Microprocessor and Interfacing Lecture 1

8/3/2019 Microprocessor and Interfacing Lecture 1

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40% = Course Work:include:

Assignments , Test , Attendance and termpaper

20% = Mid Term Exam. 40% = Final Exam.

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Microprocessor have changed virtually everyfacet of our daily lives. They can be found inoffice, industrial and personal computers.

And it found in modern communicationsequipment and aerospace industry. Even thecar you drive may have on-boardmicroprocessors to monitor and control some

of the engine and barking functions.

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In the First generation the Basic arithmetic operations

were performed in a few milliseconds using vacuum

Tube technology to implement logic functions.

In the second generation the transistor was invented at

AT&T Bell Laboratories in the late 1940s. Magnetic

core memories and High-Level language such as

Fortran were used in this generation.

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In the Third Generation the ability to fabricate manytransistors on a single silicon chip, called Integrated Circuit

(IC) technology. Cash memories were developed in thisGeneration.

In the Fourth Generation a Complete processors and largesections of the main memory of small computers could be

implemented on single chips. Tens of thousands of transistorscould be placed on a single chip, and the name Very largeScale Integration (VLSI) was coined to describe thistechnology.

VLSI technology allowed a complete processor to befabricated on a single chip; this became known as amicroprocessor.

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It impacts every other aspect of electricalengineering and computer science.

Microprocessors Effect in ALL ModernDevices.

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The Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the processoris the portion of a computer system that carries out the

instructions of a computer program, and is the primary

element carrying out the computer's functions.

This term has been in use in the computer industry at

least since the early 1960s. The form, design and

implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically

since the earliest examples, but their fundamental

operation remains much the same.

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Is a computer element that contains the control unit ,arithmetic and logic functions also called CPU centralprocessing unit .

Microprocessor, or central processing unit CPU (Heart of

micro.)is a digital integrated circuit that can performarithmetic logic functions and transfer information to andfrom external devices. The following block diagram showsa typical microprocessor.

The support devices that are usually found in amicroprocessor circuit include other digital integratedcircuit (ICs) for memory and input/output (I/O) functions.

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(1) It controls and coordinates the activities of the other parts ofthe computer and of its own component parts. This control

function is performed by circuits which send out sequences

of control signals that cause the various components of the

computer to act at the correct times.

(2) It processes information that it contains or that is sent to it by

the other units. This processing function is carried out by

circuits capable of performing arithmetic and logical

operations on data contained within the CPU.

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Memory (ICs) are storage devices that contain

information in binary form. Some of information is in

the form of programs, or sets of instructions, for the

CPU to execute.

The CPU also uses part of the memory to store system

information and calculation results

I/O devices allow the CPU to communicate with the

outside world, the CPU in your computer uses an input

device to read your commands from the keyboard ,and

an output device to send text and graphics information toscreen .

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Communication between CPU and Memory and I/O

devices occurs on groups of connecting lines that

are called buses.

The binary information travels back and forward to

the Data bus.

The CPU uses the address bus to pinpoint the exact

location to which or from which the data is

transferred. The size of the buses (number ofconnecting lines)is a measure of the CPUs

processing power

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Microprocessor External layout

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The first Micro. had a 4-bit data bus. In an output

operation, for example a 4-bit CPU could only send a

number in range of 0-16 (2).

4-bit quickly develop into an 8-bit version , which

could send a number as high as(2)=256 in one

operation.

The next generation developed 16-bit data bus then 32-

bit microprocessor .

Later will talk in details about microprocessor Families .

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Instruction set

Instructions include:

Arithmetic such as ADD and SUBTRACT

Logic instructions such as AND, OR, and NOT

Data instructions such as MOVE, INPUT, OUTPUT,LOAD, and STORE

Control flow instructions such as GOTO, IF ... GOTO,CALL, and RETURN.

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An instruction set, or instruction set architecture

(ISA), is the part of the computer architecture related

to programming, including the native data types,

instructions, registers, addressing modes, memory

architecture, interrupt and exception handling, and

external I/O.

An ISA includes a specification of the set of opcodes

(machine language), the native commands

implemented by a particular processor.

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Thank you

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Mention some of the microprocessor

families.E.g. Intel, Atmel, AMD

Deadline Tuesday 2/3/2010

HAND WRITTEN

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Microprocessor and Interfacing Lecture 1

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