1. INTRODUCTION An Embedded system is nearly a computing system other than a desktop computer. Embedded systems are hard to define because they cover such a broad range of electronic devices. Embedded system is a combination of hardware and software. An example is the microwave oven. It is hardly realized that the oven actually consists of a processor and the software running inside. Another example is the TV remote control. Very few actually realize that there is a microcontroller inside that runs a set of programs especially for the TV. Now days, embedded systems are used in many applications in medical field for controlling various biomedical parameters. In this design, a micro-controller is used for controlling the anesthesia machine automatically, depending upon the various biomedical parameters such as body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate etc. Major operations are performed to remove or reconstruct the infected parts in the human body. These operations lead to blood loss and pain. Therefore it is necessary to arrest the pain and the blood loss. Anesthesia plays important role in the part of painkilling. Hence, anesthesia is very essential in performing painless surgery. Three key technologies for embedded systems are 1. Processor technology 2. IC technology 3. Design technology There are 3 types in processor technology 1. General-purpose processor 2. Application-specific processor 3. Single-purpose processor In this implementation Application-specific processor is used. Since application specific processors are flexible than single purpose processor and faster than general purpose processor. Consumes less power and gives high efficiency.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
���������������� ��� �� ���������
���������� �� �
1. INTRODUCTION
An Embedded system is nearly a computing system other than a desktop computer.
Embedded systems are hard to define because they cover such a broad range of electronic
devices. Embedded system is a combination of hardware and software. An example is the
microwave oven. It is hardly realized that the oven actually consists of a processor and the
software running inside. Another example is the TV remote control. Very few actually realize
that there is a microcontroller inside that runs a set of programs especially for the TV.
Now days, embedded systems are used in many applications in medical field for
controlling various biomedical parameters. In this design, a micro-controller is used for
controlling the anesthesia machine automatically, depending upon the various biomedical
parameters such as body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate etc.
Major operations are performed to remove or reconstruct the infected parts in the human
body. These operations lead to blood loss and pain. Therefore it is necessary to arrest the pain
and the blood loss. Anesthesia plays important role in the part of painkilling. Hence, anesthesia is
very essential in performing painless surgery.
Three key technologies for embedded systems are
1. Processor technology
2. IC technology
3. Design technology
There are 3 types in processor technology
1. General-purpose processor
2. Application-specific processor
3. Single-purpose processor
In this implementation Application-specific processor is used. Since application specific
processors are flexible than single purpose processor and faster than general purpose processor.
Consumes less power and gives high efficiency.
���������������� ��� �� ���������
���������� �� �
2. MICROCONTROLLER BASED ANESTHESIA INJECTOR
Fig 2.1.1:-BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1 WORKING OF THE SYSTEM:-
As shown in fig 2.1.1, by using the keypad provided along with the Microcontroller, the
anesthetist can set the level of anesthesia to be administered to the patient in terms of milliliters
per hour (1ml to 1000ml).After receiving the anesthesia level from the keypad, the
Microcontroller sets the system to administer anesthesia to the prescribed level. It then analyses
various bio-medical parameters obtained from the sensors to determine the direction of rotation of
the stepper motor. The rotation of the stepper motor causes the Infusion Pump to move in forward
or in a backward direction and the anesthesia provided in the syringe is injected into the body of
the patient. If the level of anesthesia is decreased to lower level than the set value, the alarm gets
activated to alert than the set value, the alarm gets activated to alert the anesthetist to refill the anesthesia
in the syringe pump to continue the process. In this design, the total timing and opposite flow of blood will
also be detected by using Micro Controller.
���������������� ��� �� ���������
���������� �� �
2.2 COMPONENTS USED IN THE SYSTEM
• Microcontroller – to Control the overall operation
• Temperature Sensor – to measure body temperature
• Respiration Sensor – to measure respiration
• Heart Beat Sensor – to measure heartbeat
• A/D Converter – to convert the analog information in to a digital format.
• Stepper Motor – to control the movement of the Syringe Infusion Pump.
2.21 MICROCONTROLLER:-
A Microcontroller is an Application Specific Instruction set Processor (ASIP). A
microcontroller is a processor that has been optimized for embedded control applications. In fig.
2.21.1 pin diagram of 8051 is shown. In fig. 2.21.2 microcontroller architecture is shown.
Microcontroller has data paths that excel at bit level operations and at reading and writing
external bits. A microcontroller is a highly integrated chip that includes all or most of the parts
needed for a controller in a single chip. The microcontroller could be rightly called a one-chip
solution.
Fig 2.21.1:-Pin diagram of 8051
��������������
���
Fig 2.21.2
These processors are flexible, consume less power and achieve good performance. Such
processors require high NRE
microprocessor can be erased and reprogrammed and has 16 address lines. The Microcontroller
provides internal 256 bytes of RAM. Theses 256 bytes of internal RAM can be used along with
the external RAM.
internal RAM first 128 bytes of RAM is available for the user and the remaining 128 bytes are
used as special function registers (SFR). These SFRs are used as control registers for tim
port etc.
logically separated into Program memory and Data memory. This logical separation allows the
data memory to be addressed by 8
��������������� �
1.2:-Architecture
These processors are flexible, consume less power and achieve good performance. Such
processors require high NRE
microprocessor can be erased and reprogrammed and has 16 address lines. The Microcontroller
provides internal 256 bytes of RAM. Theses 256 bytes of internal RAM can be used along with
the external RAM. Externally a 64
internal RAM first 128 bytes of RAM is available for the user and the remaining 128 bytes are
used as special function registers (SFR). These SFRs are used as control registers for tim
They are Port 0, Port 1, Port2 and Port 3.
logically separated into Program memory and Data memory. This logical separation allows the
data memory to be addressed by 8
�� �� ���������
Architecture of 8051
These processors are flexible, consume less power and achieve good performance. Such
processors require high NRE
microprocessor can be erased and reprogrammed and has 16 address lines. The Microcontroller
provides internal 256 bytes of RAM. Theses 256 bytes of internal RAM can be used along with
Externally a 64
internal RAM first 128 bytes of RAM is available for the user and the remaining 128 bytes are
used as special function registers (SFR). These SFRs are used as control registers for tim
They are Port 0, Port 1, Port2 and Port 3.
logically separated into Program memory and Data memory. This logical separation allows the
data memory to be addressed by 8
������
of 8051
These processors are flexible, consume less power and achieve good performance. Such
(Non Recurring Engineering) cost.
microprocessor can be erased and reprogrammed and has 16 address lines. The Microcontroller
provides internal 256 bytes of RAM. Theses 256 bytes of internal RAM can be used along with
Externally a 64-kb of RAM can be connected with the microcontroller. In
internal RAM first 128 bytes of RAM is available for the user and the remaining 128 bytes are
used as special function registers (SFR). These SFRs are used as control registers for tim
They are Port 0, Port 1, Port2 and Port 3.
logically separated into Program memory and Data memory. This logical separation allows the
data memory to be addressed by 8-bit address.
These processors are flexible, consume less power and achieve good performance. Such
(Non Recurring Engineering) cost.
microprocessor can be erased and reprogrammed and has 16 address lines. The Microcontroller
provides internal 256 bytes of RAM. Theses 256 bytes of internal RAM can be used along with
kb of RAM can be connected with the microcontroller. In
internal RAM first 128 bytes of RAM is available for the user and the remaining 128 bytes are
used as special function registers (SFR). These SFRs are used as control registers for tim
They are Port 0, Port 1, Port2 and Port 3. As shown in fig
logically separated into Program memory and Data memory. This logical separation allows the
bit address.
These processors are flexible, consume less power and achieve good performance. Such
(Non Recurring Engineering) cost.
microprocessor can be erased and reprogrammed and has 16 address lines. The Microcontroller
provides internal 256 bytes of RAM. Theses 256 bytes of internal RAM can be used along with
kb of RAM can be connected with the microcontroller. In
internal RAM first 128 bytes of RAM is available for the user and the remaining 128 bytes are
used as special function registers (SFR). These SFRs are used as control registers for tim
As shown in fig
logically separated into Program memory and Data memory. This logical separation allows the
������� ��
These processors are flexible, consume less power and achieve good performance. Such
(Non Recurring Engineering) cost. The 4-kb ROM in the
microprocessor can be erased and reprogrammed and has 16 address lines. The Microcontroller
provides internal 256 bytes of RAM. Theses 256 bytes of internal RAM can be used along with
kb of RAM can be connected with the microcontroller. In
internal RAM first 128 bytes of RAM is available for the user and the remaining 128 bytes are
used as special function registers (SFR). These SFRs are used as control registers for tim
As shown in fig 2.21.3
logically separated into Program memory and Data memory. This logical separation allows the
������� ��
These processors are flexible, consume less power and achieve good performance. Such
kb ROM in the
microprocessor can be erased and reprogrammed and has 16 address lines. The Microcontroller
provides internal 256 bytes of RAM. Theses 256 bytes of internal RAM can be used along with
kb of RAM can be connected with the microcontroller. In
internal RAM first 128 bytes of RAM is available for the user and the remaining 128 bytes are
used as special function registers (SFR). These SFRs are used as control registers for timer, serial
2.21.3, the memory is
logically separated into Program memory and Data memory. This logical separation allows the
�
These processors are flexible, consume less power and achieve good performance. Such
kb ROM in the
microprocessor can be erased and reprogrammed and has 16 address lines. The Microcontroller
provides internal 256 bytes of RAM. Theses 256 bytes of internal RAM can be used along with
kb of RAM can be connected with the microcontroller. In
internal RAM first 128 bytes of RAM is available for the user and the remaining 128 bytes are
er, serial
he memory is
logically separated into Program memory and Data memory. This logical separation allows the