Microgrids & DER Systems for Healthcare

© 2015 Eaton. All Rights Reserved..

Microgrids & DER Systems for Healthcare

CSHE San Diego

June 10, 2021

Alberto Nebel – Service Sales Engineer

Larry Rozcicha – Business Development Manager

Nathan Justice – Application Engineer

© 2015 Eaton. All Rights Reserved.. 2

Agenda

• Power concerns in CA Healthcare facilities

• Overview of a Microgrid

• DER- Distributed Energy Resources

• Feasibility Studies & Contractual mechanisms

• Live Microgrid Demo – Nathan Justice

• Questions


Hospital Building Safety Board (HBSB) & Energy Conservation and Mgmt (ECM) – White Paper

presented to OSHPD as guide for the adoption of a Microgrid technology to reduce or eliminate

the need to rely on generators as the source of emergency power

Written by Industry Experts

Justin Carron – EATON

Segment Director

4© 2015 Eaton. All Rights Reserved..

Power Issues facing CA Hospitals • Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS)

• In 2019 248 Hospitals were in areas affected by PSPS

• Longer Power Disruptions in excess of stand by generation requirements

• Outages due to Natural Disasters

• Extended outages may happen due to back up fuel accessibility issues / road closures

• Fire season is all year - 57,000 Wildfires from 2013 to 2019 – Avg 8,000/yr

• Earthquakes

• Weather – Super Storm Sandy, Hurricanes, Texas “freeze”

• Power Capacity stress due to extenuating circumstances – COVID Pandemic

• CA Senate Bill 100 (SB100) – Energy Provider Carbon Neutral by 2045

• Cost gets passed on through rate increases

• Cybersecurity Attacks

• Power Disruptions due to Terrorism & social disturbances

• Aging Grid Infrastructure

• Rising costs of Energy

• Issues with DER integration into the grid may trigger Curtailment


Aging Grid

Storm Surge

HurricanesStorm Surge

Earthquakes

Solar / Wind

Grid instability

Disasters

Cyber Security

Retiring Plants

Megatrends Impacting today’s US power gird

System Outages


What is a Microgrid?

• Local

• Independent – ability to “Island”

• Precise Control of DER sources by a Microgrid Controller

• Operate 24/7/365 managing and supplying energy to customers

A microgrid is a self-sufficient energy system that serves

a discrete geographic footprint, such as a hospital site

or building


Why Do You Want a Microgrid ?


So…. what does it look like


Energy and Grid Transformation


Key Components of a Microgrid

• DER

• Loads

• Microgrid Control

• Protection

• User Interface

• Historian

• PCC Equipment

• Supporting Electrical Infrastructure


Microgrid control adds value and optimizes performance

•Minimize Fuel Cost

•Minimize Emissions

•Maximize Renewables

Optimize

•PV Curtailment & Ramp Rate control

•Prioritize & Balance Sources, Loads

Stabilize

•Manage Peak Demand / TOU

•Optimize Renewables

•Utilize Lowest-Cost Sources

•Minimize PF Penalty

Reduce Cost

•Demand Response

•Volt/Var Management

•Energy Arbitrage

•Frequency Regulation

Generate Revenue

•Renewable firming

•Disturbance Ride Through

Improve Power Quality

Grid Connected

Islanded

Islanding (Planned/

Unplanned)Reconnect

Dispatch Functions

Tran

siti

on

Fu

nct

ion

s


Grid Connected

Islanded

Islanding (Planned/

Unplanned)Reconnect

Dispatch Functions

Tran

siti

on

Fu

nct

ion

s

Microgrid control manages state transitions for resiliency

Planned Islanding

• Controlled / managed transition to minimize risk

Unplanned Islanding

• Speed / latency considerations

• Selection of DER equipment is key

• Stability analysis / load shedding is critical

Black Start

• Intelligent source selection

• Load restoration

Reconnection to Grid

• Control DERs to synchronize voltage and current


Code compliant Microgrid for Healthcare Facilities• Current Code Compliance for normal power

• State & Local codes are adhered to

• System does not jeopardize the reliability of healthcare facilty

• Emergency Power separate from Microgrid

• Code issues for Microgrids as an EPS (Emergency Power Supply)

• NFPA 110, 99 & CEC codes written around generators & ATS

• Without reducing the reliability of the emergency system

2021 NFPA 99 states:

“Microgrids can be used as an EPS if designed with sufficient

reliability to provide effective facility operation consistent with the

facility emergency operation plan” – no criteria to measure by to

enforce

Current code with interpolations can be used to show compliance for designs

that utilize microgrids as EPS.

NEW CODE REVISIONS underway – white paper


Power System Challenges for Hospitals

• Stranded Assets vs Always On Assets

• Diesel Generators can become Stranded Assets and may fail when needed

• Possible limited run time capabilities due to fuel access

• Always on Assets participate in daily energy supply

• DER - Cogen CHP, Solar, fuel cells, battery storage

• Fuel Access Restrictions

• NFPA-110 – Hospitals classified as Critical Facilities

• Requires 96 hours of fuel storage for Emergency Power

• Assumes that outage will be remedied within that time frame or extra fuel can be accessed

• Air Quality in short duration outages


DER – Distributed Energy Resources

Microgrid system gives hospitals an intelligent, transparent way to manage their the

always-on energy assets, also known as Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in a

manner that idle generators cannot match


DER – “Always On” System Advantages

• Avoid Peak Demand Pentalties

In California, utilities charge based on both electricity use (kWh) and demand (kW). A microgrid

system can be used to dynamically manage loads to reduce peak demand, or “ratchet,” charges

by consuming more energy from onsite sources or temporarily turning off non-critical loads

• Tariff Management

By taking advantage of time-of-use (TOU) rates implemented by California utilities, healthcare

facilities can determine when it makes economic sense to consume each energy resource,

shifting some loads to “off peak” periods and storing energy for use at a later time.

• Demand Response Participation

With the ability to generate energy onsite, healthcare facilities can curtail load pulled from the

central grid in return for financial reimbursement.

In California, utilities charge based on both electricity use (kWh) and demand

(kW). A microgrid system can be used to dynamically manage loads to reduce

peak demand, or “ratchet,” charges by consuming more energy from onsite

sources or temporarily turning off non-critical loads


DER – “Always On” System Advantages

HBM may be also be used to reduce energy costs during day-to-day operations due to the

ability to manage external power delivery to/from the main grid when energy resources are

configured to be “always-on” and loads are differentiated in essential and non-essential

(switchable) loads.

• Time of Use Energy Cost

• Peak Demand Tariffs

Time of use (ToU) refers to the price of electric energy (typically measured in kWh) as a function of the time of day in a week and is seasonally adjusted

Peak demand is the measured maximum power peak during a monthly billing cycle


Battery Energy Storage System

• LIB best suited for healthcare campus settings due to high energy

density

• Cost declines 40-60% in next 30 years – 85% reduction since 2010

• BESS Applications

• Peak Demand Reduction – Peak period typically 4 hours

• Renewable Energy Firming – “Smooth out” the intermittent

fluctuations of solar productions – prevents energy curtailment

• Spinning Reserve – Gas gens optimized efficiency at 40%, if gen

sets are staged BESS can serve additional load before next

generator is activated, thereby gens are kept at optimal efficiency

BESS can’t replace back up generator – 4 hours LIB vs 72-96 hrs Gen

• Only short term or priority loads

• Solar + Battery can’t provide back up power for an entire facility – limits

in space and discharge duration

• Fire hazard


Solar - Photovoltaic

• Clean intermittent Energy

• Cost trending down – 10X since 2007

• Three configurations

• Carport

• Ground Mount

• Rooftop

Challenges:

• Power Density – requires 3X the space than traditional energy sources

• PV Curtailment – no export of energy benefits (need storage)


Fuel Cell Energy

• Non-combustion technology - NASA

• Reduces greenhouse emission & zero pollutants (natural gas, biogas & hydrogen)

• Produces water & heat

• Modular stacked design to create power Modules generating DC power

• Redundant & independent ensures max uptime

• Scalable for power needs

• Normal Source – Allows to act as a 24/7 always on back up system to

Great for Remote locations


Wind Energy

• 5,535 MW of Capacity operating in CA Today

• 7.2% of all power generated in CA in 2018

• Costs for wind have declined 27% from 2013 to 1018

• Technology has improved efficiency and output

Challenges for Wind in Microgrid installations for CA Hospitals

• Intermittency of Supply not suitable for Critical Infrastructure

• Wind Speed (4m/s) not feasible in most areas of the state

• Limits on Turbine location due to noise & safety concerns

• Rooftop mount discouraged due to vibration transmission and structural concerns

• Visual and aesthetic concerns


CoGeneration – Combined Heat & Power

Cogeneration increases

efficiency of a stand-alone

natural gas engine-generator

sets from 40% to close to 90%

• Cogen Equipment

captures exhaust heat

to be used in facility

processes such as

space heat

• Steam, hot water, or

exhaust combined

with absorption

chillers to produce

cold water & cool air

• Lower Costs

• Reduce Greenhouse gas emissions

• Provide reliable source of self generated

power


The microgrid energy system concept

Wind

In-House Co-Gen

Battery

Back-up Generation

Solar

Facility Loads

Utility

A group of generating assets and defined loads that

can operate within the utility grid or islanded from the grid,

as a self-sufficient stand alone application

Local “Grid Within a Grid”

• Delivers Power Resilience,

Reliability and Uptime

Distributed Energy Sources

• Backup Generation

• In-House Co-Gen

• CHP (Combined Heat and Power)

• On-Site Renewables and Fuel Cells

• Energy Storage (Batteries)

Microgrid Applications

• Islanding & Synchronization

• Black Start

• Generation/Load Balance Control

• Battery Energy Storage & Frequency

Regulation

Requires Control System “Glue”

to Achieve System Performance

Imagery ©2015 Google, Map data ©2015 Google

Critical Loads


Microgrid & Distributed Generation Acronyms

• DER Distributed Energy Resource

(Wind, Solar, Hydro, Any On-site Generation or Controllable Load)

• DERMS DER Management System

• POC Point Of Connection

• PCC Point of Common Coupling

• POI Point Of Interconnect

• BESS Battery Energy Storage System

• PCS Power Conversion System

• BTM Behind-The-Meter

• FTM Front Of The Meter

• ISO Independent System Operator

• TOU Time of Use (utility rate structure)

• CHP Combined Heat & Power

• PXeO Eaton’s Power Xpert Energy Optimizer™

controller

• VMG Virtual Microgrid (system modelling)

• HIL Hardware-In-Loop (system model)

• PIL Protection-In-Loop or Power-in-Loop (system

model)

• ROI Return On Investment

• IRR Investment Rate of Return


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Virtual Microgrid Capabilities

• Distribution model portable from CYME

• Generic and customizable DER models

• Easy communication configuration with most popular protocols (Modbus, IEC61850, DNP3, ect.)

• Easy profile integration for case studies

• Capable of integrating LVRT/HVRT/ZVRT with protection coordination

• Flexible in terms of model fidelity

• Use as digital twin for microgrid controller(s) development and validation

Communication Simulator

Sim

ula

tio

n S

et

Core 1 – Feeder Model

Core 2 – Genset Model

Core 3 – ESS Model

Core 4 – SolarPV Model

Clock Sync

Simulation Profile

Data Set

- PCC_Meter_P- PCC_RlyTrip- GEN_IsochEn- PV_Meter_PF- ESS_Vset- ...

Gen Comm Intf

Model: easYgen3000Comm Type: ModbusIP Adr: 192.168.1.10Prefix: GEN_Reg Map: ...

ESS Comm Intf

Model: Generic MESAComm Type: ModbusIP Adr: 192.168.1.11Prefix: ESS_Reg Map: ...

PV Comm Intf

Model: Generic SunspecComm Type: ModbusIP Adr: 192.168.1.12Prefix: PV_Reg Map: ...

Relay Comm Intf

Model: SEL751Comm Type: IEC61850IP Adr: 192.168.1.13Prefix: Rly_ICD File

GSE Comm Intf

IED Name: SMPIOComm Type: GOOSEIP Adr: 192.168.1.14Prefix: GSE_Messages: …

Microgrid Model in PSCAD

System Controller

Managed Network Switch

Managed Network Switch

Local Controller – GEN

Local Controller – ESS

Local Controller – PV

Virtual Microgrid

Microgrid ControllersMicrogrid Server

Simulated DMS


1. Opportunity Discovery / Identification

• Rationale/Reason for the need (i.e. Peak shaving, Power

Quality, Load Sharing, Utility Interruptions/issues, Energy

Management/Efficiency strategy, etc.)

• Define Energy Management Strategy & Goals

• Understand Total Power and / or Anticipated Power Needed

(KW, MW, etc.)

• Understand Loads - Critical and Total

2. Identify "owner/operator" of the new microgrid system

• Developer

• End User

• Utility

3. Understand financing options – How is the project being

funded?

•Direct or through financial offsets (PPA, ECIP, ESPC) or

ownership transfer (UESC, EUL)

4. Connect with local/current utility or power provider - preferably

in conjunction with power consumer

5. Define Scope of Supply

6. Define need for partners, supplier(s) of non-Eaton scope

7. Collaborate & Strategize with partners

• Engage partners and assign interface/coordination lead from

Eaton


Microgrid Operations and Maintenance

1. Do-It-Yourself.

1. Least Expensive

2. Steep Learning Curve

3. Employee Turnover & Training

2. Third-Party Contractor

1. Specialize in microgrid O&M Services

2. Can be economical through RFP process

3. Microgrid Integrator

1. Familiarity with system = quick resolution

2. Can be included in project costs

Healthcare facilities should clearly define the party responsible for

ongoing microgrid operations and maintenance (O&M),


• Technical Feasibility

• Economic Viability

• Facility / Loads / Stakeholder Buy-in and Agreements

• Utility Cooperation

• Assured System Reliability

• Regulatory Approval

• Environmental Permits

• Financing Options

• Financial Return

• Societal Benefit Cost Ratio > 1

• Takes Advantage of Federal & State Incentives

Microgrid Essentials

NECESSITIES TO MOVE FORWARD:


State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency

http://www.dsireusa.org/Hyperlink -

http://www.dsireusa.org/


Microgrid Benefits

• Avoid utility demand penalties. Dynamically manage loads to reduce peak demand

• Tariff Management. taking advantage of time-of-use (TOU) rates implemented by California utilities, healthcare facilities

can determine when it makes economic sense to consume each energy resource, shifting some loads to

“off peak” periods and storing energy for use at a later time.

• Demand Response Participation. With the ability to generate energy onsite, healthcare facilities can curtail load pulled

from the central grid in return for financial reimbursement.

• Local power generation. A microgrid creates energy for the building or site that it serves as opposed to requiring power

From a centralized utility that may lose 8-15% is dissipation due to distances that the energy may have to travel to reach it’s

intended location.

• Independence. A microgrid can disconnect from the utility and island when utility power is unavailable or interrupted. one of

the most important distinctions of an HBM is the functional resiliency

the HBM provides: the possibility of fail-safe islanding of a hospital’s life safety emergency power branch

and providing reliable power backup services during grid outages


Grid Services

A resilient HBM that decides to improve its resiliency by providing always-on DERs opens the possibility to participate in

grid services that provide cost savings for the microgrid operator by reducing electricity costs. It is also able to participate in

financial incentives that help in the stability of the grid. Such grid services may include:

• Voltage and Frequency Services. During the utility-connected mode of operation, a microgrid owner

can utilize DERs to opt into paid service by the utility companies.

• Utility Demand Management. A demand charge may be present that can be avoided by deft

management of a battery storage resource should it be part of the microgrid resources. The

result would be reducing the utility costs.

• Time of Use Load Management. During the utility-connected mode of operation,

a microgrid owner can utilize the always-on distributed energy resources (DERs) in the grid to opt into

paid service by the utility companies.


• PSEC MICROGRID DEMO


PSEC Working Microgrid


PSEC Working Microgrid

Utility Source

EDR 5000

Protection

Relay

Utility Connection /

Islanding ContactorPowerPlex II

Transducer

Natural Gas

Generator

Generator Breaker

PV Arrays Battery Energy Storage

HVAC

Building Loads

Power Xpert

Energy Optimizer

system controller

Server

Eaton Network

Controllable

Loads

(4 total)Power Xpert

Energy Optimizer

local controllers

•Utility

•100 kW Generator

•28 kW Photovoltaic

•30 kW Battery Storage (30 kWh)

Sources

•4 Controllable HVAC units (4 -25 kW)

•Lights, outlets, etc. (8-12 kW)

Loads

•Peak Power Limiting / Load Leveling

•Demand Management

•Renewable Firming

•PV Shifting

•Power Factor Control

•Resiliency: Islanded operation optimizing renewables

Use Cases (partial list)

Battery

inverter

Solar

inverters



Excess

Solar

exported

to Utility

Utility Power

Limited to

0-15 kW

Battery

initially

Off

Battery

On

Battery at

Desired

SOC

Battery

Approaching

Maximum

SOC


Utility Power

Limited to

0-7 kW

Utility Power

Export

limited to 5

kW

Excess PV

stored in

battery

Battery at

Desired

SOC

(35%)

Battery

Approaching

Maximum

SOC

Utility Power

Limited to

0-7 kW

Utility Power

Limit raised to 13

kW; desired

SOC=80%

Battery at

Desired

SOC

(80%)

In this example the solar

and battery support the

Load 100% extra solar

Capacity charges battery

Then is sold back to grid when batter is fully charged


Utility Power

Limit = 12 kW

(07:00 –

20:00)

Utility Power

Limit = 20 kW

(20:00 – 7:00)

Battery

supplements

Solar

Solar charges

Battery

Utility charges

Battery

In this example power from

Utility is kept at 10KW

Battery and solar make up

Difference to support load


EatonElectrical Engineering Services & Systems

Field Services

24/7 Emergency Response

Acceptance Testing

Startup

Commissioning

Maintenance

Service Contracts

Power System Engineering

Studies:

➢ Arc Flash

➢ Microgrid

➢ Short Circuit

➢ Overcurrent

➢ Harmonic

➢ Load Flow

➢ Motor Starting

Power System AutomationProtection &

Control Systems

Dashboards

Foreseer /EPMS

Power XpertEnterprise Solutions

Metering

Turnkey ProjectsProject

Management

Engineer, Procure &

Construct (EPC)

Local Support, Crisis Response

MicroGrids

Battery Storage

Aftermarket & Life ExtensionMV & LV Power Circuit Breaker Replacement

Equipment Rebuild &

Reconditioning

Life Extension & Modernization

Total Life Cycle Solutions by Eaton


Thank you, Questions

Alberto Nebel – Senior Service Sales Engineer

[email protected] 619-646-0059

Larry Rozcicha – Business Development Manager


Nathan Justice – Application Engineer – Energy Transition


Senior Microgrid Application Engineer

www.eaton.com/energystorage

www.eaton.com/microgrid

mailto:[email protected]



http://www.eaton.com/energystorage

http://www.eaton.com/microgrid

Microgrids & DER Systems for Healthcare

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