004) by Verdon (2010).
Event magnitudes plotted as a function of Event magnitudes plotted as a function of di f h bdi f h b V dV d (2010)(2010)distance from the array by distance from the array by VerdonVerdon (2010)(2010)
the limit of detectability
Verdon, 2010
Summary ofSummary of MicroseismicMicroseismic MonitoringMonitoringSummary of Summary of MicroseismicMicroseismic Monitoring Monitoring at at WeyburnWeyburn CO2CO2--EOR fieldEOR field
E t it d d b t 3 t 1Event magnitudes ranged between -3 to -1, evenmagnitudes of -2 are still detectable over 400 m away.
Comparison with production data, the timing of events located in and just above the reservoir correlates with periods temporarily stopped production.
Mi i i it t th t f CO2 i j tiMicroseismicity occurs at the onset of CO2 injection,and also appears to correlate with periods of increasedinjection.injection.
Events are characterized by a low dominant frequency(15 - 80 Hz) and poor signal-to-noise ratio.
Billiot (2011)( )
Billiot (2011)
MicroseismicMicroseismic Monitoring at the Offshore Monitoring at the Offshore Potential Storage Sites in JapanPotential Storage Sites in JapanPotential Storage Sites in Japan Potential Storage Sites in Japan
CO2Injection WellObservation Well j
Seismometer
OBCOBS
Hi net Seismograph SeismographHi-net Seismograph g p
Caprock
CO2 plumeSaline Aquifer
CO2 plume
Natural SeismicityDownhole Geophones
(Cemented or Clamped) Natural Seismicity(Cemented or Clamped)
Waveforms of a Natural Seismicity by OBCWaveforms of a Natural Seismicity by OBCVertical (Z)
ContentsContentsContentsContentsPrevious studies of fluid injectionPrevious studies of fluid injectionPrevious studies of fluid injectionPrevious studies of fluid injectionGeothermal and oil fields
Seismicity at COSeismicity at CO22 injection fieldsinjection fieldsWeyburn (Canada), Lacq (France)
Fi ld lt tFi ld lt t N kN kField survey results at Field survey results at NagaokaNagaokaafter the two earthquakesafter the two earthquakes(2004,2007)(2004,2007)after the two earthquakesafter the two earthquakes(2004,2007)(2004,2007)CO2 Retention (well log, x-well seismic) Caprock & Wellbore integrityCaprock & Wellbore integrity
GPS A tProtective case
Microseismic Monitoring at Nagaoka SiteGPS AntennaProtective case
Pressure Changes at Injection and Observation WellsPressure Changes at Injection and Observation WellsPressure Changes at Injection and Observation WellsPressure Changes at Injection and Observation Wells
Formation Pressure
Bottom Hole Pressure
hypocenterhypocenter
The Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004 N-SN S
ents
Earthquake
E W
umbe
r of E
veE-W
Nu
Histogram of microseismic events by th i i f N k it
DateU-D
the seismic sensor of Nagaoka site. Injection period is July 2003 to January2005.
Natural earthquakes and surface noises are included in these events.
Earthquake Wave-forms observed by the seismic sensor of Nagaoka site
Likely Events Recorded at Likely Events Recorded at NagaokaNagaoka Site Site yy gg(2004.10.23 - 2006.3.6)
イベントの累積数1000 total events
ト数
イ ントの累積数地震類似波形のイベントの累積数
地震類似波形のイベント
100event countlikely events
ount
sイベント
10Eve
nt C
o
1
Likely events appeared just after the earthquake
E00
4/10
/23
005/
01/2
9
005/
05/1
0
005/
08/1
8
005/
11/2
6
006/
03/0
6
0 100 200 300 400 500
arte
d
ded
ectio
n
min
ated
ito
ring
200
200
200
200
200
200
Date
Re-
sta
End
Inje
Term
Mon
i
Likely Events Observed from starting Likely Events Observed from starting y gy ginjection to Midinjection to Mid--Niigata EarthquakeNiigata Earthquake
2121
Comparison with HiComparison with Hi net datanet dataComparison with HiComparison with Hi--net datanet dataJK0052004/10/06
IY0872004/05/03
JJ0172004/09/10(i j i )
/ /(injection) (injection)
JJ005の記録開始時刻JJ005の記録開始時刻
JL0092004/10/17
IY087の記録開始時刻IY087の記録開始時刻
JJ0132004/09/09
JJ017の記録開始時刻JJ017の記録開始時刻
2004/10/17 (injection)
: matched event
JL009の記録開始時刻JL009の記録開始時刻
IY0652004/04/17
JJ013の記録開始時刻JJ013の記録開始時刻JJ0162004/09/102004/04/17
(suspended) (injection)
IY065の記録開始時刻IY065の記録開始時刻 JJ016の記録開始時刻JJ016の記録開始時刻
Comparison ith H drophone dataComparison ith H drophone dataComparison with Hydrophone dataComparison with Hydrophone data
: matched with Hydrophone record phase lag in P S-waves: matched with Hydrophone record,phase lag in P,S-waves
→ possibly seismic event
: no record in Hydrophone data,no phase lag in P,S-waves: no record in Hydrophone data,no phase lag in P,S waves
→ Noise
Ultra Sonic Imager Cement Evaluationcasing-to-cement bond quality
Field Surveys after the EarthquakesField Surveys after the EarthquakesField Surveys after the Earthquakes Field Surveys after the Earthquakes Field survey results after the Mid-Niigata and Chuetsu-Field survey results after the Mid Niigata and Chuetsu
Oki Earthquakes indicated the safety of CO2 storage at Nagaoka site.
No sign of CO2 leakage from the reservoir and no damages in Caprock and Wellbores from formationdamages in Caprock and Wellbores from formation pressure measurements and results of geophysical well loggings and cross-well seismic tomography.loggings and cross well seismic tomography.
Ultra Sonic Imager and BHATV surveys indicated no clear changes in cement even at the depth where the Class-A cement has been exposed to CO2 for about 8 years at observation wells OB 2 and OB 48 years at observation wells OB-2 and OB-4.
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
• This project is funded by Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry (METI) ofEconomy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan.
• We thank staff of ENAA GSC OYO GJI• We thank staff of ENAA, GSC, OYO, GJI and RITE involved in this project.