MICRONESIAN - Charles Sturt Universitymarshall.csu.edu.au/MJHSS/Issue2003/MJHSS2003_05deBrum.pdf · Micronesian heritage and architecture. LIKIEP ATOLL Likiep Atoll (figure 2) is

This is a peer reviewed contribution. Accepted: 4 December 2003© Micronesian Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN 1449-7336Letao Publishing, PO Box 3080, Albury NSW, Australia 31.

MICRONESIANJOURNAL OF THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Vol. 2, nº 1-2 December 2003

THE JOACHIM DE BRUM HOUSE, LIKIEP ATOLL,MARSHALL ISLANDS

An outstanding example of Micronesian plantation architecture

Jon G. O’Neill & Dirk H. R. SpennemannCharles Sturt University

Decay caused by the tropical environment and the ravages of World War II have seen to it that wooden structures dat-ing to the beginning of the twentieth century have become rare in Micronesia. The Joachim de Brum House on LikiepAtoll is the major property of its kind surviving in the Eastern Micronesia. This paper discusses the significance of thehouse, its contents and its associated structures against the background of its owner, Joachim de Brum.

From the point of view of historic preservationthroughout Micronesia, it is regrettable that solittle historic property from the late nineteenthand early twentieth centuries remains. Severalfactors have combined to cause this: greatdamage occurred from military operationsduring the Pacific War, extreme weather con-ditions, eg. tropical cyclones, have devastatedsome islands, and environmental decay is acontinuous process (Look & Spennemann1993a; 1994, Spennemann & Look 1994). De-velopment and human neglect, derived fromchanging demands on housing and settlementlocation (urbanization), are also taking a heavytoll. Tangible and intangible cultural propertywill decay and disappear wherever it is not con-sidered to have current value because processesfor its preservation will not be managed effec-tively in times when preservation funds arelimited. As a result, examples of Europeanplantation architecture are have become rare inMicronesia.

The purpose of this paper is to describe anoutstanding example of such architecture, the

Joachim De Brum House on Likiep Atoll, Mar-shall Islands, and to discuss its significance forMicronesian heritage and architecture.

LIKIEP ATOLLLikiep Atoll (figure 2) is part of the RatakChain of the Republic of the Marshall Islandsand is located approximately at 10° North and169° East, about 450 kilometers northwest ofthe capital, Majuro. Likiep Island is at the east-ern end of the atoll while the Likiep VillageHistoric Site is at the island’s northernmostextremity – the area least vulnerable to damagefrom tropical cyclones or typhoons.

Two expatriates, the German AdolphCapelle and the Portuguese José Anton DeBrum played key roles in the development ofpresent-day Likiep. Independently of eachother, they decided to live in the Marshall Is-lands and married Marshallese women. Subse-quently, they joined forces in what was to be-come a highly effective and enduring part-nership that passed beyond merely commercialtransactions.

32 The Joachim De Brum House, Likiep Atoll

Figure 1 : Likiep Cove, c. 1910 looking east across the island to the open ocean; Photo: De Brum Collection,Alele Museum, Majuro; with permission Leonard De Brum.

De Brum purchased Likiep Atoll in 1877from his Maloelap wife’s chief, Jortoka (theIroij laplap of the Ratak chain).

He paid with goods that were then valued at$1,250 and transferred title to A. Capelle & Co.the next year for $886.73—the wholesale valueof the trade goods paid to Jortoka (Mason1947, pp. 170-171). Both men produced largeand influential families that between them mayalmost be described as a modern Marshallesedynasty, and their social, political and commer-cial legacies remain highly significant in theRepublic of the Marshall Islands of today.

Capelle & Co went into bankruptcy fol-lowing several business reversals in 1883 andall assets and interests (except Likiep Atoll)were transferred to the Deutsche Handels- undPlantagen-Gesellschaft der Südsee Inseln zuHamburg. However, with a third partner,Charles Ingalls, Capelle and De Brum contin-ued to trade through the Ratak Chain from

their base on Likiep. Ingalls died in Honolulusometime in the 1890s and his share of thebusiness was transferred to the Jaluit Gesell-schaft because Capelle and De Brum were un-able to fund its purchase (Mason 1947, pp.171-173). Subsequently it was returned to themin a complicated long-term commercial arran-gement involving trading operations in theRatak Chain. In 1914, this debt was paid offand ownership transferred in full to the DeBrum and Capelle families shortly before Japandeclared war on Germany.

Between its purchase in 1876 and AdolphCapelle’s death in 1905, Likiep developed morein association with the business interests of theCapelle and De Brum families than anythingelse. The few islanders living on Likiep at thetime of purchase were given a choice of re-maining or migrating to another atoll underJortoka’s control. However, if they chose tostay they had to assign all traditional rights, title

The Joachim De Brum House, Likiep Atoll 33

and interest applying to themselves (and theirdescendants), to the new owners and agree toremain as “…peaceful and orderly tenants…”(Mason 1947, p. 171). Because the atoll wasbought with all traditional rights, a differentform of land tenure could develop on Likiep,with Capelle and deBrum asserting the rightsof irooj, alap and dri-jerbal. The Capelle and DeBrum partnership had enormous impact as theatoll developed into a single economic and so-cial unit. Distinctive characteristics of Likiepvillage and atoll communities reflect that im-pact today in various ways including architec-ture, agriculture, commercial, engineering andindustrial.

While Likiep is undoubtedly Marshallese incharacter and origins, it has several elementsthat make it unique. This uniqueness rises fromthe apparently deliberate retention by its in-habitants of social, cultural and historical linksto many late nineteenth and early twentiethcentury colonial and trading activities. Likiep’sgreat heritage value results directly from severalfactors. First, its history since European arrivalon the atoll is intriguing. Second, the extent towhich two European immigrants were ab-sorbed into the local culture and the rapiditywith which it occurred is remarkable. Third,the social changes they triggered have beenwidespread.

Many houses were built on Likiep Islandbetween 1890 and 1920 which remain in use bydescendants of those for whom they wereoriginally built. Most drinking water comesfrom rainfall stored in cisterns, several ofwhich remain from the early part of the 20thcentury. Many houses retain their original cur-tilage with the same wells, the same outbuild-ings, and the same coral blocks bordering thesame paths of crushed coral. Other structureson Likiep that are associated with the Capelle/De Brum business operations or Marshallesesocial activities remain in good condition.Without doubt however, the single most out-standing structure on Likiep is the Joachim DeBrum house with its associated outbuildings.

JOACHIM DEBRUMLargely self-educated, Joachim De Brum wasdeeply interested in an extraordinary range ofsubjects and is still regarded with profound re-spect by the inhabitants of Likiep. He studiedmedicine and dentistry, provided medical serv-ices to local communities, and establishedmedical dispensaries on several islands at hisown cost (pers. comm. Leonard De Brum,October 1999). His library was expansive,containing some 1,600 books on many sub-jects, and was regularly updated and extensivelyused (Spennemann et al. in prep.). He operateda successful trading and plantation businessthat, even after the Japanese company, Nan’yoBoeki Kaisha, took over all the assets and op-erations of Jaluit Gesellschaft (Peattie, 1988, p.121), was able to continue operating. He builtseveral houses and established internationallyrespected shipyards, producing about 100 shipsup to 80 feet in length – all handcrafted. Hebecame a photographer of great skill, buildinghis own darkrooms and taking, developing andprinting thousands of high quality photographswith very high cultural and historical signifi-cance (Jelks & Jelks 1978; Schilt n.d.). He builtand installed his own gas generator to providelighting for the main house. He ordered bookson surgery, dentistry and medical ailments, and,based on his self-study, dispensed medicineand executed minor surgery and dentistry—thefirst and only health care outside the Germancapital of Jaluit. By any measurement, JoachimDe Brum was a remarkable man.

With his breadth of interests and activities,Joachim De Brum has contributed enormouslyto the extent and variety of cultural propertyremaining on Likiep. He has left detailed notes,letters, weather and tide measurements, shipplans, superb cultural, medical and generalphotographs, business records and diariesoriginating from a period of approximately fiftyyears from 1880. Together they provide exten-sive data on community and business life on asmall and isolated coral atoll in the latter nine-teenth and early twentieth centuries (Jelks &Jelks 1978; Pangelinan 1978; Schilt n.d.;McGrath 1973) .

34 The Joachim De Brum House, Likiep Atoll

0 10 20

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Figure 2 : Spatial Relationship of Joachim and Li-komju De Brum Houses. Legend: 1 - Dispensary &sleeping quarters.; 2 - Well; 3 - Two small cisterns; 4 -Kitchen Foundations; 5 - Breezeway Foundation; 6 -

Dining Room Foundation; 7 - Storage Shed; 8 - MainHouse; 9 - Gravesw; 10 - Twin cisterns; 11 - LargeCistern; 12 - Raymond De Brum's House Founda-

tions; 13 - First Darkroom; 14 - Likomju De Brum'sKitchen/Dining Room; 15 - Concrete steps and path;16 - Well; 17 - Washroom; 18 - Cistern; 19 - Li-

komju De Brum's House; 20 = Fishtank

In his will Joachim stated that his tools andbooks should be “…kept as a memorial…” ofhim. This simple request provides a fascinatinginsight into this remarkable man. He was notinterested in large marble tombstones or stat-ues, he expressly requested that he be buried“…in a small plot of ground by the ProtestantChurch, Likiep” (our emphasis) which he andEdward Capelle had built together in 1906.Buried with his wife, their simple, shared head-stone merely states their dates of birth anddeath (pers obs).

THE JOACHIM DEBRUM HOUSEIn the early twentieth century Germany ad-ministered the Marshall Islands as part of hercolonial empire and Likiep Atoll had becomean important cog in its commercial and socialnetwork. During this time (1904/05) an im-posing house—considerably larger than anyother on Likiep—was built in the small villageat the northern end of the island. It was des-tined to become the social hub of Likiep andthe administrative, economic and industrialcentre of a very successful business empire.Although simple in concept and structure, theJoachim De Brum house is several times largerthan any other house on Likiep and its sheersize and height dominates the surrounding vil-lage.

The Joachim De Brum house and curtilageincludes remains of other constructions (Figure2). Part of Joachim’s original kitchen/diningroom is there as are several water cisternsranging in size from very large to small. A smallcemetery is situated only a few meters from thehouse. Foundations of other houses, wells, Li-komju De Brum’s house, and remnants of sev-eral other buildings are also present (Figure 2).

The Joachim De Brum House was designedand constructed by Joachim De Brum from amix of local and imported material (figure 3).Elevation on short concrete piers was charac-teristic of Joachim De Brum’s constructionmethods (US National Park Service 1984). Thearchitectural style he usually employed was acombination of Germanic and Marshallese andincorporated a simple design of three roomswith surrounding verandas and an externalkitchen and dining room. Decorated balusters,

The Joachim De Brum House, Likiep Atoll 35

high ceilings and a high peaked roof were alsocharacteristic.

Figure 3 : Joachim De Brum House - Southern &Western Elevations

With a total length of 17m and a width of10m, it is the most imposing structure onLikiep Atoll, and was one of the largest housesduring the German colonial period, at the timepossibly only surpassed by the house of theGerman administrator (Landeshauptmann) onJaluit.

Figure 4 : Main House with Thatched Roof; c. 1910;Photo: De Brum Collection, Alele Museum, Majuro;

with permission Leonard De Brum

The house is erected on 54 piers of localtimber, 38 of them on kõno (Cordia subcordata)and 16 on kkon, (Terminalia samoensis) (not blue

gum as asserted by Jelks & Jelks 1978). Onlyalong the presentation side of the buildingfacing the lagoon have the timbers beensquared off. The squared underfloor supportsutilize similar materials.

The room plan of this single story timber-framed house comprised a rectangular centralparlor and a bedroom on either side. Originalfloorboards of this house were made from highquality Californian Redwood planks sawn to awidth of 30.5cm and a thickness of 2.5cm.External walls were of the same timber, withplanks 15.25cm wide and 2.5cm thick beingfastened horizontally to the 10cm by 10cmstuds that are also braced by diagonal timbersof the same size. Some floorboards in areas ofthe veranda were replaced during a stabilizationprogram carried out in 1977. Although thetimber used was Californian Redwood so that alevel of historical accuracy could be main-tained, it was of a lower quality, narrower andthinner than the original.

The parlor has no external windows and thedoors on either side of the house are solid. Thenorthern and southern rooms both have twolarge external windows opening onto the ve-randa (figure 7). Ceilings have been installed inall three rooms at a height of approximately 3.5meters using beaded planks 15.25cm by 2.5cm.The veranda has also been ceiled on all foursides. The current paint scheme is white withgrayish-blue used to provide accent.

Figure 5 : Main House after Iron Roof Installed – c.1915; Photo: De Brum Collection, Alele Museum,

Majuro; with permission Leonard De Brum

36 The Joachim De Brum House, Likiep Atoll

It is worth noting that the parlor has an in-ternal lining of similar Redwood planks asthose used for the external cladding. On theeastern and western walls it has been laid hori-zontally while that of the northern and south-ern (internal) walls has been fastened vertically.This simple method of construction with itsmultiple layers of cross-bracing, provides maxi-mum strength and rigidity with minimumweight. This has created a cavity wall whichwould have had an effect on temperature con-trol in the main living area. Likewise, the veryhigh ceilings in the bedrooms and parlor add totemperature management.

Figure 6 : Joachim De Brum House, 1999: Westernveranda, facing north-east

The roof of the house is quite high with asubstantial pitch. This is a desirable design as itcreates a heat sink in the roof space that addsto the cooling of the house. As a further meas-ure, the walls of the building are shaded by a2.54m wide verandah supported by 10cmsquare wooden posts. Today the house iserected on 1.8m high wooden supports, whichcreate a breeze area underneath the house. Inits original state the De Brum house was sup-ported on short concrete piers and exhibited ahigh thatch roof (figure 4). This roof was re-placed by a corrugated iron roof in about 1915(figure 5) and the house raised on its currentwooden posts in about 1929 (figure 6).

The wide verandah is bounded by a geo-metrically decorated baluster. Historic photo-graphs show that shade sails were slung tofurther shade the bedroom walls and to createsleep outs on the verandah (figures 4 & 5).

FURNISHINGSMajor items of furniture remain in the mainhouse (figure 7). The large parlor was domi-nated by teak furniture. The largest and heavi-est items were a revolving circular table withthree matching arm-chairs, all ornately hand-carved with a Chinese dragon motif (Figure 8).

Other teak furniture, all featuring the samemotif, was placed around the room and in-cludes smaller straight chairs, wall mounts,stands, several small tables, and a large wallstand.

A teak room divider, again carved in thedragon motif, has silk panels that have fadedthrough phototropic deterioration, but retainsan evocative elegance. Several other items havemarble or ivory inlays. Originally purchased byJoachim De Brum from China early in thetwentieth century, this elegant furniture con-tributes substantially to the cultural ambienceof this remarkable home by providing a majorconnection with Joachim’s ‘trader’ lifestyle.

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Figure 7 : Joachim De Brum House, 1999: Room andfurniture plan. Legend: 1 - Large Teak Table; 2 -

Teak Arm Chairs; 3 - Small Teak Chairs; 4 - SmallTeak Table; 5 - Roll Top desk; 6 - Open Fronted

The Joachim De Brum House, Likiep Atoll 37

Teak Cabinet; 7 - Teak and Silk Divider; 8 - GlassFront Cupboard; 9 - Medical Chest; 10 - Storage

Cupboard; 11 - Sea Chests; 12 - Bookcases

Figure 8 : Parlour; Joachim De Brum House, Likiep,RMI: facing east.

Other items include a carved teak elephantwith ivory inlays and a roll top desk (Figure 9)with several other artifacts including a chro-nometer, microscope, and a clock work re-cording (one week) barometer. The walls arecovered with framed pictures, both photo-graphs and replica oil paintings. An ornateenameled cast iron lantern hangs in the centreof the parlor. It replaced a four-jet gas lampthat was fed from an acetylene gas generatordesigned and built by Joachim. The gas alsofuelled lights on the verandas, one on each ofthe southern and northern sides and two onthe western veranda. Although corroded, origi-nal gas pipes run from the southern veranda upto the loft and across the house before feedinginto lines to the parlor and northern veranda.

Leonard De Brum (pers. comm. October1999) advised this arrangement allowed his fa-ther to entertain the islanders with food anddancing, something he “loved to do” regularly.He would play selections from his library ofcylinder records on his gramophone and al-most everyone would dance and sing. Lee(1984, p. 16) reports that approximately fivehundred cylinder recordings were retrieved andpreserved – it is not clear whether these havebeen documented. Most of the records are waxcylinders and are badly deteriorated with heavygrowths of mould. Others are made frombakelite and are reported to be in a generallyexcellent condition. Lee also notes that when

the wax cylinders became worn or damagedthey were washed in kerosene and subsequentlyre-recorded on-site on Likiep. If this is correct,these locally recorded cylinders have enormoussignificance and may be among the first soundrecordings made in Micronesia.

Joachim De Brum maintained a large li-brary, which is the focus of separate study(Spennemann et al. in press). Pangelinan (1978)reported there were approximately 1,500 booksstored on shelves in the house in 1977. In1999, only 736 books that could be separatedand catalogued individually were found in thebookcases. The identifiable items range fromreligious books (38.6%), technical and shipbuilding items (16.1%), science (3%), medical(2.5%) and General / Travel books (12.5%) tobooks with historical & biographical themes(8.5%). Fiction and literature made up aboutone fifth of the identifiable quantity (18.7)%.

Figure 9 : Parlor - Roll Top Desk and other Items ;Joachim De Brum House, Likiep, RMI.

ASSOCIATED STRUCTURESAssociated buildings include: the remains of aseparate dining room and kitchen with twosmall cisterns, a functioning well, a storageshed, larger twin cisterns and another evenlarger cistern, a small cemetery, and the re-mains of Joachim’s original photographicworkshop. Joachim De Brum’s private sleepingquarters and dispensary were built southeast ofthe house but little now remains.

Ten meters northeast of the house are someremains of the foundations of a house built by

38 The Joachim De Brum House, Likiep Atoll

Joachim for his eldest son Raymond. Unlikeseveral other houses on Likiep, it was built onshort concrete piers made from a mix of ce-ment and crushed coral that now show the ef-fects of salt induced decay. It is reported tohave accidentally burned down in the 1920s(pers. comm. Leonard De Brum, October1999). Immediately behind these ruins to thewest, and directly north of the northeasterncorner of the main house are concrete founda-tions of Joachim’s first photographic dark-room.

Figure 10 : Likomju De Brum's House; Likiep,RMI; facing northeast

Directly north of the northwestern cornerof Joachim De Brum’s house are two small in-ground circular cisterns now disused. A muchlarger concrete cistern is several meters furthernorth again. Joachim built an office on top ofthis cistern with steps attached to the southernwall, the anchoring points for which remainvisible. Another darkroom was built against thenorthern wall of the cistern using the naturalcooling provided by the water filled cistern topreserve photographic chemicals.

The dining room and kitchen were con-structed separately about 14 meters southeastof the main house. The building was originallyelevated on short concrete piers. Later this ele-vated floor was replaced by a concrete floorpoured over a core of sand. Two small cisternswere installed, one on the eastern and the otheron the western sides of the kitchen. Betweenthe kitchen on the right or southern end andthe dining room on the left or northern end, abreezeway ran parallel to the prevailing windsfor maximum cooling effect. The dining area

was itself cooled by the unrestricted flow of airthrough open slatted walls. A storage shed withlarge double doors at both the northern andsouthern ends but no windows, is situated sev-eral meters directly south of the main house.

Approximately 85 meters north of the mainhouse, Joachim built a house for Likomju DeBrum in 1907 (U. S. National Park Service,1984). Using the same highly functional con-cept of three rooms with a wide veranda on allfour sides, Likomju’s house differed from themain house by being built on a poured con-crete slab rather than on piers (figures 10 &11). Again, the roof consisted of corrugatediron and the balusters carried a simple geomet-ric design. When surveyed, this property wasfound to be in a very much poorer conditionthan was Joachim De Brum’s house.

N

0 2 4 6M etres

Fish pond

Cistern

Figure 11 : Likomju De Brum's House; Likiep,RMI; Floor plan

The Joachim De Brum House, Likiep Atoll 39

Outbuildings associated with this house in-cluding kitchen, dining room, a well and abathroom, remain.

The buildings and their contents were andcontinue to be subject to tropical decay and aresuffering from deterioration. A conservationstudy and repair was carried out in 1977 (Jelks& Jelks 1978), followed by a second project in1984 (Roberts 1984). A recent assessmentshowed that environmental decay has contin-ued and that further mitigation will be required(O'Neill & Spennemann 2000).

SIGNIFICANCEAs the only surviving house of its kind in theMarshall Islands, the Joachim deBrum house isclearly of a national significance to the Repub-lic of the Marshall Islands. During Trust Ter-ritory times it was nominated for inclusion onthe US National Register of Historic Places be-cause of its significance for the entire TTPI(listed 1 February 1977).

However, because of its historical associa-tions, the house also has far wider significancethat encompasses the pacific and Europe. Theentire Likiep Village Historic site including allof its associated material (hoses, paths, library,photographs, diaries, records, business ar-chives, tools etc) is a unique collection ofhighly significant historical property. It is rep-resentative of a dynamic Marshallese cultureduring a period of rapid change and is also re-markably intact miniature of Micronesian andPacific history. With its associated buildingsand remains, it gives a strong sense of thethriving economic unit Likiep has become bythe early 20th century and exemplifies the proc-esses by which European entrepreneurs andcolonial administrations deliberately or acci-dentally influenced Pacific cultures. Conse-quently, its significance does not consist onlyof local and national elements, but interna-tional as well.

Notwithstanding its international signifi-cance however, the cultural resources remain-ing are principally Marshallese in character andare highly valued as local and national Mar-shallese heritage. The RMI Government iscommitted to developing the nation’s infra-structure as rapidly as possible and so fullfil the

electorate’s expectations. It also recognizes theimportance of preserving Marshallese heritage.However, the RMI economy is not yet able togenerate sufficient funds to permit both devel-opment and preservation. Nor are there suffi-cient numbers of trained and experienced Mar-shallese personnel available to preserve re-maining historic property. For the most parttherefore, preservation of historic property inthe RMI depends on this recently independentnation-state receiving sufficient resources frominternational providers. Of those nations thatpreviously exercised administrative or colonialauthority over the Marshall Islands, only theUnited States provides realistic levels of assist-ance today.

BIBLIOGRAPHYHezel, F. X. (1983) The First Taint of Civilisation: A

History of the Caroline and Marshall Islands inPrecolonial Days, 1521-1885. Honolulu: Universityof Hawaii Press.

Hezel, F. X. (1995) Strangers in Their Own Land. ACentury of Colonial Rule in the Caroline and MarshallIslands. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Jelks, E. B., & Jelks, J. C. (1978) Stabilisation andInventory, 1977. The Joachim De Brum House,Likiep, Marshall Islands.

Krämer, A., & Nevermann, H. (1938) Ralik-Ratak.Ergebnisse der Südsee-Expedition 1908. Ethno-graphie: B. Mikronesien Band II. Hamburg:Friederichsen, De Gruyter & Co.

Lee, M. W. (1984) Survey Report, Joachim De BrumHouse, Likiep Atoll, Marshall Islands Honolulu:Pacific Regional Conservation Center, BishopMuseum.

Look, David W. & Dirk H.R. Spennemann (1993a)For Future Use: A Management Conservation Plan forthe World War II sites in the Republic of the MarshallIslands., Albury, NSW & San Francisco, U.S.A.:The Johnstone Centre of Park, Recreation andHeritage & the U.S. National Park ServiceWestern Regional Office.

Look, David W. & Dirk H.R. Spennemann (1993b)Saving WWII Historic Sites. Metals Conserva-tion Course in the Marshall Islands. Cultural Re-source Management Bulletin [U.S. National ParkService] 16 (5), pp. 22-24.

Look, David W. & Dirk H.R. Spennemann (1996)In a tropical marine climate: Conservation Man-agement of Historic Metals APT Bulletin 27(1-2),pp. 60-68.

40 The Joachim De Brum House, Likiep Atoll

Mason, L. K. (1947) The Economic Organization of theMarshall Islanders. Honolulu: U.S. CommercialCompany, Economic Survey.

McGrath (1973) The Joachim DeBrum Papers. InJournal of Pacific Affairs: pp. 181-185

Milne, C. A., & Steward, M. D. (1967) The Inheri-tance of Land Rights in Laura. In The Laura Re-port. Honolulu: Department of Anthropology,University of Hawaii.

Naval Analysis Division. (1947) The AmericanCampaign Against Wotje, Maloelap, Mille andJaluit. Report for United States Strategic Bombing Sur-vey. Washington: US GPO

O’Neill, J. G., and Spennemann, D. H. R. (2000)Conservation Assessment of the Joachim DeBrum House. Likiep Atoll, Republic of the Mar-shall Islands. Johnstone Centre Report Nº 151. Al-bury, NSW: The Johnstone Centre, CharlesSturt University.

O’Neill, Jon & Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2001) TheManagement of German Colonial Heritage inpost-colonial Micronesia. Cultural Resources Man-agement 24 (1), pp. 46-47.

Pangelinan, J. B. (1978) Participation of Jesus Pan-gelinan to the Stabilization Project of Joachimde Brum House of Likiep Atoll, Marshalls Dis-trict, First Acquisition and Development Projectin the Trust Territory. Report to Office of the HighCommissioner, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands,Saipan (Serial:HP-952; File:178.67.36).

Peattie, M. R. (1988) Nan'yo: The Rise and Fall of theJapanese in Micronesia, 1885-1945. Honolulu: Uni-versity of Hawaii Press.

Perlgut, D. J. (1983) Manageable Space. Milsons Point,Australia: Social Impacts Publications.

Roberts, M. (1984) Completion Report for Reha-bilitation of the De Brum House, Likiep Atoll,Republic of the Marshall Islands.

Schilt, R. (n.d.) Summary and Report of the Con-tinuing Preservation of the Joachim De BrumCollection: Producing Plastic Negatives and Ar-chival Prints Honolulu: Department of Anthro-pology, Bernice P. Bishop Museum.

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the Marshall Islands. The Johnstone Centre forParks, Recreation and Heritage Report Nº 18— TheJohnstone Centre for Parks, Recreation andHeritage, Charles Sturt University, Albury,NSW., 1994.

Spennemann, Dirk H. R. O’Neill, Jon G. & O’Neill,Joan (2003) A Rapid Assessment of the Libraryof the Joachim deBrum House, Likiep Atoll,Republic of the Marshall Islands. Johnstone CentreReport 196. Albury, NSW: The Johnstone Cen-tre, Charles Sturt University.

Tiesdell, S., Oc, T., and Heath, T. (1996) RevitalizingHistoric Urban Quarters. Oxford: ArchitecturalPress.

U. S. National Park Service. (1984) Likiep VillageHistoric Reserve. National Register of HistoricPlaces Inventory - Nomination Form.

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AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES AND CONTACTJon O’Neill has an Applied Science Degree inParks, Recreation and Heritage with First ClassHonours. He has conducted research in severalMicronesian political entities including Guam,Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands,Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic ofthe Marshall Islands. He is a doctoral student atCharles Sturt University where he is presently re-searching heritage issues in Micronesia. Particularattention is being given to: changes in preservationmanagement that may have occurred following self-government, evolving Micronesian perceptions ofheritage values and the extent to which indigenousdecision-makers have been empowered.Jon O’Neill, Charles Sturt University, P.O.Box 789, Al-bury NSW 2640, Australia e-mail [email protected]

Dirk HR Spennemann is Associate Professor inCultural Heritage Management at Charles SturtUniversity, Albury, Australia. His main research in-terests are German colonial heritage in Oceania, inparticular Micronesia, and historic preservation is-sues in Micronesia in general. His second focus rethreats to heritage posed by natural and human haz-ards and threats posed by managers in their effortsto counter these hazards. Ethical Heritage Planningand Policy are the cornerstones that need to be un-derstood and addressed if our past is to have ameaningful future.A/Professor Dirk H.R. Spennemann, Charles Sturt Uni-versity, P.O.Box 789, Albury NSW 2640, Australia [email protected]