MICROBIOLOGY CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS Michael J. Pelczar, jr. Emeritus Vice President, Graduate Studies and Research Emeritus Professor of Microbiology University of Maryland * E. C. S. Chan Professor of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry McGill University Noel R. Krieg Alumni Distinguished Professor Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Diane D, Edwards Science Writer Mema F. Pelczar Contributor Teehnisohe Hoctechu^-Darmstadt FACHBEREICH10 -BI0U)GiE -BlbUothek- 8chnlttspahnstraB810 D - 6 4 2 87 D a r m art&4l 1w.4|r. McGRAW-HILL, INC. New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico'Milan Montreal New Delhi Paris San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
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MICROBIOLOGY - Dandelon...Morphology of Bacteria 107 Ultrastructure of Procaryotic Microorganisms 112 Flagella and Pili 112 Glycocalyx 118 * Cell Wall 119 Cytoplasmic Membrane 124
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MICROBIOLOGYCONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
Michael J. Pelczar, jr.Emeritus Vice President, Graduate Studies and ResearchEmeritus Professor of MicrobiologyUniversity of Maryland *
E. C. S. ChanProfessor of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of DentistryMcGill University
Noel R. KriegAlumni Distinguished ProfessorVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London MadridMexico'Milan Montreal New Delhi Paris San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Contents
Preface xxiSupplements Overview xxiv
PROLOGUE: Discovering the Microbial World 1
-jT-—-——?••- -y—j 1 Essential Biochemistry for Microbiology 22
^AN.OVERVIEWiOR r X i 2 The Scope of Microbiology 56MICROBIOLOGY 21 S i /' j 3 Characterization of Microorganisms 80
PART II 5 Nutritional Requirements and Microbiological Media 154NUTRITION AND CULTIVATION 6 Cultivation and Growth of Microorganisms 175OF MICROORGANISMS 153 ^
Y ~" . ^ * ~-\~ 9 The Major Groups of Procaryotic Microorganisms: Bacteria 242MAJOR GROUPS OF ^\ - • 1 " The Major Groups of Eucaryotic Microorganisms: Fungi, Algae,MICROORGANISMS* 24r V and Protozoa 271
Developments in Disease Prevention 11 ^Antisepsis 12 ~Immunization 12Chemotherapy 14
Developments in Nonmedical Microbiology 15Microbiology and Biochemistry 16Microbiology and Genetics (Molecular Biology) 17
J>ARTJAN OVERVIEW 0 F
d 2fj
Solubility of Compounds 28Solubility of lonizable Compounds 28Solubility of Polar Compounds 30Solubility of Nonpolar Compounds 30Amphipathic Compounds 30
Concentration of Compounds in Solution 30Acids, Bases, and pH 32
Acids 32Bases 32Salts 33Buffers 34
Important Biological Compounds 34Carbohydrates 34Lipids 36
• Proteins 39Nucleic Acids 42
Introduction to Chemical Reactions 46Chemical Reactions 46Enzymes 46
Preparing Microorganisms for Light Microscopy 95Wet-Mount and Hanging-Drop Techniques 95Staining Techniques 95
Information Used to Characterize Microorganisms 97Morphological Characteristics 97Nutritional and Cultural Characteristics 97Metabolic Characteristics 97
Chemical Elements As Nutrients 155Carbon 155Nitrogen 155Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus 155Other Elements 155
Nutritional Classification of Microorganisms 156Media Used for Cultivating Microorganisms 158
Media for the Growth of Bacteria 161Media for the Growth of Fungi 162Media for the Growth of Protozoa 163Media for the Growth of Algae 163Special-Purpose Media 163
Tissue-Culture Media and Methods 167Animal Cell Cultures 167Plant Cell Cultures 169
SUMMARY 170 • •
KEY TERMS 1 70
REVIEW GUIDE 171
REVIEW QUESTIONS 1 74
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 174 - _
DISCOVER!5.1 One Organism Can Help Another to Grow 157DISCOVER!5.2 Diet, Cancer, and Cell Culture Nutrition
PART IIICONTROL OFMICROORGANISMS
! Z 1 CULTIVATION AND GROWTHI " j OF MICROORGANISMS 175
Physical Conditions for Cultivation ofMicroorganisms 176
Temperature 176Gaseous Atmosphere 178pH 181Other Conditions 182
Reproduction and Growth of Microorganisms 183Reproduction in Eucaryotic Microorganisms 183Reproduction in Procaryotic
Microorganisms 187Growth of a Bacterial Culture 188
F f ^ CONTROL OFf ' ! MICROORGANISMS:- - J PRINCIPLES AND PHYSICAL
AGENTS 200
Fundamentals of Microbial Control 201Pattern of Death in a Microbial Population 201Conditions That Affect Antimicrobial
Activity 202Mechanisms of Microbial Cell Damage 204
High Temperatures 204Moist Heat 204Dry Heat 207Incineration 208
Low Temperatures 209Radiation 210
Ionizing Radiation 210Nonionizing Radiation 211 v
Filtration 212Membrane Filters 213High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters 213
DISCOVER!7.1 When Is a Microbe Really Dead? 203DISCOVER!7.2 Depuration of Shellfish to Control
Microorganisms 213
CONTROL OFi _ j ^ i | MICROORGANISMS: CHEMICAL
AGENTS 221Terminology of Chemical Antimicrobial Agents 222Characteristics of an Ideal Chemical Agent 222Major Groups of Disinfectants and Antiseptics 223
Phenol and Related Compounds 223Alcohols 225Halogens 226Heavy Metals and Their Compounds 228Detergents 228
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potency of Disinfectantsand Antiseptics 231
Energy Requirements of Microbial Cells 305Major Energy-Yielding Sources for
Microorganisms 306Chemical Energy and Energy Transfer 306
Energy Transfer Between Exergonic andEndergonic Chemical Reactions 306
Generation of ATP by Microorganisms 308Substrate-Level Phosphorylation 308Oxidative Phosphorylation 308Photophosphorylation 311
Pathways for Dissimilation of Nutrients 315Dissimilation of Complex Nutrients 315Glycolysis 316Regeneration of NAD 318Fermentation and Respiration As Related to
DISCOVER!14.1 Engineering a Vaccine Against Hepatitis
Type B 393
Morphology and Chemical Composition ofBacteriophages 409
Classification and Nomenclature ofBacteriophages 411
System of Classification Based on Differences inTranscriptional Processes 411 -
Bacteriophages of Escherichia coli 414Bacteriophage Life Cycles 415
The Lytic Life Cycle—Virulent Phages 415The Lysogenic Life Cycle—Temperate
Phages 418Nonintegrative Lysogeny 419
Morphology and Chemical Composition of Animaland Plant Viruses 421
Morphology 422Chemical Composition 422
Classification and Nomenclature of Animal and PlantViruses 423
System of Classification Based on Physical,Chemical, and Biological Characteristics 423
Replication of Animal and Plant Viruses 424Attachment (Adsorption) 424Penetration 425Biosynthesis of Virus Components 427Maturation and Assembly 427Release 429 ?
DISCOVER!18.1 Why Not Immunization of Green Plants? 483
Normal Flora of the Healthy Human Host 455Origin of the Normal Flqra 456Effect of the Normal Flora on the Human Host 456
Germfree Life 456 ^-Effect of Antimicrobial Agents on the Normal
Flora 458Characteristics of Normal Flora Organisms 459
Distribution and Occurrence of the Normal Flora 460Blood, Body Fluids, and Tissues 460Skin 460Eye 465Respiratory Tract 465Mouth 466Gastrointestinal Tract 468Genitourinary Tract 470
DISCOVER!17.1 Antibiotic-Associated Colitis 459DISCOVER!17.2 Candida^albicans, A Treacherous Guest! 469
19 THE IMMUNE RESPONSE:SPECIFIC HOSTRESISTANCE 500
Specific Immunity.and the Immune Response 501The Dual Nature of Specific Immunity 501Characteristics of the Specific Immune
Response 501The Lymphocytes 501The Immune System 502
Humoral Immunity 503The Antibody Response 503Mediators of Humoral Immunity 505The Basic Structure of an Antibody 506Antibody Classes and Functions 506Maturation of the Immune Response 509Immunologic Memory 509
Antigens 510Specificity and Immunogenicity 510Natural versus Artificial Antigens 511Soluble versus Cellular Antigens 511Thymus-Dependent and Thymus-lndependent
Antigens 512Adjuvants 513
-t
Hypersensitivity 513Immediate-Type, or Anaphylactic,
Hypersensitivity (Type I) 513Complement-Mediated, or Cytolytic,
Hypersensitivity (Type II) 514Immune-Complex, or Arthus, Hypersensitivity
(Type III) 514Delayed, or Cell-Mediated, Hypersensitivity ^(Type IV) 515
Cellular Immunity 515Transplantation Immunity 515Cellular Immunity to Viruses 516Implications of the T-Cell Response 517
Acquisition of Specific Immunity 518Natural versus Passive Acquisition ofv
Immunity 518Antibody Therapy and Immunotherapy 518
Infection, Immunity, and Immunodeficiency 518Immune Defects of T, B, or NK Cells or ofMacrophages 519
Effects of Immunodeficiency on AntibacterialDefenses 519
Effects of Immunodeficiency on AntiviralDefenses 520
Effects of Immunodeficiency on AnticancerDefenses 520