Microprocessor

Microprocessor Al-Azhar University

Lecture 1Dr. Mohamed Ezz

Dr. Ali Halawa

Text book ◦ Ramesh S. Gaonkar, The Z80 Microprocessor

architecture , Interfacing, Programming, and Design,.

◦ Term paper/Project Select your topic or your project (HW) as early as possible Group of max. 5 students

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Class Materials

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2 Lectures Weekly

1 Class Weekly

.

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Schedule and Arrangement

You are expected to attend all of the lectures◦ Exams will be based on the class materials◦ More than four absent will not attend final exam

Group Activities ◦ Very Important

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Participation

Must be submitted on time Late assignments will be accepted within one

week with -25% penalties Student will solve sheets questions in the

Classes. Please come ready Bonus points for first 5 student solve quiz in

the class All sheets questions must be solved by student Exam in the class every 8 lectures

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Assignments and Quizzes

Lets Get Started

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The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) begins in 1938

The Computer Evolution

Mainframe

Computer, 1960

The P

C, 198

0

Mob

ile

Compu

ter 1

990

Mini-Computer, 1

970

9

History

Company

4 bit 8 bit 16 bit 32 bit 64 bit

intel40044040

800880808085

8088/68018680286

8038680486

80860pentium

zilog Z80Z8000Z8001Z8002

Motorola680068026809

680066800868010

680206803068040

The History of Intel’s Microprocessors

Home computer as imagined more than 50 years ago

1965 prediction by Intel cofounder Gordon Moore:

The number of transistors that can be built on the same size piece of silicon will double every 18 months

Moore’s Law

year

log

(p

eop

le p

er

com

pu

ter)

Streaming Data to/from the

Physical World

Excerpted from ‘The Mote Revolution: Low Power Wireless Sensor Network’, UCB, 2004.

Bell’s Law: New computing class every 10 years

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Why do we study this stuff?

Applications

OperatingSystems

ComputerSystem

(CPU rules)

It is inside of every device that we have such as computer , printers , mobile , etc..

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Where is the Microprocessor ?

It’s a semiconductor IC Multipurpose , programmable logic device. Reads Instructions from the Memory

Reading data from and writing data to memory and I/O

Performing arithmetic and logic ops Process the data according to the instructions Produces Output

Perform step-by-step procedure

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What is the Microprocessor?

The uP is the ‘brain of the microcomputer’ Is a single chip which is capable of

◦ processing data◦ controlling all of the components which make up

the microcomputer system µP used to sequence executions of

instructions that is in memory uP Fetch , Decode , and Execute the

instruction The internal architecture of the

microprocessor is complex.

The Microprocessor (MPU)

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Lecture 2

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Block Diagram of a Computer

microprocessor (MPU) typically contains◦ Registers: Temporary storage locations for

program instruction or data.

◦ The Arithmetic Logic unit (ALU): This part of the

MPU performs both arithmetic and logical

operations

◦ Timing and Control Circuits: that keep all of the

other parts of system (Regs, ALU, memory & I/O)

working together in the right time sequence

The Microprocessor (MPU)

Microprocessors

They accept programs

Computation is performed by logic circuits that make up the Arithmetic Logic Circuit (ALU) – Add, Subtract, AND, OR, Compare, Increment, and Decrement.

ALU cannot itself move data from place to place.

Like a blindfolded juggler – ALU must wait for data to be placed in certain places.

ALU

In order to process data, the microprocessor must have control logic which tells the microprocessor how to decode and execute the program – a set of instructions.

It fetches them one at a time and decodes the instruction. Then the control logic carries out or execute the decoded instruction.

It also controls how the microprocessor works with memory, input and output.

Control Logic

A Bus is a common communications pathway used to carry information between the various elements of a computer system

The term BUS refers to a group of wires or conduction tracks on a printed circuit board (PCB) though which binary information is transferred from one part of the microcomputer to another

The individual subsystems of the digital computer are connected through an interconnecting BUS system.

Bus

There are three main bus groups◦ ADDRESS BUS◦ DATA BUS◦ CONTROL BUS

Bus

Each microprocessor works on a data word of fixed length.

Word lengths of 4 bits, 8 bits, 16 bits, and 32 bits are most common.

8-bit word length are common that it has been given the name byte.

Some 16-bit microprocessor have instruction s processed in two 8-bit bytes.

Length of Data Word

Hardware Physical Devices Program a group of instructions preformed by the

microprocessor Software a group of programs

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The System Components

Microprocessor

Memory

I/O

A microcontroller contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.

Microcontrollers include an integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output.

Microprocessor only contains a CPU (the kind used in a PC). In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor,

The microprocessor includes some of the components on a chip and other components are used as peripherals.

The microcontroller includes all of the required components on one chip. You can say that microcontroller = microprocessor + Motherboard (memory

& I/O) in one chip

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Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

Microcontroller

One- chip

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

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Microprocessor

Memory

I/O

Binary System A Bit is 0 or 1 The processor processes a group of bits called Word. The word size could be:

8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64-bitsTherefore, the processor is named after the word size.

e.g. We say “ 8-bit Microprocessor”

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What numbering System a Microprocessor Uses?

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The Memory

Word Addressing

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Given M words (location to access), how many bits l are required to address them?

Example: to address 64 MB, we need

Ml 2log

bitsl 26)2*2*2(log)2*2*64(log 101062

10102

8-bit microprocessors have an address range of 65,536 memory words in the 65,536 bytes memory

For the same memory size, 16-bit have 32,768 word memory.

Question: A 16-bit word length is used by the 80286 microprocessor. If an 80286 addresses 32 kilo-words of memory, it memory will have _____ bits of data

Memory Word

Memory Organization Viewed as a large, single-dimension array, with an address A memory address is an index into the array "Byte addressing" means that successive addresses are one byte

apart0

1

2

3

4

5

6

...

8 bits of data

8 bits of data

8 bits of data

8 bits of data

8 bits of data

8 bits of data

8 bits of data

Cache Memory◦ Serves as a buffer for frequently accessed data ◦ Small High Cost

RAM (Main Memory)◦ Stores programs and data that the computer needs when executing a

program ◦ Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Uses Tiny Capacitors Needs to be recharged every few milliseconds to keep the stored data

◦ Static RAM (SRAM) Holds its data as long as the power is on D Flip Flop

Types of Memory

ROM ◦ Stores critical information necessary to operate the system.◦ Hardwired can not be programmed

Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)◦ Can be programmed once using appropriate equipment

Erasable PROM (EPROM) ◦ Can be programmed with special tool ◦ It has to be totally erased to be reprogrammed

Electrical Erasable PROM (EEPROM) ◦ No special tools required ◦ Can erase a portion

Types of Memory (Cont.)

The idea ◦ Hide the slower memory behind the fast memory ◦ Cost and performance play major roles in selecting the memory.

Memory Hierarchy

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Computer Languages

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Computer Languages

Sample of Z80 Language

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Assembly Language (mnemonic form)

Machine Language