Microprocessor

PRESENTATION PRESENTATION ON ON

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR

PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY:Adarsh KumarAdarsh Kumar

WHAT IS MICROPOCESSOR?

MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR

Microprocessor is an electronic circuit that functions as Microprocessor is an electronic circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, providing computational control.providing computational control.

The Microprocessor, (or CPU), is the brain of the The Microprocessor, (or CPU), is the brain of the computercomputer. .

A microprocessor is A microprocessor is “a component that implements “a component that implements memorymemory.”.”

Microprocessor is the core of the systemMicroprocessor is the core of the system..

MICROPROCESSOR IMAGESMICROPROCESSOR IMAGES

Operation Types in a MicroprocessorOperation Types in a Microprocessor

All of the operations of the microprocessor can be All of the operations of the microprocessor can be classified into one of three types:classified into one of three types:

- Microprocessor Initiated OperationsMicroprocessor Initiated Operations- Internal OperationsInternal Operations- Peripheral Initiated OperationsPeripheral Initiated Operations

Microprocessor ArchitectureMicroprocessor Architecture

The The MMicroprocessor can be programmed to perform icroprocessor can be programmed to perform functions on given data by writing specific instructions functions on given data by writing specific instructions into its memory.into its memory.

The microprocessor reads one instruction at a time, The microprocessor reads one instruction at a time, matches it with its instruction set, and performs the matches it with its instruction set, and performs the data manipulation specified.data manipulation specified.

The result is either stored back into memory or The result is either stored back into memory or displayed on an output device.displayed on an output device.

Pin Diagram Of 8085 MicroprocessorPin Diagram Of 8085 Microprocessor

Block Diagram Of MicroprocessorBlock Diagram Of Microprocessor

Four Important sections of MicroprocessorFour Important sections of Microprocessor

CU: Timing and Control UnitCU: Timing and Control Unit

ALU: Arithmetic and Logical UnitALU: Arithmetic and Logical Unit

Interface SectionInterface Section

Register SectionRegister Section

TIMING AND CONTROL UNIT TIMING AND CONTROL UNIT

C.P.U is partitioned into A.L.U & C.U.C.P.U is partitioned into A.L.U & C.U.

It is the heart of a microprocessor , a hardware unit which It is the heart of a microprocessor , a hardware unit which co-ordinate and control the various activities within and co-ordinate and control the various activities within and outside the microprocessor by providing clock and outside the microprocessor by providing clock and control signals to the appropriate devices.control signals to the appropriate devices.

It controls the flow of the data between the processor & It controls the flow of the data between the processor & memory & peripheralsmemory & peripherals..

ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT

An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is also a hardware unit An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is also a hardware unit that carries out arithmetic and logical operations on that carries out arithmetic and logical operations on the operands in computer instruction words. the operands in computer instruction words.

The ALU includes storage places for input operands, The ALU includes storage places for input operands, operands that are being added, the accumulated result operands that are being added, the accumulated result (stored in an accumulato(stored in an accumulatorr), and shifted results.), and shifted results.

It performs arithmetic operations like addition, It performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, increment, decrement etc.subtraction, increment, decrement etc.

It also performs logical operations like AND, OR, XOR, It also performs logical operations like AND, OR, XOR, NOT, Complement etc.NOT, Complement etc.

How ALU Works?How ALU Works?

Interface SectionInterface Section

This constitute several input and output hardware lines This constitute several input and output hardware lines through which the microprocessor can communicate through which the microprocessor can communicate internally and also with external devices.internally and also with external devices.

This Section provide us : Address BusThis Section provide us : Address Bus

Data BusData Bus

Control BusControl Bus

Utility BusUtility Bus

ADDRESS BUS ADDRESS BUS

An address bus is a computer bus (a series of lines An address bus is a computer bus (a series of lines connecting two or more devices) that is used to specify connecting two or more devices) that is used to specify a physical address. a physical address.

The width of the address bus determines the amount of The width of the address bus determines the amount of memory a system can address.memory a system can address.

It transfers the address of the location.It transfers the address of the location.

It is called uni-directional because it transfers address It is called uni-directional because it transfers address

from C.P.U to memoryfrom C.P.U to memory//I/OI/O devices only. devices only.

Address Bus Memory Capacity ChartAddress Bus Memory Capacity Chart

Address Bus Size Maximum RAMAddress Bus Size Maximum RAM

20 bits 1MB20 bits 1MB

24 bits 16MB24 bits 16MB

32 bits 4GB32 bits 4GB

36 bits 64GB 36 bits 64GB

40 bits 1TB40 bits 1TB

44 bits 16TB44 bits 16TB

DATA BUS DATA BUS

A collection of wires in which data is transmitted from A collection of wires in which data is transmitted from one computer to another external devicesone computer to another external devices..

The data bus carries digital information.The data bus carries digital information.

The data bus is connected to the inputs of several gates The data bus is connected to the inputs of several gates and to the outputs of several gates.and to the outputs of several gates.

This is also called bi-directional bus because information This is also called bi-directional bus because information may flow on the bus wires in both directions. may flow on the bus wires in both directions.

Register SectionRegister Section

It consists of several 8-bitIt consists of several 8-bit//16-bit registers used for 16-bit registers used for temporary storage of data, information or address.temporary storage of data, information or address.

There are basically two types of registers available in a There are basically two types of registers available in a microprocessor : General Purpose Registersmicroprocessor : General Purpose Registers

Special Purpose RegistersSpecial Purpose Registers

Special & General Purpose RegisterSpecial & General Purpose Register

General purpose registers are used for temporary storage General purpose registers are used for temporary storage of data, address or address of data.of data, address or address of data.

There are 6 general purpose registers namely B, C, D, E, There are 6 general purpose registers namely B, C, D, E, H, L.H, L.

Each of them is a 8-bit register.Each of them is a 8-bit register.

To hold 16 bit data, combination of two 8-bit registers To hold 16 bit data, combination of two 8-bit registers can be used.can be used.

All special purpose registers have some specific All special purpose registers have some specific functions.functions.

Program Counter (PC)Program Counter (PC):: A 16-bit on chip register which A 16-bit on chip register which will store the address of the instruction to be executed will store the address of the instruction to be executed next.next.

Accumulator (A)Accumulator (A): It is an 8-bit register which can hold : It is an 8-bit register which can hold either source or destination data. Most of the arithmetic either source or destination data. Most of the arithmetic and logical instructions are performed w.r.t accumulator.and logical instructions are performed w.r.t accumulator.

Stack Pointer (SP)Stack Pointer (SP):: It is a 16-bit on chip register used to It is a 16-bit on chip register used to access external stack as memory.access external stack as memory.


Flag RegisterFlag Register: It is an 8-bit register whose five bits are : It is an 8-bit register whose five bits are defined as flag bits. The five flag bits can get modified as defined as flag bits. The five flag bits can get modified as a result of some arithmetic and logical operations.a result of some arithmetic and logical operations.


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