Microbial Diversity - KopyKitabPreface Microbial diversity and their metabolic activity in fishes are such a rapidly evolving fields. It is a comprehensive approach on microbial domain

Microbial Diversityof Fishes

Prof. (Dr.) K. Dhevendaran is a marine biologist and passed his M.Sc in AnnamalaiUniversity with First class and continued his Ph.D. in Marine Microbiology and wasawarded Ph.D degree in the same university during 1978. He has outstandingcontributions for the past three decades on arylsulfatase in marine organisms and L-asparaginase in marine Streptomyces to his credit. He is often pioneer to present a greatdeal of scientific findings in the geographical region of South India. He is the firstscientist in India who received the D.Sc., degree in Marine Microbiology from Keralauniversity, Thiruvananthapuram during 2001. Based on his scientific contributions he hasbeen nominated to the international committee for �Albert Einstein� science award,Mexico. He is also one of the selection committee members for the Indian citizens to theforeign fellowships like Japanese and Chinese in the Ministry of Human Resource andDevelopment, New Delhi. He received twice Eureka Forbes award for the best scientificpapers in the science congress during 1995 and 1997, also best paper presentation awardin March 2007 and Swedish Science Congress award for producing the meritorious Ph.D.,thesis in Kerala University, Thiruvananthapuram. He is a nominated fellow to the societyof Fishery Technologists, Kochi for his outstanding contributions in fishery microbiology.He published more than 120 scientific papers in the journals of international repute. 25Ph.D and 35 M.Phil., students were awarded degrees under his able guidance. He is amember of various scientific societies like Society of General Microbiology, U.K., Societyof Aquatic Microbiology, USA and Society of Marine Biotechnology, Japan and Europe.Now he is also a Professor in the department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, Universityof Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram and one of the PAC committee members (AnimalSciences) of DST, Delhi. Moreover, he is also a member in UGC committee as subjectexpert outside the Kerala State. At present he is a Professor in Biotechnology at SASTRAUniversity, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. He is one of the UGC-Expert committee members for thereview of Deemed to be University since 2010 onwards. About the Book

Microbial activity and applications are the rapidly evolving fields and our

understanding of the productive eco-biology of aquatic ecosystem is still immature. It ispossible through the proper management practices of micro flora of environment and inthe gut of the fish are for the healthier nature of environment and the biota.

The book is a comprehensive approach, designed to enable the reader to quickly accessthe most current information as well to obtain alternative perspective oninterdisciplinary subjects. It is a holistic approach in understanding the subject ofmicrobial diversity in aquatic organisms. Key features of this book include the followings:such as that each chapter begins with a list of expected outcomes and ends with anoutcomes assessment to ensure one�s understanding of the material presented andcoverage of microbiology applications in agriculture, aquaculture, medicine, health,biotechnology, industry and environment. The book in its coverage is suitable as a textfor an introductory course in Fishery Microbiology and Biotechnology in academicdiscipline at post graduate level and also in research.

Microbial Diversity of Fishes– A Colour Handbook –

K. Dhevendaran

2013Daya Publishing House®

A Division of

Astral International Pvt. Ltd.New Delhi – 110 002

© 2013 AUTHOR2013 EBOOK FORMATISBN 978-93-5130-100-4Despite every effort, there may still be chances for some errors and omissions to have crept ininadvertently. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means,electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the priorpermission of the copyright ownePublished by : Daya Publishing House®

A Division ofAstral International (P) Ltd81, Darya Ganj,Near Hindi Park,Delhi Medical Association Road,New Delhi-110002Phone: +91-11-43549197, 23278134Fax: +91-11-232443060e-mail: [email protected]: www.astralint.com

— Dedicated to —Late Prof. N. Balakrishnan Nair

Foreword

For human society, both coastal areas and Inland water bodies are an importantinterface between terrestrial land and water based activities. Indian continent has greaterpotentials of fishery resources. Today, our understanding of the productive eco-biologyof aquatic ecosystems is still poor. Both capture fisheries and aquaculture are appliedsciences drawing concepts, expertise and insight from biological, ecological andtechnological sciences. Can we design production system that mimic all processesoccurring in nature, while providing the aquatic organisms with all necessary micro- andmacro-nutrients? It is possible through proper management practices of micro flora offish ponds to improve the gut micro flora of fishes. Eco-friendly integrated farming�spave the way for heal their ecosystem. Unsaturated fatty acids and fish meal for proteinsources from fishes have both nutritive and medicinal values. Based on the above factsand scientific information, this book entitled �Microbial Diversity of Fishes� is acomprehensive approach on microbial diversity, fish nutrition, fish health management,antibiotic potentials, immunostimulants, processing technology and bio-fertilizers in fishponds. For bringing out such a valuable book with advanced knowledge on techniqueknow how of microbial activities in fisheries, I really appreciate Prof. K. Dhevendaran,SASTRA University, Thanjavur and it is an added feather to his cape of scientific tempo.For fishery technologists-a-wealth of technological, biological, ecological andeconomicinformation, are available in this text book to certain extent. Any advancement in thisdirection marks the milestone to develop and disseminate scientific technologicalknowledge to the Post Graduate students and also to research scholars.

I wish him all success in his endeavor.Prof. R. Sethuraman

Vice -Chancellor,SASTRA University,

Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu

Preface

Microbial diversity and their metabolic activity in fishes are such a rapidly evolvingfields. It is a comprehensive approach on microbial domain in fish for the author and thepublisher to plan to update it annually. The text book is linked to the very wheels ofvehicle for modern approach and information dissemination. The investigation onintestinal and surface micro flora in fish has strong effect on the nutritional status ofanimals. Moreover, the nutritive and medicinal values of fin fish and shellfish have beenrecognized for long time. It is ubiquitous in society. It impacts the environment,nutrition, industry and health of animal and human.

In view of the foregoing, an introductory text book on microbial domain should, tosome extent, integrate all areas of application. Another aspect of importance that shouldbe addressed in an introductory fishery microbiology text book is the matter relating tothe acceptance of the processes and products by the beneficiary of research in microbialactivity of aquatic biota. This text book may be used as a preliminary text orsupplementary book for a post graduate course.

I take this opportunity to thank our honorable Vice-Chancellor, Prof. R. Sethuramanfor his unbounded encouragement and enthusiastic support. But for his moral guidance,it is highly impossible to bring out this important scientific text book for the benefits ofpost graduate students and research scholars. I am immensely indebted to Dr.Swaminathan, S., Dean, Sponsored Research and Dr. K. Sridharan, Dean, School ofChemical and Biotechnology for their advice, guidance and support.

I am very much obliged to scientists and technologists for constructive criticism.The last but not the least I would extend my deep sense of appreciation to my beloved

wife, P. Ragupathy Devi, M.A., M.Ed., and loving children, D. Vasanthi, B.E., M.S. (USA)and D. Diana, B.Tech. (Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai) who stood behind me tocomplete the text book in time.

ContentsForewordPreface1. General IntroductionEpiphytic Microflora: –Commensals Inside Animals: –Competition for Nutrients: 52. Survey of Microorganism in Fish, Sponges and Photosynthetic Bacteria in Polluted RettingZone3. Microbial Nutrition of FishesIntroduction: –Azolla Feed: –Silage Based Diet: –Diet with Single Cell Protein (SCP): –GutMicroflora: –Cellulase: –Experiments in Azolla Feeds: –Growth Studies: –NutritionalGrouping of Gut Microflora: –Cellulase Activity: –Experiments with Aquatic MacrophyteFeed (Silage and Powder): –Growth Studies: –Nutritional Grouping of Gut Microflora:4. Application of Streptomyces to the Feed as Single Cell Protein for Growth of OrnamentalFish5. Microbial Probiotics in FishesIntroduction: –Antogonism against Pathogens:6. Probiotics and Efficacy in AquacultureIntroduction: –Attributes of Probiotics: –Viability: –Colonization: –Stabilization: –Functionality of Probiotics: –Growth Promotion: –Immunostimulation/Immunomodulation: –Antagonism: –Antibioses for Host Benefits: –Why Probiotic – Feeding?: –Probiotics inAquaculture: –Commercialization:7. Microbial Association with Fishery ProductsIntroduction: –Microorganisms Associated with Fish: –Microorganism Associated withShellfish: –Marine Biodiversity: –Microbial Association with Fish and Shellfish: –MarineMicrobial Diversity: –Prawn and Shrimps: –Fin-Fish: –Ornamental Fishes:8. Complement System of FishIntroduction: –Basic Functions of Complement: –Complement Components of the Fish: –Opsonization: –Immunocompetent Organs in Teleosts: –Lymphoid Organs: –TheImmunological Defence Mechanisms of Fish Against Bacteria and Viruses:9. Innate Defence Mechanisms Against BacteriaIntroduction: –Integumental Innate Defences: –Mucus: –Antibacterial Peptides: –Proteases:–Lectins: –Lysozyme: –Acquired Defence Mechanism Against Bacteria: –Anti-adhesins: –Anti-toxins: –Anti-invasins: –Defence Mechanisms Against Viral Diseases: –TheImmunological Defence Mechanisms of Fish Against Fungal Infections: –CommonlyEncountered Fungal Diseases: –Fish Antibodies: –Antibody Structure in Fish: –AntibodyResponse in Fish: –Parasites of Fish: –Parasites of Shellfish: –Symptoms:10. Colour Changes and the Chromgenic Variations of the Fish by the Application of theDifferent Mycelial Coloured Streptomyces spp. to the FeedIntroduction: 73–Carotenoids in Microorganisms: 7411. Metazoan Parasites of FishesIntroduction: –Musculature: –Integument: –Intestine and Food Uptake: –MonogeneanParasites: –Monogenea (Gill and Skin Flukes): –Trematoda, Digenea: –Acathocephala: –System: –Life Cycle: –Attachment: –Non-Perforating Acanthocephalans: –Perforating

Acanthocephalans: –Food Uptake: –Integument: –Metasoma: –Praesoma: –Proboscis Hooks:–Proboscis Cavity: –Musculature: –Excretory System: –Reproduction: –ReproductiveOrgans: –The Female Reproductive System Consists of Two Major Tubes: –Gametogenesis: –Fertilization: –Postzygotic Development: –Leeches: –Integument: –Intestine and FoodUptake: –Excretory System: –Nervous System: –Copepod Parasites: –Argulus: –Identification: –The Life Cycle of Argulus: –Treatments: –Disease Diagnosis:12. Microbial DiseasesIntroduction: –Pre-Sterilization of Surgery Cell: –Surgery: –External Parts: –Internal Parts:13. Microbial Spoilage in Fish and Shellfish14. Bacteriology of Fresh FishIntroduction: –Quantitative Aspects: –Qualitative Aspects: –Bacteriology of FreshCrustacean Shellfish: –Qualitative Aspects: –Bacteriology of Molluscan Shellfish: –Qualitative Aspects: –Bacteriology of Freshwater Fish: –Quantitative Aspects: –QualitativeAspects: –Bacteriology of Frozen Fish and Shellfish: –Quantitative Aspect: –QualitativeAspects: –Bacteriology of Dried Fish and Shellfish: –Quantitative Aspects: –QualitativeAspects: –Bacteria of Public Health Significance from Fish and Shellfish: –Seafood BornePathogenic Bacteria: –Non-Indigenous Bacteria: –Indigenous Bacteria: –Acute Infections: –Acute Toxemia: –Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Types: –Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA): –Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB): –Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type C (SEC): –Staphylococcal Enterotoxin D (SED): –Staphylococcal Type E (SEE): –StaphylococcalEnterotoxin Type G (SEG): –Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type H (SHE): –StaphylococcalEnterotoxin Type I (SEI): –Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type J (SEJ): –Resistance toProteolytic Enzymes: –Heat Resistance: –Immunological Assays: –Double GelImmunodiffusion: –Radio Immuno Assay (RIA): –Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay(ELISA): –Reverse Passive Latex Agglutination (RPLA) Assay: –Nucleic Acid Based MethodsUsed for the Detection of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus: –Incidence of StaphylococcalFood Poisoning: –Incidence and Enterotoxigencity of S. aureus in Fish and FisheryProducts:15. Fish VaccinationIntroduction: –Vaccines: –Vaccination for Controlling Disease: –History of FishVaccination: –Vaccination Methods: –Injection Vaccination: –Oral Vaccination: –ImmersionVaccination:16. Methods of Assessing VaccinesIntroduction: –The Challenge Route: –The Method of Calculating Effectiveness: –RelativePer cent Survival (RPS): –Increase in Lethal Dose 50 per cent (LD50): –Vaccines in theFuture: –Genetic Recombination : –Genetic Attenuation: –Protein Engineering: –Anti-idiotype Vaccines:17. Vaccination Against VibriosisIntroduction:–Geographical and Host Range: –Vibrio Species/Strain Variation: –Pathogenicity: –Epidemiology: –Chemotherapy: –Nature of Vibrio Vaccines:18. Vaccine DevelopmentIntroduction: –Injection: –Oral Vaccine: –Hyperosomotic–Immersion Vaccines: –Immersionor Dip Vaccination: –Bath Vaccination: –Spray Vaccination:19. Vaccine TrialsIntroduction:–Immunity: –Effectiveness: –Limitations of Present Vaccines: –Adjuvants:

20. Viral Diseases of FishIntroduction: –Viral Haemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS): –Infectious Haematapoietic Necrosis(IHN): –Spring Virenia of Carp (SVC): –Swim Bladder Inflammation of Carp (SBI):–Pike FryRhabdovirus Disease: –Epitheliocystis and Bluegill Virus: –Cauliflower Disease of EuropeanEels: –Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN): –Viral Renal Disease in Eels: –Channel CatfishVirus Disease (CCVD): –Herpesvirus Disease in Kokanee Salmon and Rainbow Trout: –PoxDisease in Cyprinids (Papilloma Disease): –Lymphocystis Disease: –Piscine ErythrocyteNecrosis (PEN):21. Impact of Pollution on the Outbreak of Microbial DiseasesIntroduction: –Study Sites: –Examination of Body Lesions: –Bacteriology: –Observations:–Epizoatic Ulcervative Syndrome (EUS): –Prevalence in Relation to Different Species of Fish:–Haemorrhagic Septicaemia: –Tail and Fin Rot: –Bacterial Load: –Epizoatic UlcervativeSyndrome (EUS): –Haemorrhagic Septicaemia: –Tail and Fin Rot: –Conclusion:22. Dilution of the Pathological SamplesIntroduction: –Media: –Culturing of the Samples: –Incubation Temperature: –CharactersExamined:23. Characterization, Classification and Identification24. Fungi: Molds and Yeast25. Characterization of Microbes with Special Reference to Streptomyces spp.Introduction: –Biochemical Characterization: -SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope): –Observations with Tables and Figures: –Systematics of Twleve Selected Streptomyces spp.:26. MicroscopeIntroduction: –Types of Microscope: –Light Microscope Includes: –Dark Field Microscope:–Autoradiography: –Limitations of Electron Microscopy:27. Immunostimulatory Effect on FishesIntroduction: –Specific Antibody Response:28. Streptomyces as Immunostimulant on Ornamental Fish, Vieja synspilus (Flower Horn)Introduction: –Observations: –Conclusion:Bibliography

Chapter 1General Introduction

The nature and the association of microorganisms over the surface of the body, insidethe digestive system as well as in the reproductive system of fish, shellfish and prawn arethus warranting. There is an increasing interest in fish as food and as pets promoted theawareness of aquaculture as an industry. This would enjoy the same success as poultryfarming as achieved in India. With increasing advancement in Science and Technologyon industrialization and urbanization on the banks of the rivers and on the coastal belt ofthe oceans and estuaries, there is every possibility for the concomitant impact ofanthropogenic pollutants on the very survival of the microbes as well as the physiologicaland biochemical activities of the host organisms like fish, shellfish and prawn and otherbiota.

The interactions of the microorganisms on the surface of seaweeds and in the fish andshellfish are quite unique and diversified. Microorganisms in the strict sense deal withbacteria, fungi, streptomycetes, blue green algae, virus, etc. The relationship betweenmicroorganisms and host animals may be for their mutual benefit. Such a symbiosis existsin a good number of organisms like fish and shellfish preferably the silver bellies such asleognathid fish (Figures 1.1 and 1.2).

The reason for this sort of association for the supply of food to the microorganisms thecomponents of the micro biota has revealed a wide variety of functions to the hostorganisms.

Epiphytic MicrofloraFurthermore, the interaction of microorganisms on the surface of a huge number of

plants and animals is for the temporary settlement or at times for producing a layerswarming growth (Figure 1.3).

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2

Invariably right from the cyanobacteria to aquatic mammals a number of creaturesserve as substrate for settlement of microbes. The cyanobacteria colonized microbial cellswhere the rod shaped or coccal shaped bacterial colonies are arranged over the cell wall(Dhevendaran et. al. 2004). However, the vigorously growing algae eliminate theattachment of the microorganisms. It may be to some degree due to bacteriostatic orbactericidal substances exudated by the plants. Microbes are also found on the surface ofthe skin of the varieties of fish and shellfish. Dhevendaran and Maya (1998) observedmainly gram negative non-sporing rods and gram positive rods and coccals along theArabian Sea (Figure 1.3). Obviously there were only minor taxonomic differencesbetween bacterial population of fish and shellfish. Vibrio spp., Pseudomonas spp,Micrococcus spp., Flavobacterium spp., Bacillus spp., Aeromonas spp. and members of thefamily Enterobacteriaceae were on the surface of the fish and shellfish. The excreta ofanimals and the torn off tissues of animals could serve as nutrients for the microbial floraon the surface (Figure 1.4).

Commensals Inside AnimalsThe complex microbial diversity of the intestinal tract provides both nutritional

benefit and protection against the pathogens. It is vital in modulating interactions withoutside environment and inside development of beneficial immune responses. In theintestine of cultivable species of fish such as Etroplus suratensis, E. maculatus, Oreochromismossambicus, Labeo rohita, Carassius auratus and Cybrinus carbio and in prawn,Macrobrachium idella the microbial diversity are almost similar as mentioned above(Dhevendaran and Manju 1997, 2002). These investigations have demonstrated that theintestinal micro biota has a strong effect on the nutritional status of animals which willbe discussed in the later chapters. It became evident that the kind of food the fish orshellfish consumed has considerable influence on their indigenous intestinal micro flora.At a prolonged starvation bacteria could still be demonstrated in the empty intestine(Mercy Abraham 1989). Some authors (Dhevendaran et al., 1978 and 2004; Maya et al.,1990) believed that the gut micro flora have come from food of fish or shellfish. Whatevermay be the source the end result may be the breakdown of the complex organic matterby the microbes to facilitate the utilization of the host organisms. Further more, AnnieMathew (1995) demonstrated the association of the antagonistic streptomycetes in thegut of the fish and shellfish and their involvement for the decomposition of the organicmatter and the antagonistic property against the pathogens either in the gut or in theengulfed food materials (Figure 1.5).

This sort of probiotics is usually through the members of the healthy intestinalstreptomycetes. Though certain strains of Escherichia coli and Coli forms are found in theintestine of the fish in the estuarine environment, it is (Figure 1.6) quite obvious thattheir occurrence indicates the sewage loaded water. (Dhevendaran and Sally, 2000).

Figure 1.3

Red-Tail Butterfly Fish (Chaetodon collare)

face="Palatino Linotype, serif">Sponges (Mycale mytilorum (Annandale)

Plants and Lakes

Microbial Diversity of Fishes: A ColourHandbook

Publisher : Astral InternationalPvt Ltd ISBN : 9788170357865 Author : Dhevendaram,

Prof . (Dr.) K.

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/3126

Get this eBook