Michelle Dynes, PhD, MPH, MSN, CNM, RN EIS Officer, Emergency Response and Recovery Branch Prepared for IAWG Meeting 2015 Jordan, February 2015 Evaluation.

Michelle Dynes, PhD, MPH, MSN, CNM, RN

EIS Officer, Emergency Response and Recovery Branch

Prepared for IAWG Meeting 2015

Jordan, February 2015

Evaluation of Handheld Solar Lights among Internally Displaced

Populations in Two Camps in Haiti — August 2013-April 2014

Center for Global Health

Emergency Response and Recovery Branch

LESSONS LEARNEDBACKGROUND

December 2011, USNAP Women, Peace and Security

Focus on Gender Based Violence (GBV) in humanitarian settings

Collaboration between the United States government (USG) and IRC

Build the evidence needed to validate use of handheld solar lights

US National Action Plan (USNAP)

Evaluation Goal

To document the use and benefits of handheld solar lights among females ≥14 years and older living in Toto and

Sinai Camps, Port-au-Prince, Haiti

Evaluation Objectives


To assess the physical environments of camps Sinai & Toto.



To document the utility of handheld solar lights.




To determine the durability and retention of the handheld solar light.




To determine the durability and retention of the handheld solar light.

To measure sense of safety.

LESSONS LEARNEDMETHODS

Evaluation Design - Methods

Direct observation to assess environmental conditions



Focus group discussions (FGD) to assess perceptions, attitudes, risks

Participatory Mapping




Monitoring surveys to assess use, retention and durability

Participatory Mapping




Monitoring surveys to assess use, retention and durability

Household surveys to assess use, durability, activities, and safety Participatory

Mapping

Sample Size

FGDHousehold

Surveys

Sample Size

FGDHousehold

Surveys

Purposive sampling of 14-19 and 25-45

Sample Sizes Baseline: N=8

(n=80) Endline: N=8

(n=82)

Sample Size

2013 IOM Camp Registration Database

Sampling parameters 20% non-response rate 95% CI and a precision of 0.05 10% change in safety

Purposive sampling of 14-19 and 25-45

Sample Sizes Baseline: N=8

(n=80) Endline: N=8

(n=82)

FGDHousehold

Surveys

Final Sample Sizes and Percent Completed

Attempted

Final Sample Size

% Completed

Baseline 895 754 84.3 MV1 801 650 81.2 MV2 754 579 76.8 MV3 721 572 79.3 Endline 720 634 88.1

Final Sample Sizes and Percent Completed

Attempted

Final Sample Size

% Completed

Baseline 895 754 84.3 MV1 801 650 81.2 MV2 754 579 76.8 MV3 721 572 79.3 Endline 720 634 88.1

** 29% loss to follow-up from initiation of the baseline survey to completion of the endline survey

Analysis

Direct observations - description analysis

FGD - Content analysis and coding of themes

Household Surveys Descriptive statistics using SAS 9.3 Chi-square/t-tests for differences between camps & age

groups GEE models to test baseline/endline differences A Life-Table survival analysis to estimate light retention

Evaluation Timeline

Aug2013

Sept2013

Oct2013

Nov2013

Dec2013

Jan2014

Feb2014

Mar2014

July2013

June2013

May2013

Evaluation Timeline

Aug2013

Sept2013

Oct2013

Nov2013

Dec2013

Jan2014

Feb2014

July2013

June2013

May2013

Solar Lights

Pre-test

Mar2014

Evaluation Timeline

Aug2013

Sept2013

Oct2013

Nov2013

Dec2013

Jan2014

Feb2014

July2013

June2013

May2013

Solar Lights

Pre-test

Baseline FGD

Baseline Survey

DirectObservati

on

Mar2014

Evaluation Timeline

Aug2013

Sept2013

Oct2013

Nov2013

Dec2013

Jan2014

Feb2014

July2013

June2013

May2013

Solar Lights

Pre-test

Baseline FGD

Baseline Survey

DirectObservati

on

Solar Lights

Distribution

Mar2014

Evaluation Timeline

Aug2013

Sept2013

Oct2013

Nov2013

Dec2013

Jan2014

Feb2014

July2013

June2013

May2013

Solar Lights

Pre-test

Baseline FGD

Baseline Survey

DirectObservati

on

Solar Lights

Distribution

Monitoring Visit 1

Monitoring Visit 2

Monitoring Visit 3

Mar2014

Evaluation Timeline

Aug2013

Sept2013

Oct2013

Nov2013

Dec2013

Jan2014

Feb2014

July2013

June2013

May2013

Solar Lights

Pre-test

Baseline FGD

Baseline Survey

DirectObservati

on

Solar Lights

Distribution

Monitoring Visit 1

Monitoring Visit 2

Monitoring Visit 3

DirectObservati

on

Endline

Survey

Endline FGD

Mar2014

LESSONS LEARNEDFINDINGS

Demographic Characteristics – Endline Survey


TotalN(%) n=634

Camp SinaiN(%) n=271

Camp TotoN(%) n=363

P-value#

Age 0.017

14-19 years 84 (13.3) 53 (18.4) 40 (10.6)

20 years & older 550 (86.8) 235 (81.6)

336 (89.4)

Education <0.001†

No education 59 (9.3) 35 (12.9) 24 (6.6)

Primary 193 (30.4) 102 (36.7)

91 (25.1)

High school 356 (56.2) 129 (47.6)

227 (62.5)

* Reported as % (SE); # Chi square p-value when categorical and t-test p-value when continuous; † Fisher’s Exact tests were done.


TotalN(%) n=634


Camp TotoN(%) n=363

P-value#

Age 0.017

14-19 years 84 (13.3) 53 (18.4) 40 (10.6)

20 years & older 550 (86.8) 235 (81.6)

336 (89.4)

Education <0.001†

No education 59 (9.3) 35 (12.9) 24 (6.6)

Primary 193 (30.4) 102 (36.7)

91 (25.1)

High school 356 (56.2) 129 (47.6)

227 (62.5)



TotalN(%) n=634


Camp TotoN(%) n=363

P-value#

Age 0.017

14-19 years 84 (13.3) 53 (18.4) 40 (10.6)

20 years & older 550 (86.8) 235 (81.6)

336 (89.4)

Education <0.001†

No education 59 (9.3) 35 (12.9) 24 (6.6)

Primary 193 (30.4) 102 (36.7)

91 (25.1)

High school 356 (56.2) 129 (47.6)

227 (62.5)



TotalN(%) n=634


Camp TotoN(%) n=363

P-value#

Age 0.017

14-19 years 84 (13.3) 53 (18.4) 40 (10.6)

20 years & older 550 (86.8) 235 (81.6)

336 (89.4)

Education <0.001†

No education 59 (9.3) 35 (12.9) 24 (6.6)

Primary 193 (30.4) 102 (36.7)

91 (25.1)

High school 356 (56.2) 129 (47.6)

227 (62.5)


Nighttime Activities among Women:Baseline/Endline Comparison


Camp Sinai (N=237)

Baseline (% yes)

Endline (% yes)

Odd Ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Personal 66.7 90.4 4.5 (2.1, 10.0)

<0.001

Religious 50.0 53.0 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) 0.839

Buy goods 27.9 71.1 5.3 (3.4, 8.5) <0.001

Social 24.2 25.3 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) 0.924

Work 16.7 9.64 0.6 (0.2, 1.4) 0.203

Camp Toto (N=316) Personal 68.2 77.4 1.6 (0.9, 2.9) 0.144

Religious 41.4 50.9 1.4 (0.8, 2.5) 0.195

Buy goods 28.5 70.8 5.5 (3.5, 8.6) <0.001

Social 36.8 27.4 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) 0.259

Work 20.5 20.8 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) 0.991


Camp Sinai (N=237)

Baseline (% yes)

Endline (% yes)

Odd Ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Personal 66.7 90.4 4.5 (2.1, 10.0)

<0.001

Religious 50.0 53.0 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) 0.839

Buy goods 27.9 71.1 5.3 (3.4, 8.5) <0.001

Social 24.2 25.3 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) 0.924

Work 16.7 9.64 0.6 (0.2, 1.4) 0.203


Religious 41.4 50.9 1.4 (0.8, 2.5) 0.195

Buy goods 28.5 70.8 5.5 (3.5, 8.6) <0.001

Social 36.8 27.4 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) 0.259

Work 20.5 20.8 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) 0.991


Camp Sinai (N=237)

Baseline (% yes)

Endline (% yes)

Odd Ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Personal 66.7 90.4 4.5 (2.1, 10.0)

<0.001

Religious 50.0 53.0 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) 0.839

Buy goods 27.9 71.1 5.3 (3.4, 8.5) <0.001

Social 24.2 25.3 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) 0.924

Work 16.7 9.64 0.6 (0.2, 1.4) 0.203


Religious 41.4 50.9 1.4 (0.8, 2.5) 0.195

Buy goods 28.5 70.8 5.5 (3.5, 8.6) <0.001

Social 36.8 27.4 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) 0.259

Work 20.5 20.8 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) 0.991

Objective 1: Physical

Environment

Environmental Characteristics - Observation


Camp Sinai

Camp Toto

Shelters Tents Wood Shelters


Camp Sinai

Camp Toto


Lighting Electricity No

Large Solar Panels No

Lighting at public places No


Camp Sinai

Camp Toto


Lighting Electricity No

Large Solar Panels No

Lighting at public places No

Presence of actors MINUSTAH No

PNH No

Camp Committee No

Objective 2: Utility of the lights

Frequency of Handheld Solar Light Use - Survey


TotalN (%)

n=634

Camp SinaiN (%)

n=271

Camp TotoN (%)

n=363

Solar light use

At least once per day 606 (95.6)

255 (94.1) 351 (96.7)

No other working flashlights

536 (84.7)

236 (87.4) 300 (82.6)


TotalN (%)

n=634

Camp SinaiN (%)

n=271

Camp TotoN (%)

n=363

Solar light use


255 (94.1) 351 (96.7)


536 (84.7)

236 (87.4) 300 (82.6)

96% of females reported at least daily use


TotalN (%)

n=634

Camp SinaiN (%)

n=271

Camp TotoN (%)

n=363

Solar light use


255 (94.1) 351 (96.7)


536 (84.7)

236 (87.4) 300 (82.6)

85% of households had no other working flashlights

Use of Lighting Sources: Baseline/Endline Comparison


Camp Sinai (N=237)

Baseline (% yes)

Endline (% yes)

Odd Ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Inside Candle 88.0 31.1 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) <0.001

Inside Gas Lamp 18.0 7.7 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) <0.001

Outside Candle 23.9 13.6 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) 0.005

Outside Gas Lamp 6.0 4.7 0.8 (0.3, 1.7) 0.515

Camp Toto (N=316) Inside Candle 56.6 20.3 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) <0.001

Inside Gas Lamp 47.9 25.0 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) <0.001

Outside Candle 22.8 9.8 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) <0.001

Outside Gas Lamp 19.5 7.9 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) <0.001


Camp Sinai (N=237)

Baseline (% yes)

Endline (% yes)

Odd Ratio (95% CI)

P-value

Inside Candle 88.0 31.1 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) <0.001

Inside Gas Lamp 18.0 7.7 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) <0.001

Outside Candle 23.9 13.6 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) 0.005

Outside Gas Lamp 6.0 4.7 0.8 (0.3, 1.7) 0.515

Camp Toto (N=316) Inside Candle 56.6 20.3 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) <0.001

Inside Gas Lamp 47.9 25.0 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) <0.001

Outside Candle 22.8 9.8 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) <0.001

Outside Gas Lamp 19.5 7.9 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) <0.001

Perceptions of Handheld Solar Lights - FGD

Durable, light-weight, easy to carry and held charge



Used most often by women and girls




Generally available when needed





Sense of improved protection






Economic benefit






Economic benefit

Some concerns

Comments about the Lights - FGD

“With no electricity, we can be cocky [‘chèlè] as we have a lamp. It makes us

proud to feel special”

“I love my lamp. The lamp is my heart, it stays with me when I sleep.”

Comments about the Lights - FGD

“I am scared to go to some places for fear that people will take the lamp.”

“I sleep with one eye open and one eye closed so that they won’t steal my solar

panel.”

Objective 3: Light Durability &

Retention

29 lost lights

28 lost to follow-up

96%

30 lost lights


92%

26 lost lights12 lost to follow-up

88%

36 lost lights


83%

533 lights retained

121 lights lost

Objective 4: Measuring safety

Camp Sinai Camp Toto0

20

40

60

80

100

BaselineEndline

(N=237)

(N=316)

Baseline/Endline Comparison of Perceptions

of Feeling Protected Outside the Home at Night


20

40

60

80

100

BaselineEndline

Odds of feeling protected

DECREASED by 63%

OR 0.4 (0.2, 0.6)p-value <0.001

(N=237)

(N=316)




20

40

60

80

100

BaselineEndline

Odds of feeling protected INCREASED

by 118%

OR 2.2 (1.2, 4.1)p-value 0.016

(N=237)

(N=316)



Reasons for Feeling Unprotected Outside the Home at Night - Survey

TotalN (%)

n=97

Camp SinaiN (%)

n=76

Camp TotoN (%)

n=21

P-value

Thugs 57 (58.8) 47 (61.8) 10 (47.6) 0.244

Loud noise/cursing

37 (38.1) 32 (42.1) 5 (23.8) 0.129

Hearing gun shots

34 (35.1) 33 (43.4) 1 (4.8) 0.001

Physical violence 28 (28.9) 27 (35.5) 1 (4.8) 0.006

Rock/bottle throwing

22 (22.7) 19 (25.0) 3 (14.3) 0.387

Sexual violence 19 (19.6) 17 (22.4) 2 (9.5) 0.231


TotalN (%)

n=97

Camp SinaiN (%)

n=76

Camp TotoN (%)

n=21

P-value

Thugs 57 (58.8) 47 (61.8) 10 (47.6) 0.244

Loud noise/cursing

37 (38.1) 32 (42.1) 5 (23.8) 0.129

Hearing gun shots

34 (35.1) 33 (43.4) 1 (4.8) 0.001



22 (22.7) 19 (25.0) 3 (14.3) 0.387

Sexual violence 19 (19.6) 17 (22.4) 2 (9.5) 0.231Thugs and loud noise most common reasons for feeling unprotected; 1 in 5 feared sexual violence


TotalN (%)

n=97

Camp SinaiN (%)

n=76

Camp TotoN (%)

n=21

P-value

Thugs 57 (58.8) 47 (61.8) 10 (47.6) 0.244

Loud noise/cursing

37 (38.1) 32 (42.1) 5 (23.8) 0.129

Hearing gun shots

34 (35.1) 33 (43.4) 1 (4.8) 0.001



22 (22.7) 19 (25.0) 3 (14.3) 0.387

Sexual violence 19 (19.6) 17 (22.4) 2 (9.5) 0.231Women in Sinai were more likely to feel unprotected from hearing guns shots and physical violence

LESSONS LEARNELIMITATIONS

Limitations

No control group, so unable to draw causal conclusions about the impact of lights

Intervention did not take place in an acute emergency setting, so findings may be different in other contexts

Difficult to translate and measure complex concepts such as safety

Social desirability bias many have impacted responses

Recommendations

Improve the physical camp

environment in IDP camps in order to affect the security

and safety of women and girls.

Recommendations




Closer monitoring of protection

issues to allow identification and

response to changes over time.

Recommendations




Closer monitoring of protection

issues to allow identification and

response to changes over time.

Support distribution of handheld solar

lights for individual use to improve the quality of daily life.

Recommendations

Increase of security presence and community

patrols inside the IDP camps

Recommendations



Handheld solar lamps as one aspect of an

overall package offered to women

and girls in emergencies.

Recommendations



Handheld solar lamps as one aspect of an

overall package offered to women

and girls in emergencies.

Future studies should assess the

utility and durability of lights in other settings

and across emergency phases.

For more information please contact Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333Telephone, 1-800-CDC-INFO (232-4636)/TTY: 1-888-232-6348E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.cdc.gov

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Acknowledgements

Center for Global Health

Emergency Response and Recovery Branch

IRC staff-NYC and Haiti, IRC Contractors Anjuli Shivshanker Fedna Edourd Francesca Rivelli Jennifer Miquel Leora Ward Miriam Castanedo Nicole Klaesener-Metzner Reginald Bazile Virginia Zuco

FGD facilitators, survey enumerators, data entry clerks, and drivers

Women and families of Camp Toto & Sinai

CDC staff-Atlanta and Haiti Anna Gajewski Erica Kantor Barbara Marston Holly Williams Basia Tomczyk Jennifer Whitmill Brian Wheeler Mariana Rosenthal Colleen Hardy Roodly Archer Curtis Blanton Samira Sami

USAID OFDA staff-DC and Haiti Anjelica Fleischer Carolyne Siganda Courtney Blake Jonathon Anderson

Questions?

Michelle Dynes, PhD, MPH, MSN, CNM, RN EIS Officer, Emergency Response and Recovery Branch Prepared for IAWG Meeting 2015 Jordan, February 2015 Evaluation.

Documents

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