Microbial and Nutrient Study in Alkaline Soil Used for Cultivation of Different Varieties of Mulbary Plant

8/10/2019 Microbial and Nutrient Study in Alkaline Soil Used for Cultivation of Different Varieties of Mulbary Plant

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International Journal of Agricultural

Science and Research (IJASR)

ISSN(P): 2250-0057; ISSN(E): 2321-0087

Vol. 4, Issue 6, Dec 2014, 81-94

TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

MICROBIAL AND NUTRIENT STUDY IN ALKALINE SOIL USED FOR CULTIVATION

OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF MULBERRY PLANTS

YASHVANT RAO1, NAVEEN KUMAR NIGAM

2, RAJAN VERMA

3,

VENKATESH K. R4

& ANIL KUMAR5

1,5Centre for Nanosciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gujarat, India

2,3,4 Department of Applied Animal Sciences, BBAU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT

This research work, the soil having the alkaline range from 7.9 to 9.2 pH was found to have an effect on number

of soil microbes per gram of sample. Soil sample AR-14 was found to have the highest number of bacterial colonies.

The fungal colonies observed in the sample was 9.0 105, represent at pH 9.2 proved the unfavorable for growth of

the soil fungi. In soil samples S-1 and BR-2 marked decrease was observed in the number of soil fungi and bacteria.

Factors such as source of Carbon, Nitrogen, Vitamins and trace elements determine the rate of spore development

under natural conditions. The high value of potassium content was measured in this study. The majorities of bacteria

isolated from soil samples were gram negative bacteria. The present study represent that soil sample high pH (9.2) and

K content (212 ppm) is capable of supporting the growth of maximum number of bacteria and soil higher concentration of

Cu favors abundant growth of soil fungi carrying out biodegradation during their secondary metabolism.

KEYWORDS: Microbes, Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Gram-Positive, Gram-Negative, PDA, Sericulture

INTRODUCTION

The microbes are playing an important role in soil, agriculture, silk industry and food sciences, microbes can

boom and decrease the production of fruits as well as silk both in the sericulture. Sericulture is an art of rearing silkworm

for the production of cocoons which is the raw material for the production of silk. Sericulture is essentially a great

industry, providing employment to a talented section of the population. Although Sericulture is considered as a subsidiary

occupation, technological innovation has made it possible to take up an intensive scale capable of generating adequate

income. Mulberry is a fast growing deciduous woody perennial plant. The leaves are simple, alternate, stipulate, petiolate,

entire or lobed. Soil matters more in the growth rate of any plant. Mulberry grows in a wide range of soils and mulberry

is a deep rooted perennial plant. Therefore, the soil with good water holding capacity and good air penetration is more

suitable. The acidic soils ranging from 6.2 - 6.8 pH reveal the healthy growth of the mulberry plant. Minerals and

nutrients have been dissolved in the soil, water contribute to the soil solution that is the nutrient lifeline for plants.

Soil Components

The soil has been composed of five major components such as inorganic matter, organic matter, soil, air, water

soluble nutrients and soil microorganisms. The organic matter content of mineral surface soils ranges from less than 0.5

percent in highly weathered, sandy soils to more than 6% in poorly drained soils. Initially, plant residues are attacked bysoil animals such as insects or worms. Carbon has changed to carbon dioxide, and complex nitrogen compounds are
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82 Yashvant Rao, Naveen Kumar Nigam, Rajan Verma, Venkatesh K. R & Anil Kumar

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.3594 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

transformed into soluble forms that plants can use. Humus also having significant store house of phosphorus and sulphur.

The climate and soil of region have a great bearing on foundations, availability and degree of decomposition of organic

material in the soil while the land use pattern significantly influences of the soil organic carbon. Minerals and nutrients

that have been dissolved in the soil, water contributes to the soil solution that is the nutrient lifeline for plants.The amount of minerals in the soil and the rate at which dissolved into water help determine the fertility of the soil. Fungi

and soil-living bacteria, instead of artificial fertilizers, are improving crop yields, boosting harvests, and saving money for

some developing world farmers.

The mulberry (Kumar R. V. et al ., 2012) can grow on the saline alkali soil containing salt below 2% where the

plantation is setup on the saline alkali soil measure must be taken to build up high rigid, enticement ash the salt with fresh

water and plant such salt tolerant green manure crop as sesbania in order to lower salt content.

The soil considered as an excellent habitat for insect pathogenic fungi and other microorganisms since it is

protected from UV radiation and buffered against extreme biotic and abiotic influences. Soils typically contain 109 to1010 microorganisms per gram dry weight (Srivastava et al., 1998) which represent more than a million bacterial

species. Soil microbiology deals with the microorganisms present in soil, important function of soil microorganisms to

decompose various kinds of organic matter and mineralization of various organic constitutions. Mineralization of organic

carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur by soil microorganisms makes these elements available for plants and either

organism. The fertility of soil has been fixing atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds used by plants to synthesize

protein and organic nitrogenous compounds. Our basic food supply depends on the trillions of microbes that exist in the

soil, degrading organic matter, recycling nitrogen, carbon, and producing new soil. The rhizosphere, area surrounding the

roots of most plants, contains a wide variety of microorganisms that help the plant to absorb minerals and nutrients, have

nodules on their roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which take nitrogen from the air and produce nitrogen

compounds to use in synthesis of amino acids and protein. Microbes are alive, and must have nutrition to survive,

and that nutrition comes from organic matter. Microbes create foods like nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus,

potassium and trace minerals for our plants. Microbes convert the NPK and minerals in the soil into plants used to grow

and produce decent quality and quantity of foliages. Insect pathogenic fungi the genera Beauveria, Conidiobolus,

Metarhizium and Paecilomyces are all commonly found in the soil (Domsch et al., 1980). For over 80 years it has

been known that there is a large discrepancy between the number of bacterial colonies that form on solid media when

soil used an inoculum and the total number of bacterial cells actually present in that same soil (Cutler, et al., Jensen,

1968 and Wellington, et al., 1997). Conns description (Conn, H. J, 1918) of the inability of microbiologists to culture

most soil microorganisms. (Hiware C.J, 2001). The absence of pure cultures or genome sequences makes it difficult to

ascertain the roles of specific microbes in soil environments, this is particularly true for bacteria in the phylum

Acidobacteria, which are broadly distributed in soils but poorly represented in culture. Microbes are everywhere, their

populations in soil are numerous as many as one billion of up to 13,000 species can reside in a single gram of soil (David

A. Zuberer, 2008). Most microbes need organic carbon to live, they get this from eating wood chips, leaves, manures and

other organic materials added to the soil. As microbes digest organic matter, they create humus which increases soil

structure, good for root penetration and development. Microbes also get some carbon from the rhizosphere (the area

immediately around plant roots) because roots give off substances the microbes can use, like sugars and amino acids and

then the microbes convert some of it back in forms the plants can use , as minerals, vitamins, nitrogen and amino acids.Some microbes (like some bacteria and blue-green algae) are able to fix nitrogen from the air and make it available to


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Microbial and Nutrient Study in Alkaline Soil Used for 83Cultivation of Different Varieties of Mulberry Plants


plants. Some plants and trees cannot grow if deprived of specific microbes (mycorhizal fungi) around their roots.

Microbes break down contaminants and toxins, like oil spills and toluene from gasoline leaks, and action is

bioremediation and research is ongoing to select microbes that digest other toxins in our soils. Some isolates have

recently been cultured by new culture media and extended incubation periods to increase the numbers of colonies formedisolates from plates, receiving only small inoculate and yielding only small numbers of colonies (Janssen, P. H, 2002,

Joseph, S. J, 2003 and Sait, M. P, 2002). The phylogenetic groups of bacteria are globally distributed and abundant in

terms of the contributions of individuals of those groups to total soil bacterial communities (Buckley, et al., 2002,

Hugenholtz, et al ., 1998 and Rappe, et al., 2003). They lack membrane-bound organelles, and can function and

reproduce as individual cells, but often aggregate in multicellular colonies. A group of microscopic, single-celled

organisms that inhabit virtually environments, including soil, water, organic matter, and the bodies of multicellular

animals. Bacteria are distinguished in part by their morphological and genetic features, for instance, spherical, rodlike,

or spiral shapes. They also can be divided into two main groups, gram-positive or gram-negative.

Plant Nutrients

The availability and interactions of nutrients and need for assessing the availability of micro-nutrients and

their relation with soil chemical properties in the crop field soil has been emphasized (Bongale U. D. and Lingaiah,

1998). Soil micronutrients have attained special significance in recent times and organic matter being a major source of

plant micronutrients (Bongale U. D. and Lingaiah, 1997). The plants need macro and microelements for their growth

and life cycle. The Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur, Iron,

Manganese, Zinc, Copper and Boron are essentially required. In addition, four more elements viz. Sodium, Cobalt,

Vanadium and Silicon have also been established as essential nutrients plants. (Bose P. C. and Majumdar M. K,

1996). Zinc, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Boron, Magnesium, Sulphur are essential as macronutrients for all plants.

Importance of Soil Nutrients

Nitrogen is necessary for chlorophyll synthesis and as a part of the chlorophyll molecule, is involved in

photosynthesis. Phosphorus is essential for plant growth. In agricultural soil, Phosphorus depletion as a result of

successive crop (Morel C. et al., 1995). Phosphorus is a component of ADP, ATP, DNA and various RNA. It plays a

role in photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer, cell division, cell enlargement and several other processes

in living plants. It prevents the harmful effect of excess of nitrogen in the soil (Gupta P.K, 2003). Potassium is essential

for growth and development of plants. In mulberry potassium plays in important role in various biochemical functions,

development and yield of foliage, in addition to improvement in the leaf quality (Shankar M.A. et al., 1995). Potassium is

absorbed by Plants in ionic form. It is essential for protein synthesis. Calcium stimulates root and leaf development,

microbial activity and uptake of the other nutrient. It forms compounds which is part of cell walls. It helps to reduce

nitrate-nitrogen to activate plant enzyme to neutralize organic acid in plants. It is required in the large quantities of

nitrogen fixing bacteria (Gupta P.K, 2003). Magnesium is taken up by the plant as the Mg++ cation Mg ion is the

central atom in the chlorophyll molecules, so it is actively involved in the photosynthesis. Magnesium also aids in

phosphate metabolism, plant respiration and the activation of many enzyme systems (Gupta P.K, 2003). Sulfur is a part

of every living cell and constitute of two of the 21 amino acids which form proteins. It helps in developing enzymes and

vitamins. It is necessary in chlorophyll formation, although it is not constituted of Chlorophyll. Iron is an importantconstituent of many enzymes, particularly the respiratory enzymes. It is also essential for the synthesis of chlorophyll.


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The role of Boron in mulberry growth is unknown, but it appears to be involved in the translocation of the sugar and

utilization of calcium in cell wall formation. Manganese is a part of enzyme systems in plants. It activates several

metabolic reactions and plays a direct role in photosynthesis by aiding the chlorophyll synthesis. Manganese accelerates

germination and maturity while increasing the availability of P and Ca. Zn is essential for the transformation ofcarbohydrates and regulates consumption of sugars and it is part of the enzyme systems which regulate plant growth.

Copper is necessary for chlorophyll formation in the plants. This is a co-factor for many oxidation enzymes

involved in respiration.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection of Samples: Soil samples was collected from campus of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University,

Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh,.Soil samples were collected in polythene bags (Akinyanju and Fadayomi, 1989). The soil was

dug out using augers up to 0-30cm depth. The samples were collected from different mulberry varieties plots namely S-1,

BR-2, AR-14, S-1635, S-146(Kumar R. V. et al ., 2012).

Soil pH Determination: 10gm of soil into a 100ml beaker with 30ml of sterile distilled water the suspension was

left to stand for 30 minutes and know the pH of settled suspension.

Preparation of Media: Where taken two media such as Nutrient Agar (NA) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA).

hence is the most commonly used in growth media and autoclaved at 121C for 15 minutes for the cultivation of fungi and

bacterial.

Isolation of Bacteria: Each 10gm of soil samples dissolved in 90ml of sterilized water in conical flasks.

The soil suspension was diluted in using serial dilution techniques ranging from 10-1 to 10-5 for the isolation of

bacteria. Each time the sample transferred must be thoroughly mixed with the dilution fluid before putting the next test

tube. Marked with two plates for each tube dilution on the bottom with the dilution. From each dilution tube (but not

the 10-2) place 1 ml of dilution fluid into each of two sterile petri plates. Taken a flask for Nutrient Agar from the 45C

water bath and pour nutrient agar into each petri plate for that set and placed in the incubator at room temperature for 24

hours. One ml of each dilution was spread into petri plates with the help of spreader on the nutrient agar medium. The

plates were incubated at 300C for 24 hours for bacterial isolation.

Isolation of Fungi: Further 10gm of soil samples of mulberry varieties were transferred into 90 ml in 250 ml,

and diluted in serial dilution up to 10-2 to 10-5. 100 ml dilution blank is 10-2 and the tubes sequentially are 10-3, 10-4 and

10-5. transferred 1ml from the 10-3 dilution of the 10-4 dilution blank, then from the 10-4 to the 10-5. One ml of each

dilution spread into petriplates of PDA and incubated at 280C for 24 hours for fungal isolation.

Study of Microbial Population: Isolated bacterial and fungal colonies was counted by calculation of no. of

Soil microorganisms:


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Gram Staining of Bacterial Isolates: The staining procedure is as follows-( Gram, 1884) A thin film of young

culture (smear) is fixed on a clean slide. The smear is stained for one minute with ammonium oxalate crystal violet.

The slide has been washed with tap water for not more than 2 second to remove excess stain and immersed for one

minute in Lugoi

s iodine solution. The bacteria become deeply stained and appear deep purple in colour. Slide washedwith tap water and blot-dried. The slide is gently agitated for 30 seconds in 95% ethyl alcohol and blot-dried. Gram

negative bacteria lose in this step (i.e. decolourize).however, the gram positive ones retain deep purple colour. The slide is

now counter stained for 10 seconds in the safranin solution. The slide is washed to tap water, dried and examined under

electron microscope.

Analysis of Micro and Macronutrients: Organic carbon was estimated by Walky and Black wet oxidation

method. Macronutrients namely available P (Olsens Method), K (Flame Photometer), S (Turbidometry method) and

micro nutrients, namely Zinc, Iron, Copper and Manganese were digested with di-acid mixture (perchloric acid and nitric

acid) and estimated with the aid of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The pH of soil samples of different mulberry varieties ranges 7.9 to 9.2 (Table 1) which indicate the alkaline

nature of soil. The pH value was alkaline in S-146 (7.9), BR-2 (8.5), S-1635 (8.9), S-1 (8.6), and AR-14 (9.2).

The degree of alkalinity was also found in S-1635, S-1, S-146, AR-14 and BR-2 mulberry varieties. Further fungi were

isolated (Table 2) the study revealed that five soil samples of different mulberry varieties were isolated from soils.

Minimum number of colonies per plate population of fungi was counted in S-146 (45), S-1635 (11), AR-14 (9) S-1 (8) and

BR-2 (6) respectively and found maximum in S-146 (45). The least number of fungi was isolated and colony was counted

from the soil sample BR-2 (6). Bacteria were isolated as such which shown in Table 2. The data concluded that the soil

samples of different mulberry varieties were taken and bacteria were isolated from soils. Minimum colony number per

plate population of bacteria was counted in AR-14 (57), S-1635 (43), BR-2 (19), S-1 (17) and S-146 (10) respectably.

The maximum number of bacteria was isolated in AR-14 (57) and the least number of bacteria was isolated and colony was

counted in S-146 (10). In soil samples S-1 and BR-2 marked decrease and observed in the number of fungi and bacteria.

Further colony counted bacterial samples was taken for gram staining to differentiate gram positive and gram negative

bacteria. The both gram positive and gram negative found in all soil samples.

The organic carbon content in all mulberry soil samples were deficient, i.e. S-1635 (0.15%), S-1(0. 39 %),

BR-2 (0. 33 %), S-146(0.40 %) and AR-14 (0. 20%) respectively. The P content mulberry soil samples were shown in

Table 3 i.e. S-1635 (19. 8 kg/ha), S-1(18.0 kg/ha), BR-2 (13.5 kg/ha), S-146 (19.8kg/ha) and AR-14 (19.1 kg/ha).

The K content in all samples was found in a balanced diet, i.e. S-1635 (190 kg/ha), S-1(145 kg/ha), BR-2 (146 kg/ha),

S-146 (179 kg/ha) and AR-14 (212 kg/ha) and maximum in soil AR-14. The S content was analyzed in all samples, i.e.

S-1635 (15ppm), S-1(14ppm), BR-2 (16ppm), S-146 (20ppm) and AR-14 (18ppm). The Zn content was deficient in AR-14

(1.23 ppm), S-1635 (0.95ppm), BR-2 (1.27ppm), S-146 (1.71ppm) where as in S-1(1.09ppm). The Fe content was

deficient in AR-14 (5.88 ppm), S-1(6.05ppm), BR-2 (8.15ppm), S-146 (7.70ppm) whereas in a mulberry variety S-1635

(11.35 ppm) it was balanced. Mn and Cu content was present in higher concentration in all the mulberry soil samples,

i.e. S-1(8.51 ppm and 1.40 ppm), S-146(12.07 ppm and 1.41 ppm), AR-14 (9.56 ppm and 1.27 ppm), S-1635 (10.28 ppm

and 1.38 ppm), and BR-2 (9.70 ppm and 1.40 ppm) respectively.


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The present study revealed that microorganisms play a significant role in the decomposition of soil nutrients

Malik and Sandhu (1973) studied the saline soils are very low in organic matter content for the reclamation of saline

soils and maintenance of soil fertility, it is essential to augment the soil with organic matter which undergoes microbial

decomposition thus increase the humus content of the soil. According to Rajankeret. et al., (2007) fungal and bacterialorganisms were isolated from saline soil in serial dilution method on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) and NA (Nutrient Agar)

respectively. Isolated colonies were identified by their colony characteristic, population, microscopic observations and

isolates are maintained on Potato Dextrose Agar and Nutrient Agar starts at 4C.

Soil sample S-146 was found to have the highest number of fungi per gram of sample. High soil

carbon/phosphorus/zinc/manganese/copper in comparison to others proved that optimum growth condition of soil

fungi. The result contributes in this study, microbial population in alkaline soils according to their different pH range

which are alkaline in nature. The data in the table of microbial population indicate that Bacterial colony is higher in

S-1635 and AR-14 soil sample and low in S-1, BR-2 and S-146 according to their pH range and fungal colony is higher in

S-146 and lower in S-1.

Hence there is a need to study the microbes in alkaline soil as decomposition also their application as a

biofertilizer. Which is prepares by bacteria and fungi should be helpful to reduce the alkalinity of soil by the

nutilization phenomenon because these microorganisms play a significant role in soil decomposition of organic matter.

Distribution of microbes in soil depends on several physico-chemical factors in which soil pH plays significant

role. The present study reveals that the number of bacterial population increases with increasing in soil pH excluding

sample S-146 it may be due to the highest amount of Copper. Copper plays important role in the biodegradation of soil

organic matter by fungi. Cu is supposed to have in ducive effect on Biodegradation of litter during secondary

metabolism of fungi up to a certain level. It enhances the secretion and stability of litter (lignocellulose) degrading

enzymes like ligninases, cellulose etc. Elevated level of Cu may have an inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria, since

bacteria do not have secondary metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

The study of microbial population, soil having the alkaline pH ranging from 7.9 to 9.2 was taken. Aforesaid

range of pH was found to have a profound effect on number of soil microbes per gram of sample. Soil sample AR-14 was

found to have the highest number (57) of bacterial colonies. The fungal colonies observed in the sample was

9.0 105, which represent that pH 9.2 proved unfavorable for growth of the soil fungi. The highest number of bacterial

colonies in sample AR-14 indicates the alkaline nature of bacteria. In soil samples S-1 and BR-2 marked

decrease was observed in the number of soil fungi and bacteria. Factors such as source of Carbon, Nitrogen, Vitamins and

trace elements also determine the rate of spore development under natural (soil) conditions (Michael and Donald, 1996

and Ivan et al., 2008). The high value of potassium (K) content was recorded in this sample which may have an

augumentary/positive effect on bacterial growth. All soil samples were characterized by the presence of both gram

positive and gram negative. Majorities of bacteria isolated from soil sample were gram negative (cocci) bacteria.

The present study concluded that soil sample high pH (9.2) and K content (212 ppm) is capable of supporting the

growth of maximum number of bacteria and soil higher concentration of Cu fovours abundant growth of soil fungicarrying out biodegradation during their secondary metabolism.


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Table 1: PH Analysis of Different Soil Samples

Table 2: Microbial Population of Different Soil Samples

Table 3: Analysis of Micro and Macronutrients

Table 4: Gram Staining of Bacterial Isolates/Colony


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Figure 1


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Figure 2: pH of Different Soil Samples of Mulberry Varieties

Figure 3: Microbial Population in Different Soil Samples of Mulberry Varieties

Figure 4: Carbon Content in Different Soil Samples of Mulberry Varieties

Figure 5: Phosphorus Content in Different Soil Samples of Mulberry Varieties


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Figure 6: Potassium Content in Different Soil Samples of Mulberry Varieties

Figure 7: Sulphur Content in Different Soil Samples of MulberryVarieties

Figure 8: Zinc and Iron Content in Different Soil Samples of Mulberry Varieties

Figure 9: Manganese and Copper Content in Different Soil Samples of Mulberry Varieties


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors are thankful to Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University of Lucknow for infrastructural

and experimental facilities for conducting this research work.

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