Micro Askiseis Ear11

. .

2011

1.

2. 7-SEGMENT DISPLAY

3.

4. INTERRUPTS

5. O TIMER0

6. O TIMER1

7.

8.

9. /D

10.

M - 1 1

A 1

/

:

_ _

: 1. VR

(STK200/CodeVision C). 2. -

C. _ _

ATmega16 32 -, 4 (ports) A,B,C D. 8-bit, bit / . 3 : 1. M DDRx ( x=A,B,C,D) x

( bit 0) ( bit 1). ,

DDRA = 0b11000000; 0-5 6-7 .

2. PINx x, . ,

k = PINB; k ( unsigned char, . 8 bits)

bits ( 1 0) 8 .

3. H bits PORTx ( DDRx). , , PORTx (0 [0 Volt] 1 [5 Volt]) . , / (pull-up resistor), 1/0 bit . ,

DDRC = 0xf0; PORTC = 0x0f; 0-3 C pull up,

4-7 0 Volt. H Codevision C bits 3 . / , bitwise (""). :

DDRC.2 = 1; O 2 C PORTC.2 = 0; 2 C 0 Volt if (PINB.3 == 0).. 3

, ( 1 0). , .. ( ) C 1, PORTC :

M - 1 2

PORTC = 0b11111111; { } , PORTC = 255; { } , PORTC = 0xff; { }

- / STK200 8 (SW0-SW7) 8 (LED0-LED7). LED LEDn 0 Volt. , SWn 5 Volt . , (SW0 - SW7) D , (LED0 LED7) B.

LED PORTB.2 = 0; A LED2 PORTB.4 = 1; LED4

if (PIND.3 == 0) SW3 if (PIND.2 == 1) SW2

_ _

CODEVISION C , AVR E:

1. CodeVisionAVR ( desktop ).

2. project ( File -> New..).

3. , project .

4. (CodeWizard) Yes.

5. :

Chip

(i) Chip ATmega16

(ii) Clock 8,0 z

(iii) Program Type Application

- , , STK200

M - 1 3

6. File Generate, Save and Exit.

. directory . , 1 :

D:\MIKRO_ERG\HLEK1\ASK1\

directory, 3 . Ask1 .

7. , CodeVision Ask1.c CodeWizard. , .

, . , , ( Ctrl-A) delete.

, ( )

#include void main(void) {

#include ,

DDRB = 0b11111111; (0..7) B PORTB = 0b11111111;

1, LED

DDRD = 0b00000000; (0..7) D PORTD = 0b11111111;

pull-up D

while(1) {

( TRUE)

PORTB = 0xF8; PORTB 3 LED (LED0-2) 5

} while(1) ! } ( )

M - 1 4

DOWNLOAD

1. 8 LED STK200 , , B . LED pull-up (330) (Vcc).

2. ( LED ).

3. Project CodeVisionAVR Configure.

4. After Make Program The Chip OK.

!

5. Project CodeVisionAVR Make. , compile . , Program. , Make.

6. Program FLASH .

M - 1 5

_STK 200 _

PORT B

PORT A

PORT C

PORT D

LED0-LED7LED ISPLED

/ FF

ISP

SW0-SW7

jumpers STK200

Bit 0 Bit 1

Bit 7Bit 6VccGnd

PORTx (x=A, B, C, D) headers

STK200.

M - 1 6

_STK 200 _

Atmel ( ).

6 ( pin 2X5 IDC10) pin .

8 . 8 LED . 2 LED, . RS232 ( / ). Brownout ( ). Flash. EEPROM. 8 MHz ( 16 MHz). ISP (In System Programming) USB ( programmer ) /.

M - 1 7

1.1 LEDs

, PORTB, LED. LED0 STK200.

( ) PORTB : o LED{0 1 2 3 4} :

o LED{0 2 4 6} :

, directory , Save as , Ask11.c . , , , sk1.c, . , . , .

1.2

8 LEDs (LED0-LED7) PORT B ( ) a b.

: 255 8 bit. LED 1 0 . #include // unsigned char a=25; // (1 byte: 0-255) unsigned char b=3; unsigned char sum;

void main(void) { DDRB=0xff; // Port B sum=a+b; //

while(1) // { PORTB= ~sum; // Port B } // ~ sum } // LED 0 ,

LEDs. a b LED. C:

A++; // A 1 ( =+1) A--; // 1 ( =-1) A+=2; // 2 ( =+2) A-=3; // 3 ( =-3) A*=2; // ( =*2) A/=5; // 5 ( =/5)

a=210 b=80 . , .

M - 1 8

1.3

D 8 () SW0-SW7 STK200. D PIND LED PORTB.

SW0-SW7 0 , . AVR pull-up (330) PORTD=0xFF;.

: pull-down , , 8 10 GND.

#include // unsigned char a; //

void main(void) { DDRB=0xff; // B DDRD=0x00; // D PORTD=0xff; // : pull-up D

while(1) // { a=PIND; // D a PORTB=a; // a B } } , while :

PORTB = PIND; // Port D // PORT B

LED .

M - 1 9

1.4 if

SW1 LED4, SW2 LED6, SW3 LED.

#include // void main(void) { DDRB = 0xFF; // Port B PORTB = 0xFF; // , LED DDRD = 0x00; // Port D PORTD = 0xFF; // pull-up resistors Port D while(1) { if(PIND.1==0) // SW1 PORTB.4 = 0; // LED4 ( ) if(!PIND.2) // SW2 PORTB.6 = 0; // LED6 ( ) if(!PIND.3) // SW3 PORTB = 0xFF; // LED } } ( ) if (PIND.1==0) :

if(PIND==0xFD) ( ) if(PIND.1==0) ():

if(!(PIND&=0x02)) ( ) PORTB.4 = 0; PORTB = 0xEF;

LED SW0 SW7 SW3 SW4.

1.6

AVR Studio, ( )

M - 1 10

AVRStudio AVRStudio , , PC AVR. , compiler. ( /). ( 3 AVRStudio).

Codevision, compile , AVRStudio

AVRStudio, :

AVR Studio,

. ( , Alt+5 ).

(, , /, .) / ( ). , B D :

Debug , , . Trace into, F11 ( ). , I/O.

STK200, ( 1) "Input Pins" PORTD . STK200, , , .

- 2 1

A 2

:

_ _

(interrupts), interrupts. seven segment display , (delay).

_ _ , ,

7 (7 segment display) 0-9. 7 (LED) ( a, b, c, d, e, f g ), LED ( . dp), . . , 7 , display 8, , , a,b,c,d g, 3.

a b

c

de

fg CA

CA

ab

c

de

fg

.

To display (S52-11HA) (common anode), ( ). , display +VCC, segments 0 .

, display , flat idc-10, C, .

LLLLLLL

CA

+

ab

cd

e

fg

5 V

330R

5 V

LLLLLLL

L 557

CA

+

ab

cd

e

fg

Gated

BC557

PNP

5 V

L(0V)

1,5 K

a b g

330

CA

L L L

- 2 2

2.1 7 (seven segment display)

STK200, display (0-7). display .

D , SW0-SW7.

#include

void main(void) { DDRC =0xFF; PORTC=0xFF; //, display DDRD =0x00; //Port D PORTD=0xFF;

while(1) { switch(PIND) // { case 0xFE:PORTC=~0x3F;break; // SW0 display 0 case 0xFD:PORTC=~0x06;break; // SW1 display 1 case 0xFB:PORTC=~0x5B;break; // SW2 display 2 case 0xF7:PORTC=~0x4F;break; // SW3 display 3 case 0xEF:PORTC=~0x66;break; // SW4 display 4 case 0xDF:PORTC=~0x6D;break; // SW5 display 5 case 0xBF:PORTC=~0x7D;break; // SW6 display 6 case 0x7F:PORTC=~0x07;break; // SW7 display 7 default: PORTC=~0x00;break; // , // display } } } ( PORTC) display ;

2 .

default .

, SW3 SW5 display .

- 2 3

2.2

display , C. display .

#include

unsigned char button[] ={ 0xFE, 0xFD, 0xFB, 0xF7, 0xEF, 0xDF, 0xBF, 0x7F}; //buttons unsigned char display[]={~0x3F, ~0x06, ~0x5B, ~0x4F, ~0x66, ~0x6D, ~0x7D, ~0x07}; //display unsigned char i; void main(void) { DDRC =0xFF; PORTC=0xFF; DDRD =0x00; PORTD=0xFF;

while(1) { for (i=0; i

- 2 4

2.4

( 0 8). countBits 8-bit bits 1.

!

#include unsigned char display[]={~0x3F, ~0x06, ~0x5B, ~0x4F, ~0x66, ~0x6D, ~0x7D, ~0x07, ~0x7F}; //9 unsigned char countBits(unsigned char val) { unsigned char j, n=0, mati=0x01; for (j=0; j

- 3 1

A 3

:

_ _

. / (switch bounce) software. 4 x 4 (4 x 4 key matrix). _ _ /

, , , 8 STK200 , (button bounce) ( ). , , () 60ms, . debouncing , hardware software.

hardware debouncing RC , . , Max681x Maxim , debounce . MC14490 On Semiconductors.

, software debouncing , , , . .

- 3 2

4 x 4 (

8 ), , . , - , , (key matrix). , hardware , , :

(row - 1)*4 + (col - 1) = 13

0 1 2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15

c1 c2 c3 c4

r1

r2

r3

r4

c1 c2 c3 c4r1

r2

r3

r4

0 1 2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15

PA.1

PA.0

PA.3

PA.2

PA.6PA.7PA.4PA.5

, PA.0 PA.4, PA.4 PA.7. , , #7 ( 2 , 4 ), PA.0 PA.6:

0 1 2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15

c1 c2 c3 c4

r1

r2

r3

r4

c1 c2 c3 c4r1

r2

r3

r4

0 1 2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15

PA.1

PA.0

PA.3

PA.2

PA.6PA.7PA.4PA.5

, , : , 0, , pull-up. , (PA.4 PA.7) 1, pull-up. ( ), 0 bit PINA ( , PA.6). , , , , , 0 PA.0. bits ( , 0b10111110 #7).

- 3 3

3.1 software debounce

To SW7 STK200. ( ) LED STK200.

, . , , , "" . software debounce - (delays) .

#include #include

unsigned char count=0;

void main(void) { DDRB = 0xFF; PORTB = 0xFF;

DDRD = 0x00; PORTD = 0xFF;

while(1) { if (PIND.7 == 0) // SW7 { delay_ms(30); // 30ms, debounce while(PIND.7 == 0); // SW7 delay_ms(30); // 30ms, debounce

count++; // PORTB = ~count; // LEDs STK200 } } } debounce .

( );

- 3 4

3.2 debounce

rid(n), bit n PIND , debounce 1. , 0. .

#include #include

unsigned char k=0;

unsigned char rid(unsigned char n) // read_isolate_debounce { unsigned char mask; mask = (1

- 3 5

3.3 seven segment display 4 x 4

To 4 x 4 PORT A, idc-10 , .

PORT C 7-segment display, . ( hex) PORTC - 16 display: ( , )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A b C d E F

~3F ~06 ~5B ~4F ~66 ~6D ~7D ~07 ~7F ~77 ~7C ~39 ~79

, display.

#include

void main(void) { unsigned char a,b,c,j;

DDRB =0xff; PORTB=0xff;

DDRC =0xff; PORTC=0xff;

while (1) { DDRA =0x0f; // PORTA=0xf0; // LOW HIGH ( pull-up) for(j=0; j

- 3 6

3.4 / 4 x 4

display , (1-4) (1-4) , ( 0-15, ). #include unsigned char a,b,j,i,d,row=0,col=0; char display[]= {0x06, 0x5b, 0x4f, 0x77, 0x66, 0x6d, 0x7d, 0x7c, 0x07, 0x7f, 0x6f, 0x39, 0x40, 0x3f, 0x36, 0x5e};

void main(void) { d=0; DDRB=0xff; DDRC=0xff;

while (1) { DDRA =0x0f; PORTA=0xf0; for(j=0; j

- 4 1

A 4

INTERRUPTS

:

_ _

AVR CodeVision C compiler. 0-1 ATmega16. _ _

AVR O (interrupts)

. O , . M interrupt ( ), CPU (interrupt service routine - ISR), interrupt. (, interrupts, A/D , .) ISR. M ISR, interrupt.

, . , ( ) . H interrupts : 1.

bits .

2. , .

Status Register SREG

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 I T H S V N Z C

Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SREG

O SREG (Status register) ( 1) ( 0) , bit 7. M (SEI CLI) Global Interrupt Enable bit ( 1 0 ). A Assembly, #asm. Codevision:

#asm("sei") #asm("cli")

, bit / ( bits SREG):

SREG |= 0x80; SREG &= 0x7F;

- 4 2

INTERRUPTS O ATmega16 (INT0, INT1 INT2)

16, 17, 3 ( ). , ( DDR).

interrupts

Amega16

interrupts :

General Interrupt Control Register GICR Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

INT1 INT0 INT2 --- --- --- IVSEL IVCE Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R R R R/W R/W Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GICR

bits 5,6 7 GICR ( 1) ( 0) Amega16. , interrupt, , bits MCUCR ( INT0 INT1) MCUCSR ( o 2). General Interrupt Flag Register GIFR

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 INTF1 INTF0 INTF2 --- --- --- --- ---

Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R R R R R Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GIFR

bits 5-7 GIFR . bit 1 , (ISR) . ISR o bit GIFR 0. , interrupts , 1 bit GIFR. , GIFR=0x80 INT1. MCU Control Register MCUCR

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 SM2 SE SM1 SM0 ISC11 ISC10 ISC01 ISC00

Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MCUCR

T bits 0-3 interrupts INT0 INT1, , :

Interrupt 0 Sense Control ISC01 ISC00

0 0 pin INT0 0 1 pin INT0 1 0 10 ( ) Pin INT0 1 1 01 ( ) pin INT0

- 4 3

Interrupt 1 Sense Control ISC11 ISC10

0 0 Pin INT1 0 1 Pin INT1 1 0 10 ( ) Pin INT1 1 1 01 ( ) pin INT1

MCU Control and Status Register MCUCSR

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 JTD ISC2 --- JTRF WDRF BORF EXTRF PORF

Read/Write R/W R/W R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MCUCSR

T bit 6 interrupt INT2, . INT0 INT1:

Interrupt 2 Sense Control ISC2

0 10 ( ) Pin INT2 1 01 ( ) pin INT2

( ) , . , , .

(pulse generator), ( L) . dip switch 4 10z , 1KHz , 1Hz 0.5z.

AT90S2313 Atmel, AVR ( ATmege16), . , , 16-bit Timer1, 4 MHz. H 5 V Vcc breadboard. : Reset , Start Stop. , dip switches , Start. , LED, PD0, , PD1-PD4. , Stop. , Stop, dip switches, Start.

T, , , (, , , .., STK200), SPI. LED . . , ( ) .

ON 12

34

SPI

PD0

PD1

PD2

PD3

PD4

GND

GND

Vcc

AT90

S231

3 START

STOP

RESET

GREEN LED

RED LED

- 4 4

4.1 INT0

#include unsigned char count=0;

interrupt [EXT_INT0] void ext_int0_isr(void) { count++; PORTB = ~count; }

void main(void) { DDRB = 0xFF; PORTB = 0xFF; DDRD = 0x00; PORTD = 0xFF; GICR = 0b01000000; MCUCR = 0x03;

#asm("sei")

while (1); } , SW2. , .

, AVR Studio, .

- 4 5

4.2

interrupt , MCUCR, INT0. , ISR, count LED , INT0 (. SW2).

, , SW0 LED INT0, SW7 LED INT0.

4.3 INT1

, INT1 ( ). , D STK200. , ( ) header D PD.3 ( 1). header D, Vcc Gnd.

! !

#include

unsigned char display[] = {~0x3f, ~0x06, ~0x5b, ~0x4f, ~0x66, ~0x6d, ~0x7d, ~0x07, ~0x7f, ~0x6f}; unsigned char i=0;

interrupt [EXT_INT1] void ext_int1_isr(void) { i++; if(i==10) i=0; PORTC = display[i]; }

void main(void) { DDRC = 0xFF; PORTC = display[0]; DDRD = 0x00; PORTD = 0x00; GICR = 0x80; GIFR = 0x80; MCUCR = 0x0C;

#asm("sei")

while (1); }

4.4 interrupts

, D STK200 . INT0 INT1 , :

: (0 9) SW6 - SW7, 7 segment display. INT0 ( )

: To LED7 STK200 2 sec INT1 ( )

- 4 6

LED0 ( ) LED1 ( ) STK200. , 2 . , rid(), ( copy-paste) 3.

#include #include #define A 1 #define B 2

unsigned char display[] = {~0x3f,~0x06,~0x5b,~0x4f,~0x66, ~0x6d,~0x7d,~0x07,~0x7f,~0x6f}; unsigned char N = 0, state = 0;

interrupt [EXT_INT0] void ext_int0_isr(void) { state = A; PORTB.0 = 0; PORTB.1 = 1; }

interrupt [EXT_INT1] void ext_int1_isr(void) { state = B; PORTB.0 = 1; PORTB.1 = 0; }

unsigned char rid(unsigned char n) // read_isolate_debounce { unsigned char mask; mask = (1

- 4 7

4.5 GIFR

To GIFR, - interrupts (. ). interrupts SW7. () interrupt INT0 LED.

#include

interrupt [EXT_INT0] void ext_int0_isr(void) { PORTB = 0x00; }

void main(void) { DDRB = 0xFF; PORTB = 0xFF; DDRD = 0x00; PORTD = 0xFF; GICR = 0x40; MCUCR = 0x03;

while (1) { if (!PIND.7) { // GIFR = 0x40; #asm("sei") } } }

, SW2 ( 0), SW7. ;

, GIFR = 0x40; ( //) . .

M - 5 1

A 5

O TIMER0

: _ _

8-bit / Timer0 Tmega16.

_ _ TIMER0

Timer0 8-bit ( . 0x00 0xFF). H , () TCNT0. O Timer0 :

Timer/Counter0 Control Register TCCR0 Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

FOC0 WGM00 COM01 COM00 WGM01 CS02 CS01 CS00 Read/Write W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TCCR0

T bits 0:2 TCCR0 Timer0, :

Clock Selection Bits CS02 CS01 CS00

0 0 0 A M 0 0 1 System Clock (CK) 0 1 0 System Clock, prescaler N = 8 (CK/8) 0 1 1 System Clock, prescaler N = 64 (CK/64) 1 0 0 System Clock, prescaler N = 256 (CK/256) 1 0 1 System Clock, prescaler N = 1024 (CK/1024)

1 1 0 E ( ) 1 1 1 E ( )

T bits 3 6 TCCR0 (mode) , : Waveform generation mode bits WGM00 WGM01

0 0 (Normal mode) 1 0 E (Phase Correct PWM mode) 0 1 M T (CTC - Clear Timer on Compare mode) 1 1 E (PWM) (fast PWM mode)

TIMER0 TCCR0,

f0 = FCK/N 0 1 0xFF. 0xFF, , TOV0 TIFR 1 0 (). E interrupt , ISR Timer0, TOV0 0.

CTC TOY TIMER0 TCCR0,

f0 = FCK/N 0 1 OCR0. , , , 0x00 interrupt (. ), ISR. , CTC Timer0 (OCR0+1) .

M - 5 2

modes Timer0, () , TCNT0. CS00:CS20 = 0 TCCR0 (.. TCCR0=0x00).

interrupts Timer0 TIMSK TIFR.

Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register TIMSK Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

OCIE2 TOIE2 TICIE1 OCIE1A OCIE1B TOIE1 OCIE0 TOIE0 Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TIMSK

bits 0 1 TIMS ( 1) Y M (Timer0 Overflow, bit 0) T (Timer0 Output Compare Match, bit OCIE0),

M (Timer0 Overflow) 0xFF 0x00 TOV0 1. E bits TOIE0 ( Timer0 Overflow) GIE ( ) 1, (ISR) , TOV0 0 . ISR Timer0 CodeVision :

interrupt [TIM0_OVF] void timer0_ovf_isr(void)

(Timer0 Output Compare) TCNT0 OCR0 bit OCIE0 TIMSK 1, , ISR . Codevision:

interrupt [TIM0_COMP] void timer0_comp_isr(void)

5.1 Timer0

, STK200, FCK = 8,00 MHz, , .

Timer0.

CS0

2

CS0

1

CS0

0

Prescaler Timer0 Timer0

Timer0

N f0 = FCK/N t0 = 1/f0 T0 = 256t0 0 0 0 0 - - - 0 0 1 1 8,00 MHz 0,125 sec 32 sec 0 1 0 8 1,00 MHz 1 sec 256 sec 0 1 1 64 1 0 0 256 1 0 1 1024 128 sec 32,768 msec

prescaler =64, Timer0 1 sec.

M - 5 3

5.2 Timer0 CTC

T , ( ) LED STK200.

1 sec CTC Timer0, 500 250 , prescaler N=64. 250 , OCR0 250-1 = 249.

( 250 ) 250t0 = 250N/FCK = 2508 sec = 2 msec

#include unsigned char sec = 0; unsigned int count = 0;

interrupt [TIM0_COMP] void timer0_comp_isr(void) { count++; // if (count == 500) // 500 x 250 8 sec = 1sec { sec++; // PORTB = ~sec; // LED STK200 count = 0; // } }

void main(void) { DDRB = 0xFF; PORTB = 0xFF; DDRD = 0x00; PORTD = 0xFF;

OCR0 = 249; // 250 TCCR0 = 0x0B; // CTC mode, prescaler = 64 TIMSK = 0x02; // interrupt Timer0

#asm("sei") while (1); }

, ( ), prescaler = 256. CPU ;

, SW7 STK200, ( Timer0), SW0 ( 0) .

M - 5 4

5.3

, 320msec LED2.

#include unsigned int count = 0;

interrupt [TIM0_COMP] void timer0_comp_isr(void)

{ count++; if (count == ) {

} }

void main(void) { DDRB = 0xFF; PORTB = 0xFF; DDRD = 0x00; PORTD = 0xFF;

OCR0 = TCCR0 = TIMSK =


, , Fck = 16MHz ;

M - 5 5

5.4

, , , 3 sec, 0,75 sec.

Timer0 , interrupt INT0. LED7 STK200.

#include

bit flag=0; unsigned int count = 0, max_count = 1500;

interrupt [TIM0_COMP] void timer0_comp_isr(void) { count++; if (count == max_count) { PORTB.7 = ~PINB.7; count = 0; } }

interrupt [EXT_INT0] void ext_int0_isr(void) { flag = ~flag; //

if (flag) max_count = 375; // 0.75 sec prescaler=64 else max_count = 1500; // 3.0 sec prescaler=64

TCNT0 = 0x00; // count = 0; //

PORTB.7 = 0; // }

void main(void) { DDRB = 0xFF; PORTB = 0x7F; DDRD = 0x00; PORTD = 0xFF;

GICR = 0x40; GIFR = 0x40; MCUCR = 0x02;

OCR0 = 249; TCCR0 = 0x0B; TIMSK = 0x02;

#asm("sei") while (1); } 1 / .

M - 5 6

5.5 Timer0 Interrupt

Timer0 (counter) . T0 (o 0 PB.0, PORTB LED STK200). TCCR0 , Timer0 CPU. 6 , 7-segment display ( PORTC). interrupts, TCNT0 (polling) . 0 ' ( ), , .

#include #define MAX 6 unsigned char display[] = {~0x3f,~0x06,~0x5b,~0x4f,~0x66, ~0x6d,~0x7d,~0x07,~0x7f,~0x6f}; unsigned char i=0; void main(void) { DDRC = 0xFF; PORTC = 0xFF; TCNT0 = 0x00; TCCR0 = 0x07;

while (1) { if (TCNT0==MAX) { TCNT0 = 0; if(++i==10) i=0; PORTC = display[i]; } } }

5.6 Timer0 Interrupt

interrupt - mode CTC Timer0, CPU.

#include #define 6

unsigned char display[] = {~0x3f,~0x06,~0x5b,~0x4f,~0x66, ~0x6d,~0x7d,~0x07,~0x7f,~0x6f}; unsigned char i=0;

interrupt [TIM0_COMP] void timer0_comp_isr(void) { i++; if (i==10) i=0; PORTC = display[i]; }

void main(void) { DDRC = 0xff; PORTC = display[0]; TCNT0 = 0; OCR0 = MAX-1;

TCCR0 = 0b00001111; // T0, CTC mode TIMSK = 0x02; // interrupt #asm("sei") while (1); }

- 6 1

A 6

O TIMER1

: _ _

16-bit / Timer1 Tmega16. LCD , Codevision. , . _ TIMER1 Timer1 ATmega16 16-bit ( 0x00 0xFFFF) , () TCNT1. O Timer1 , :

Timer/Counter1 Control Register B TCCR1B Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

ICNC1 ICES1 -- WGM13 WGM12 CS12 CS11 CS10 Read/Write W R/W R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TCCR1B

T bits 3:4 TCCR1B (mode) , :

Waveform generation mode bits WGM13 WGM12

0 0 0 1 CTC-OCR1A: M T ( OCR1A) 1 0 PWM & 1 1 CTC-ICR1: M T ( ICR1)

T bits 0:2 TCCR1B Timer1, ( prescaler Timer0):

Clock Selection Bits CS12 CS11 CS10

0 0 0 A M 0 0 1 System Clock (CK) 0 1 0 System Clock, prescaler N = 8 (CK/8) 0 1 1 System Clock, prescaler N = 64 (CK/64) 1 0 0 System Clock, prescaler N = 256 (CK/256) 1 0 1 System Clock, prescaler N = 1024 (CK/1024)

1 1 0 E ( ) 1 1 1 E ( )

(NORMAL MODE) TOY TIMER1 TCCR1B ( - prescaler

N), f1 = FCK/N 0 1 0xFFFF (65535). H 16-bit TCNT1. , 0x0000 () interrupt , ISR Timer1.

- 6 2

CTC-OCR1A (CTC-OCR1A MODE) TOY TIMER1 CTC-OCR1A 0 16-bit OCR1A. , , 0x0000 , interrupt , ISR .

A RRUPTS / interrupts Timer1 TIMSK.

Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register TIMSK Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

OCIE2 TOIE2 TICIE1 OCIE1A OCIE1B TOIE1 OCIE0 TOIE0 Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TIMSK

bits 2 4 TIMS ( 1) Y M (Timer1 Overflow 1), T A (Timer1 Output Compare Match OCIE1A) T B (OCIE1B).

Y M (Timer1 Overflow) Timer1 0xFFFF 0x0000 bit 1 TIMSK 1, , ISR . ISR Timer1 CodeVision :

interrupt [TIM1_OVF] void timer1_ovf_isr(void) A (Timer1 Output Compare) TCNT1 OCR1A bit OCIE1A TIMSK 1, , ISR . ISR Codevision :

interrupt [TIM1_COMPA] void timer1_compa_isr(void)

6.1 Timer1

, STK200, FCK = 8,00 MHz, , .

CS0

2

CS0

1

CS0

0

Prescaler Timer1 Timer1

Timer1

N f1 = FCK/N t1 = 1/f1 T1 = 65536 t1 0 0 0 0 Timer1 0 0 1 1 8,00 MHz 0,125 sec 8,192 msec 0 1 0 8 1,00 MHz 1 sec 65,536 msec 0 1 1 64 125 kHz 8 sec 0,52488 sec 1 0 0 256 31,250 kHz 32 sec 2,097152 sec 1 0 1 1024 7,8125 kHz 128 sec 8,388608 sec

- 6 3

6.2 Timer1

T 10 . O 7-segment display, PORTC. , 7-segment display LED STK200.

1sec, : o prescaler N=1024, t1 = N/Fck = 128sec. , =1 sec Q = T/t1 = 7812.5 () . , , prescaler .

o prescaler N = 256, t1 = N/Fck = 32sec. Q = T/t1 =31250, 1 sec N = 256.

o Q = 31250 < 65536, Timer1 1 sec, . CTC-OCR1A (mode) Timer1 interrupt OCR1A. , OCR1A 1 (31250 1 = 31249).

#include unsigned char i = 9; unsigned char display[] = {~0x3f, ~0x06, ~0x5b, ~0x4f, ~0x66, ~0x6d, ~0x7d, ~0x07, ~0x7f, ~0x6f}; interrupt [TIM1_COMPA] void timer1_compa_isr(void) { if (i>0) { i--; PORTC = display[i]; } else { PORTC = 0xFF; PORTB = 0x00; TCCR1B = 0x00; // Timer1 } } void main(void) { DDRB = 0xFF; PORTB = 0xFF; DDRC = 0xFF; PORTC = display[i]; // i=9

TCNT1 = 0x0000; OCR1A = ?????? ; TCCR1B = 0b00001100; // CTC-OCR1A mode, prescaler = 256 TIMSK = ?????? ; // interrupt OCR1A

#asm("sei") while (1); } , , SW5 STK200.

, 10 interrupt INT0.

6.3

, 10 ( display 1 ), CPU Timer (, interrupts 1 ).

- 6 4

_

LCD (liquid crystal display, LCD)

, . LCD, , (.. 1x16, 2x20, 4x20, 2x40, 4x40), , ).

LCD (PowerTip 1602F-B) 2x16, 2 16 . 5x8 (pixels), . , , . , ( - LCD controllers) HDD44780 Hitachi, ROM 240 .

lcd.h CODEVISION o LCD ,

. , Codevision C lcd.h, ( help files ) LCD HDD44780. low level functions, , , , (high level functions):

unsigned char lcd_init(unsigned char lcd_columns) , 0 0. (16, ) LCD. : lcd_init();

void lcd_clear(void) , 0, 0. : lcd_clear();

void lcd_gotoxy(unsigned char x, unsigned char y) x y ( 0). : lcd_gotoxy(0,14);

void lcd_putchar(char c) , ASCII c. : lcd_putchar('f');

void lcd_puts(char *str) , , str[]. : char msg[]="hello!"; lcd_puts(msg);

- 6 5

void lcd_putsf(char *str) , , Flash. LCD ( . ). : lcd_putsf("T.E.I. Crete");

, , , () #include , . :

/* PORTC */ #asm .equ __lcd_port=0x15 #endasm

/* */ #include

( ) 4 Mega16 :

PORTA 0x1b PORTB 0x18 PORTC 0x15 PORTD 0x12

lcd.h ( ) Codevision, help files .

stdlib.h CODEVISION

LCD lcd.h , , , bytes ASCII . , (.., , , ...), ASCII . , , C, stdlib.h:

void itoa(int n, char *str) int ( n) ASCII , str[]. , , , n MSB 1, itoa .

void ltoa(long int n, char *str) long int ( n) ASCII , str[].

void ftoa(float n, unsigned char decimals, char *str) float ( n) ASCII , str[]. decimals.

, str[], , .

- 6 6

6.4 LCD

lcd.h stdlib.h LCD .

, LCD PORTC ATmega16. ! , !

#include #include

#asm .equ __lcd_port=0x15 #endasm

#include #include

unsigned int a=102, b=1; char display[6]; void main(void) { DDRD = 0x00; PORTD=0xFF; lcd_init(16); lcd_gotoxy(4,0); lcd_putsf("Hello!"); lcd_gotoxy(0,1); lcd_putsf("Press any button..."); while(PIND==0xFF); while (1) { lcd_clear(); lcd_putsf("a = "); itoa(a,display); lcd_puts(display); lcd_putsf(", b = "); itoa(b,display); lcd_puts(display); lcd_gotoxy(2,1); lcd_putsf("a * b = "); itoa(a*b,display); lcd_puts(display); delay_ms(400); b++; if (b>200) b=0; } } , lcd.h stdlib.h.

6.5 LCD

, , 9999 0 ( ), LCD .

- 7 1

A 7

: _ _

, . , (stepper motor). _

. , .. 1,2, 30, 30/1,2 = 25 . PC , , .

(Permanent Magnet stepping motor). , . . , .

4

S1S2S3S4 , .

90. 45. PM motor 1,2. 2 . :

switch step SW4 SW3 SW2 SW1

1 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 4 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

- 7 2

4 . SAA1027 Signetics ( 12 V 0,5 ). 12 V (CMOS Compatible). 12 V 4 . Trigger (pin 15) SAA1027 (o ). Rotation (pin 3) SAA1027, 0 1 . T, 0 pin 2, Reset.

12 V

Q1Q2Q3Q4

10 k

ToPIA

VS

TriggerSetRotation

TSR

R =100

V

RB

0.1 F

SAA1027

IQ

RS

RSStepper motor

15 4 13 1198

14

5 12

4'4

3 3'

6

23 2 2'

1 1'

, Rb , pin 4, ( I ) 4 (Rb = (4Vs /I) 60 ).

1.8 200 . , 200 z, 60 rpm ( ). , v , f , :

[rpm]60 0.3

[Hz]200vfv v ff

= =

, 1/ f= , v :

[rpm]0.3 [sec]

v

v=

11

[rpm]0.15 [sec]2

v

v= =

1

, , 1 /2 = .

- 7 3

7.1

ATmega16, SAA1027. , idc-10 , C . H :

IDC1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

Pin 9: Vcc, Pin 8: GND , Pin 4: Trigger, Pin 0: Rotation , Pin1: Set_

, C , :

PORTC.1 [Set] : ( 0) ( 1) .

PORTC.0 [Rotation] : (/, 1/0, ).

PORTC.4 [Trigger] : : Set pin 0, Trigger pin (, ) ( , Rotation pin).

, , 20 rpm. , PORTC.4 1 = 0.15/20 = 7.5 msec. Timer1 CTC mode OCR1A (. 6), prescaler =1. , OCR1A = = =1 7.5msec1 1 60000 1 59999

( / ) 0.125secCK

N F.

7.2

, :

, interrupts 0 INT1, 20 rpm 80 rpm, 10 rpm.

SW0 STK200, START/STOP . SW7

STK200. ( 20 ms) , .

#1: , OCR1A.

#2: rid() 3, SW0 SW7.

v [rpm] 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

1 [msec] 7.5 1.875

1 Timer1: ( / )CK

QN F

=

( FCK = 8Mhz, =1) 60000 15000

CR1A (=Q-1) 59999 14999

- 7 4

7.3 LCD

, LCD , .

: PORT .

- 8 1

A 8

: _ _

timers . , () CTC mode Timer0 () (PWM) Timer1. _ TIMER0 - XPONITE - 32 M. AKITAKH

CTC

M bits COM00-COM01 TCCR0 CTC Timer0 ( ) OC0

A hardware( Timer0) CPU

O OC0 DDRB

WGM00

WGM01

0

1

- XPONITE - # M. AKITAKH

O A OC0

H OC0 bits COM01 COM00 TCCR0

COM01

0

0

1

1

COM00

0

1

0

1

EITOYPIA EOOY KATA THN TAYTIH YKPITH

OC0

E OC0

E 0 OC0

E 1 OC0


K

Y 8 MHz, 20 kHz OC0

H CTC:

WGM00

WGM01

0

1


Y X

T OC0 25 sec

X prescaler = 8, TCNT0 8/8 = 1MHz, 1 sec

E, 25 sec 25

20 kHz50 sec

25 sec


Y X

M , , FOC :

FOC=FCK/(2*N*(1+OCR0))

FCK N prescaler

(1+OCR0)=25, 24 OCR0

OCR0

OCF0

TCNT0 0 1

TOP

TOPTOP-1

Tim

er0

CTC

mod

e


K

#include

void main(void){DDRB = 0x08; // set OC0 pin for outputTCNT0 = 0x00; // start timer with 0 in timerOCR0 = 24; // output compare valueTIMSK = 0x00; // no interrupts necessary!TCCR0 = 0b00011010; // CTC mode, prescaler = 8, toggleOC0

while (1); // thats all!} O hardware

, , polling interrupts

- 8 2

PWM TIMER1 - XPONITE - # M. AKITAKH

(PWM)

pwm

onoff

PWM:

H fpwm = 1/Tpwm

duty cycle PWM , on/Tpwm ( %)

fpwm, duty cycle.

- XPONITE - 88 M. AKITAKH

Timer1: Phase Correct PWM Mode

H Phase Correct PWM mode Timer1 : TCNT1 0x0000. () OCR1A/B,

() OC1A/B TCNT1 TOP,

0x0000. , , () OCR1A/B,

() OC1A/B TCNT1 0x0000,

TOP, .

5 Phase Correct PWM mode, TOP (. PWM ), : TOP = 0x00FF (8-bit ) TOP = 0x01FF (9-bit ) TOP = 0x03FF (10-bit ) TOP = CR1A ( OCR1A) TOP = ICR1 ( ICR1

fpwm = FCK / (2TOP)



Phase Correct PWM mode

C1B

OCR1B

TOP

0x00

OC1B

OCR1B OCR1B OCR1B



O fpwm prescalerN, 8-, 9-, 10-bit FCK = 8Hz:

8-bit (TOP = 255)

fpwm = 15.686 kHz

fpwm = 1.961 kHz

fpwm = 245 Hz

fpwm = 61 Hz

fpwm = 15 Hz

d.cycle: 0.39%

9-bit (TOP = 511)

fpwm = 7.827 kHz

fpwm = 978.5 Hz

fpwm = 122 Hz

fpwm = 31 Hz

fpwm = 8 Hz

d.cycle: 0.19%

10-bit (TOP = 1023)

fpwm = 3.91 kHz

fpwm = 489 Hz

fpwm = 61 Hz

fpwm = 15 Hz

fpwm = 4 Hz

d.cycle: 0.097%

N

1

8

64

256

1024

, TOP, , duty cycle ( % )


: TCCR1A/B

0 0 0 0 10 0 1

0 0 0 1 00 0 0

COM11

0

0

1

1

COM10

0

1

0

1

EITOYPIA EOOY PHASE CORRECT PWM MODE

OC1

OC1

E 0 OC1 , 1 OC1

E 1 OC1 , 0 OC1


: TCCR1A/B

0 0 0 0 10 0 1

0 0 0 1 00 0 0

4 bits mode Timer1

Phase correct PWM mode TOP = 8-bit (. )


: TCCR1A/B

0 0 0 0 10 0 1

0 0 0 1 00 0 0

CS10

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

CS12

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

CS11

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

HMA POOIOY

A M

System Clock (CK)

CK/8

CK/64

CK/256

CK/1024

E

E

- 8 3

8.1 PWM Timer1

Phase Correct PWM mode Timer1 5V, OC1B ( PD.4) .

8-bit Phase Correct PWM mode, prescaler N = 8, PWM FPWM = 1.961kHz , duty cycle OCR1B (, OCR1B = 0, duty cycle 0% OCR1B = 255, duty cycle 100%).

, SW0-SW3 , duty cycle 0%, 35%, 70% 100%.

: headers STK200, C ( D, ). #include

void main(void) { DDRC = 0x00; // PORTC PORTC = 0xFF; // pull-up DDRD.4 = 1; // o OC1B OCR1B = 0; TCCR1A = 0x21; // phase-correct PWM mode, OC1B TCCR1B = 0x02; // prescaler N = 8; while (1) { if(!PINC.0) OCR1B = 0; // duty cycle = 0% if(!PINC.1) OCR1B = 89; // duty cycle = 35% if(!PINC.2) OCR1B = 179; // duty cycle = 70% if(!PINC.3) OCR1B = 255; // duty cycle = 100% } } PWM OCR1B = 179.

/ , ( 256 ) SW7 SW6.

/ Phase Correct PWM mode 9-bit .

- 8 4

, CTC Timer0, FCK, prescaler . :

FOC=FCK/(2*N*(1+OCR0))

CS0

2

CS0

1

CS0

0 Prescaler (OCR0= 255)

(OCR0= 0)

N FL = FCK/ (2*N*256) FL = FCK/ (2*N*1)

0 0 0 0 - - 0 0 1 1 15,625 kHz 4 MHz 0 1 0 8 1,9531 kHz 0,5 MHz 0 1 1 64 244,14 Hz 62,5 kHz 1 0 0 256 61,035 Hz 15,625 kHz 1 0 1 1024 15,2588 Hz 3,9063 kHz

FCK = 8Mhz ( STK200)

, , OCR0 . = 64, ( y-, , ).

- 8 5

8.2 ""

, () "", STK200 .

(buzzer), . OC0 ( PB.3) , , , .

5 , STK200. =64 prescaler, 1,76 kHz ( ) OCR0 :

FOC=FCK/(2*N*(1+OCR0)) => (1+OCR0) = FCK/(2*N*FOC) =>

=> OCR0 = (8 Mhz / (2*64*1,76 kHz)) - 1 = 34.51 => OCR0 = 35 ( )

, , 1.76 kHz OC0, SW2 STK200.

, headers STK200, C ( D, ).

1

(z) 1046,50 1174,66 1318,5 1396,91 1567,98 1760,0 1975,53 2093,0 OCR0 (FCK = 8Mhz, =64)

59 52 46 44 35

STK200 SW7 SW6 SW5 SW4 SW3 SW2 SW1 SW0

#include unsigned char n=0,buttons; unsigned char freq[]={59,52,46,44,0,35,0,0};

void main(void) { DDRC = 0x00; PORTC = 0xFF; // PORTC DDRB = 0x08; // OC0 TCCR0 = 0b00011000; // CTC mode, toggle OC0, prescaler = 0 while (1) { if (PINC != buttons) // { buttons = PINC; switch(buttons) { case 0x7F:n=0;break; // NTO case 0xBF:n=1;break; // case 0xDF:n=2;break; // MI case 0xEF:n=3;break; // case 0xFB:n=5;break; //

default:n=255;break; // } if (n!=255) // { OCR0 = freq[n]; // TCNT0 = 0x00; TCCR0 = 0b00011011; // prescaler = 64 => Timer } else // { TCCR0 = 0x00; // prescaler = 0 ( Timer) } } }}

- 8 6

, OCR0 , .

, ("").

- 9 1

A 9

O /D

: _ _

, analog to digital converter (ADC) Tmega16. _ ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC)

H ADC ATmega16 10-bit. M 8 - (single-ended) . - A GND.

O ADC AVR (successive approximation

ADC), . 10-bit ADC,

50 kHz < FADC < 200 kHz

(prescaler) ADC, ADC . prescaler, , 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 128 (. ADCSRA ). ADC ( FCK), : (i) FCK 200 kHz, (ii) prescaler , , (iii) bits ADPS2:0 ADCSRA.

ADC

bit DEN ADCSRA ADC 1. H - 1 bit ADSC ADCSRA, 0 . , bit ADATE ADCSRA 1, , bits ADTS2:0 SFIOR.

M 13 ADC 1 bit ADIF ADCSRA. interrupt ( 1 bit ADIE ADCSRA), ISR .

T ADCW CodeVision C

ADCW = 210VIN /VREF

VIN VREF . ADCW=0x000 (GND), ADCW=0x3FF VREF 1 LSB.

- 9 2

ADC Multiplexer Selection Register ADMUX

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 REFS1 REFS0 ADLAR MUX4 MUX3 MUX2 MUX1 MUX0

Read/Write W R/W R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ADMUX

n (0

- 9 3

9.2

, , ADC, (0-5V) PA.3. 4 Volt LED0-1 STK200, 1 Volt LED6-7, 1-4 Volt LED3-4. , ( ) PA.3.

#include #define VREF 5 // 5 Volt

interrupt [ADC_INT] void adc_isr(void) { unsigned int adc_data;

adc_data = ADCW; // adc_data if (adc_data > 4*1024/VREF) // ADC // 4 Volt PORTB = 0xFC;

else if (adc_data < 1*1024/VREF) // ADC // 1 Volt PORTB = 0x3F;

else PORTB = 0xE7;

ADCSRA |= 0x40; // }

void main(void) { PORTB = 0xFF; DDRB = 0xFF; ADMUX = 0x43; // ADC: AVCC // PA.3 ADCSRA = 0x8E; ADCSRA |= 0x40; //


( /sec) A/D .

- 9 4

9.3

. , ADC, duty cycle PWM . PWM 8.

9.4

(0-5V) ADC LCD ., .

SW0-SW7 , .

- 10 1

A 10

AYXPONH EIPIAKH IAYNEH

:

_ , CodeVision C compiler.

_ AYXPONH EIPIAKH EIKOINNIA

(full duplex) (PC, , ...) (Rx, Tx) Gnd. , , hardware . , PC, TTL RS-232 PC. (.. 202 Maxim) TTL RS-232, PC RS-232 TTL. STK200 , RS-232 PC .

STK200

ATmega16

MAX202RS232

H MONAA USART TOY ATmega16

To USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter) ATmega16 ( bits, start stop bits), , / . , .

, :

1. data bits ( 8) 2. stop bits (1, 1.5 2 - 1 stop bit) 3. (parity bit),

( , ). 4. (baud rate)

T :

USART Control Register C UCSRC Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

URSEL UMSEL UPM1 UPM2 USBS UCSZ1 UCSZ0 UCPOL Read/Write W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Initial Value 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

UCSRC

O bits UCSRC : A USART, 8 data bits, 1 start bit, 1 stop bit, no parity bit. , , .

- 10 2

USART Control Register B UCSRB Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

RXCIE TXCIE UDRIE RXEN TXEN UCSZ2 RXB8 TXB8 Read/Write W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

UCSRB

T bits RXEN TXEN ( 1) . T bits RXCIE, TXCIE UDRIE (bits5:7) ( 1) interrupts. stdio CodeVision C interrupts, bits 0.

USART Baud Rate Register UBRR UBRR 12-bit ( 0 4095), baud rate , :

UBRR = (FCK / (16b)) 1

FCK ( Hz) b baud rate ( bit , bps). E, .. FCK = 8MHz b=9600bps, 8106/(169600) 1 = 51,0833 UBRR = 51. baud rate (, 0.2%), , , . mega16 12 bit UBRR UBRRH ( most significant byte) UBRRL ( least significant byte). UBRR 16-bit (4 ) UBRRH 2 ( ) , UBRRL . ,

UBRR = 51 = 0x0033

, UBRRH = 0x00 UBRRL = 0x33.

H BIBIOHKH STDIO TH CODEVISION C

H CodeVision C stdio.h C, (.. getchar, gets, scanf) (.. putchar, puts, printf, sprintf) . A , ( PC). , , (.. putsf) Flash, .

H CodeVision, , , .

#include #include // void main(void) { char your_name[11]; // 10+1 UBRRH = 0x00; // baud rate UBRR UBRRL = 0x33; // (9600 bps FCK = 8MHz) UCSRB = 0x18; // UART (RXEN + TXEN) putsf("Enter your name and press return.\r"); // putsf putsf("(only 10 characters allowed)\r"); // flash gets(your_name,10); // 10 printf("\n Hi %s!\n\r",your_name); // (SRAM) while(1);

}

- 10 3

stdio (polling), interrupts. , (blocking functions) . A , , , interrupts.

, , ( ) .

TERMINAL TOOL CODEVISION CodeVision

(Terminal tool) , / ASCII / . erminal tool CodeVision Tools, , :

, Terminal tool ( Terminal Settings..) . , 9600bps 8 data bits, 1 start bit, 1 stop bit, no parity bit, Terminal Settings :

ASCII stdio / ASCII, :

Char Dec Hex Char Dec Hex Char Dec Hex Char Dec Hex nul 0 0x00 sp 32 0x20 @ 64 0x40 ` 96 0x60 soh 1 0x01 ! 33 0x21 A 65 0x41 a 97 0x61 stx 2 0x02 " 34 0x22 B 66 0x42 b 98 0x62 etx 3 0x03 # 35 0x23 C 67 0x43 c 99 0x63 eot 4 0x04 $ 36 0x24 D 68 0x44 d 100 0x64 enq 5 0x05 % 37 0x25 E 69 0x45 e 101 0x65 ack 6 0x06 & 38 0x26 F 70 0x46 f 102 0x66 bel 7 0x07 ' 39 0x27 G 71 0x47 g 103 0x67 bs 8 0x08 ( 40 0x28 H 72 0x48 h 104 0x68 ht 9 0x09 ) 41 0x29 I 73 0x49 i 105 0x69 lf 10 0x0a * 42 0x2a J 74 0x4a j 106 0x6a

vt 11 0x0b + 43 0x2b K 75 0x4b k 107 0x6b ff 12 0x0c , 44 0x2c L 76 0x4c l 108 0x6c cr 13 0x0d - 45 0x2d M 77 0x4d m 109 0x6d so 14 0x0e . 46 0x2e N 78 0x4e n 110 0x6e si 15 0x0f / 47 0x2f O 79 0x4f o 111 0x6f

dle 16 0x10 0 48 0x30 P 80 0x50 p 112 0x70 dc1 17 0x11 1 49 0x31 Q 81 0x51 q 113 0x71 dc2 18 0x12 2 50 0x32 R 82 0x52 r 114 0x72 dc3 19 0x13 3 51 0x33 S 83 0x53 s 115 0x73 dc4 20 0x14 4 52 0x34 T 84 0x54 t 116 0x74 nak 21 0x15 5 53 0x35 U 85 0x55 u 117 0x75 syn 22 0x16 6 54 0x36 V 86 0x56 v 118 0x76 etb 23 0x17 7 55 0x37 W 87 0x57 w 119 0x77 can 24 0x18 8 56 0x38 X 88 0x58 x 120 0x78 em 25 0x19 9 57 0x39 Y 89 0x59 y 121 0x79 sub 26 0x1a : 58 0x3a Z 90 0x5a z 122 0x7a esc 27 0x1b ; 59 0x3b [ 91 0x5b { 123 0x7b

fs 28 0x1c < 60 0x3c \ 92 0x5c | 124 0x7c gs 29 0x1d = 61 0x3d ] 93 0x5d } 125 0x7d rs 30 0x1e > 62 0x3e ^ 94 0x5e ~ 126 0x7e us 31 0x1f ? 63 0x3f _ 95 0x5f del 127 0x7f

- 10 4

10.1

, , ( / ) LEDs STK200.

To stdio :

printf(""): .

getchar(): 8-bit , ASCII .

#include #include

void main(void) { unsigned char k; UCSRB = 0x18; // UART (RXEN + TXEN) UBRRH = 0x00; // baud rate UBRRL = 0x33; // (9600 bps Fck = 8MHz) DDRB = 0xFF; PORTB = 0xFF;

while(1) { printf("\n\r Please select: \n\r"); printf("(0) Toggle LED0 \n\r"); printf("(1) Toggle LED1 \n\r"); printf("(6) Toggle LED6 \n\r"); printf("(7) Toggle LED7 \n\r"); printf("(x) Switch off all LEDs \n\r");

k=getchar(); // // switch(k) { case '0': PORTB.0 = ~PORTB.0; break; case '1': PORTB.1 = ~PORTB.1; break; case '6': PORTB.6 = ~PORTB.6; break; case '7': PORTB.7 = ~PORTB.7; break; case 'x': PORTB=0xFF; break; } } } , LED, LED.

, PC 19200bps.

- 10 5

10.2 ,

, ( 1 99 sec) . , . CTC-OCR1A mode Timer1, 6.

stdio :

gets(inStr,m): m , inStr.

atoi(numStr): numStr .

, printf("\r %02i",sec); sec, .

#include #include #include unsigned char sec; interrupt [TIM1_COMPA] void timer1_compa_isr(void) { sec--; printf("\r %02i",sec); if (sec==0) { PORTB = 0x00; TCCR1B = 0x00; printf("\n\n\r Done!"); } } void main(void) { char numStr[4]; DDRB = 0xFF; PORTB = 0x00; UCSRB = 0x18; // UART (RXEN + TXEN) UBRRH = 0x00; // baud rate UBRRL = 0x19; // (19200 bps Fck = 8MHz)

printf("\n\n\r Microcontroller reset \n\r"); printf("\r Countdown time (1-99 sec): "); gets(numStr,3); sec = atoi(numStr); printf("\n\n\r secs to go: \n"); printf("\r %02i",sec); OCR1A = 31249; TCCR1B = 0x0C; // CTC-OCR1A mode, prescaler = 256 TIMSK = 0x10; // interrupt OCR1A #asm("sei") while(1); } , 1 999 sec.

- 10 6

10.3 A/D .

, , A/D , :

, (0-7) A/D.

, A/D , PC.

#include #include interrupt [ADC_INT] void adc_isr(void) { unsigned int adc_data; adc_data = ADCW; // adc_data printf("%04i\n\r",adc_data); ADCSRA |= 0x40; // } void main(void) { char k; PORTB = 0xFF; DDRB = 0xFF; UCSRB = 0x18; // UART (RXEN + TXEN) UBRRH = 0x00; // baud rate UBRRL = 0x19; // (19200 bps Fck = 8MHz) printf("\n\n\r Microcontroller reset \n\r"); printf("\r Read from ADC channel (0-7): "); k=getchar()-'0'; ADMUX = k; ADMUX |= 0x40; ADCSRA = 0x8E; ADCSRA |= 0x40; // #asm("sei") while(1); }

-

ASCII

Char Dec Hex Char Dec Hex Char Dec Hex Char Dec Hex

nul 0 0x00 sp 32 0x20 @ 64 0x40 ` 96 0x60 soh 1 0x01 ! 33 0x21 A 65 0x41 a 97 0x61 stx 2 0x02 " 34 0x22 B 66 0x42 b 98 0x62 etx 3 0x03 # 35 0x23 C 67 0x43 c 99 0x63 eot 4 0x04 $ 36 0x24 D 68 0x44 d 100 0x64 enq 5 0x05 % 37 0x25 E 69 0x45 e 101 0x65 ack 6 0x06 & 38 0x26 F 70 0x46 f 102 0x66 bel 7 0x07 ' 39 0x27 G 71 0x47 g 103 0x67 bs 8 0x08 ( 40 0x28 H 72 0x48 h 104 0x68 ht 9 0x09 ) 41 0x29 I 73 0x49 i 105 0x69 lf 10 0x0a * 42 0x2a J 74 0x4a j 106 0x6a

vt 11 0x0b + 43 0x2b K 75 0x4b k 107 0x6b ff 12 0x0c , 44 0x2c L 76 0x4c l 108 0x6c cr 13 0x0d - 45 0x2d M 77 0x4d m 109 0x6d so 14 0x0e . 46 0x2e N 78 0x4e n 110 0x6e si 15 0x0f / 47 0x2f O 79 0x4f o 111 0x6f

dle 16 0x10 0 48 0x30 P 80 0x50 p 112 0x70 dc1 17 0x11 1 49 0x31 Q 81 0x51 q 113 0x71 dc2 18 0x12 2 50 0x32 R 82 0x52 r 114 0x72 dc3 19 0x13 3 51 0x33 S 83 0x53 s 115 0x73 dc4 20 0x14 4 52 0x34 T 84 0x54 t 116 0x74 nak 21 0x15 5 53 0x35 U 85 0x55 u 117 0x75 syn 22 0x16 6 54 0x36 V 86 0x56 v 118 0x76 etb 23 0x17 7 55 0x37 W 87 0x57 w 119 0x77 can 24 0x18 8 56 0x38 X 88 0x58 x 120 0x78 em 25 0x19 9 57 0x39 Y 89 0x59 y 121 0x79 sub 26 0x1a : 58 0x3a Z 90 0x5a z 122 0x7a esc 27 0x1b ; 59 0x3b [ 91 0x5b { 123 0x7b

fs 28 0x1c < 60 0x3c \ 92 0x5c | 124 0x7c gs 29 0x1d = 61 0x3d ] 93 0x5d } 125 0x7d rs 30 0x1e > 62 0x3e ^ 94 0x5e ~ 126 0x7e us 31 0x1f ? 63 0x3f _ 95 0x5f del 127 0x7f

-

TIMER0

O FCK = 8 Hz

Prescaler Timer0

N f0 = FCK/N t0 = 1/f0 T0 = 256 t0

0 ("")

1 8,00 MHz 0,125 sec 32 sec

40 t0 = 5 sec 80 t0 = 10 sec 120 t0 = 15 sec 128 t0 = 16 sec 240 t0 = 30 sec

8 1,00 MHz 1 sec 256 sec

30 t0 = 30 sec 50 t0 = 50 sec 100 t0 = 100 sec 200 t0 = 200 sec 250 t0 = 250 sec

64 125 kHz 8 sec 2,048 msec

25 t0 = 200 sec 100 t0 = 800 sec 125 t0 = 1 msec 200 t0 = 1.6 msec 250 t0 = 2 msec

256 31,250 kHz 32 sec 8,192 msec

25 t0 = 0.8 msec 50 t0 = 1.6 msec 125 t0 = 4 msec 200 t0 = 6.4 msec 250 t0 = 8 msec

1024 7,8125 kHz 128 sec 32,768 msec

25 t0 = 3.2 msec 125 t0 = 16 msec 175 t0 = 22.4 msec 200 t0 = 25.6 msec 250 t0 = 32 msec

-

TIMER1

FCK = 8 Hz

Prescaler Timer1

f1 = FCK/N t1 = 1/f1 T1 = 65536 t1

0 ("")

1 8,00 MHz 0,125 sec 8,192 msec

8000 t1 = 1 msec 16000 t1 = 2 msec 24000 t1 = 3 msec 40000 t1 = 5 msec 64000 t1 = 8 msec

8 1,00 MHz 1 sec 65,536 msec

1000 t1 = 1 msec 5000 t1 = 5 msec 10000 t1 = 10 msec 30000 t1 = 30 msec 50000 t1 = 50 msec 65000 t1 = 65 msec

64 125 kHz 8 sec 0,52488 sec

12500 t1 = 0.1 sec 15625 t1 = 0.125 sec 31250 t1 = 0.25 sec 37500 t1 = 0.3 sec 50000 t1 = 0.4 sec 62500 t1 = 0.5 sec

256 31,250 kHz 32 sec 2,097152 sec

12500 t1 = 0.4 sec 15625 t1 = 0.5 sec 31250 t1 = 1 sec 46875 t1 = 1.5 sec 62500 t1 = 2 sec

1024 7,8125 kHz 128 sec 8,388608 sec

12500 t1 = 1.6 sec 15625 t1 = 2 sec 46875 t1 = 6 sec 62500 t1 = 8 sec

-

KA BAUD RATE

FCK = 8 Mhz Baud Rate UBRR

%

2400 207 0.2 4800 103 0.2 9600 51 0.2 14400 34 0.8 19200 25 0.2 28800 16 2.1 38400 12 0.2 56000 8 0.8 57600 8 3.7 76800 6 7.5 115200 3 7.8 230400 1 7.8

, ( ) () baud rate ( UBRR) 1%.

-

PINOUT AVR ATmega16

cover.pdfaskisi01_HLEK.pdfaskisi02_HLEK.pdfaskisi03_HLEK.pdfaskisi04_HLEK.pdfaskisi05_HLEK.pdfaskisi06_HLEK.pdfaskisi07_HLEK.pdfaskisi08_HLEK.pdfaskisi09_HLEK.pdfaskisi10_HLEK.pdfPARARTIMA.pdf

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/Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > /FormElements false /GenerateStructure true /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles true /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /NA /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /LeaveUntagged /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]>> setdistillerparams> setpagedevice

















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