Michael Kunst, Bell Beakers in Portugal. A short summary, in: M. A. Rojo-Guerra - R. Garrido-Pena - I. García-Martínez del Lagrán (coord.), Bell Beakers in the Iberian Peninsula

Serie: ARTE Y ARQUEOLOGiA, 0 ° 21

El Campaniforme en Ia PeninsuJa lberica y su contexto europeo = Bell Beakers in tbe Iberian Peninsula and their european context I Manuel A. Rojo-Guerra, Rafael Garrido-Pena, :inigo Garcia-Martinez de Lagran (Coords .). - Valladolid : Universidad de VaJiadolid, Secretariado de Publicaciones e Intercambio Editorial [etc], 2005

VI, 602 p. ; 22 em . - (Arte y Arqueologia ; o0 21)

ISBN 84-8448-333-9

Civilizaci6n del vaso campanifonne - [berica, Peninsula (Espana y Portugal) 2. Ceramica prehist6rica- lberica, Peninsula (Espana y Portugal) 3. Iberica, Peninsula (Espana y Portugal) -Antigtledades I. Garrido-Pena, Rafael, coord. Il. Garcia-Martinez de Lagmn, l.liigo, coord. m. Rojo-Guerra, Manuel, coord. rv. Bell Beakers in the lberian Peninsula and their european context. V. Universidad de Valladolid, Secretariado de Publicaciones e lntercambio Editorial, ed. VI. Serie

903.02(292.461)

MANUEL A. ROJO-G E RRA

RAFAEL GARRID -PE A i:NIGO GAR i . -MArHLNEZ DE LAGRAN

(Coords.)

EL CAMP ANIFORME , , EN LA PENINSULA ffiERICA Y SU CONTEXTO EUROPEO

BELL BEAKERS IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND THEIR EUROPEAN CONTEXT

Junta de Castilla y Le6n

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U TVERSI.DA.D DE VALLADOLJD

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© LOS AUTO RES V ALLADOLID 2005 S E RET ARJADO D. P UBLlCAClONES E INTER: AMBIO EDJTORJAL. UNTVE RSTDAD DE V ALLADOUD

JUNTA DE CA TILLA Y L EON

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Maquetaci6n: liiigo Garcia Martinez de Lagran

Imprime: Gnl:fica VARONA S.A. Poligono "El Montalvo", parcela 49 3 7008 - Salamanca

MlCllA EL KUNST- El Componifonue en Portugal. Breve re.mmen 209

Figura 1: Cuenca de tipo Palmela segun E. Cartalhac (1886) .

Figure 1: Palmela bowl according to E. Carla/hac (1886) .

Figura 2: Di.,· fribucion de cuanlidades de ceramtca campan({orme en e/ Oesle de Europa segrin L. Salanova (2000: 187. Fig. 1/6).

Figure 2: Distribution of Bell Beaker quantities in Western Europe according to L. Salanova (2000: 187, Fig. 116).

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Figura 3: Zumbujul: "Copu cane/ado·· (Fo to: J. Patterson)_

Figure 3: Zambujal , Copo canelado (Photo: J. Patterson ).

Figura 4: Zambujal (To rres l"edras. Lisboa. Portugal) a / .finales de Julio de :!00:!: 1·isra aereu clescle el Surueste. en el jim do a Ia dereclw Ia quarru linlw rFoto: .1. Patterson: D-DA I­MA D-KB-:!9-02-08!.

Figure 4: Zambujal (Torres Vedras. Lisbon. Portugal) in the end of July 2002: areal view from southwest. at right hand in the backgraound the fourth line (Photo: J. Patterson: D-DAI-MAD-KB-29-02-08).

MICHAEL KUNST- El Campaniforme en Portugal. Breve resumen 211

Figura 5: Zambujal: Ceramica campaniforme: Recipientes reconstruidos por L. J. Trindade {Foto: J. Patterson)

Figure 5: Zambujal: Bell Beaker Pottery: Vessels reconstructed by L. J. Trindade (Photo: J. Patterson).

--

o--- 0 _ ... _ ... _ - -... .........__. __ _ Figuar 6 a: El modelo de Ia "ceramica complementaria " de C. Strahm

(2004: 115, Fig. 4).

Figure 6 a: The model of complementary pottery from C. Strahm (2004: 115, Fig. 4).

Bee••· 2000

2500

3000

2000 BC cal

2500 BC cal

Vila Nova deS. Pedro

3000 BC cal

Figura 6 b:EI modelo de Ia evoluci6n de Ia Cultura de Vila Nova de S. Pedro en La Estremadura Portuguesa.

Figura 6 b: The model of the development of the culture of Vila Nova de S. Pedro in the Portuguese Estremadura.

Bell Beakers in Portugal:

A short summary

MICHAEL KUNST.

English text revised by Katrina Lillios

Beginning with the first publication of Portuguese Bell Beaker pottery by Augusto Filippe Simoes (1878: 56-57), the discovery of Beaker ceramics has significantly increased, so much so that Laure Salanova could publish in her thesis a map showing that Bell Beaker finds are more frequent in central Portugal than in any other part of western Europe (Salanova, 2000: 187). Bell Beaker ware is one of the most characteristic pottery types of the 3rd millennium b. C. in Portugal, and because of this. it has long been the most important indicator of the Portuguese Copper Age. This article provides a brief overview of the study of Bell Beakers in Portugal today and a short history of research in order to understand the development of different questions from which different strategies of investigation and methods depended. It concludes with an outline of a continuity model for Bell Beaker origins in the Estremadura region of Portugal. 1. TYPES OF BELL BEAKER POTIERY IN PORTUGAL

Although there exists a great deal of literature on Bell Beakers in Portugal from the late 19th century onward. a generally accepted terminology still does not exist. The «Beaker story» began with the simple description of some vessels from Palmela with special attention paid to their ornamentation (Cartailhac. 1886: 123-126). After the discovery of new sites. typical forms and ornaments were described for particular regions (such as, for example. Bosch-Gimpera, 1926; del Castillo, 1928: 61-67, also G. and V. Leisner (1943: 518-519) for the Bell Beaker pottery of the Guadalquivir region). But it was only with the publication of the third volume of the megalfthic tombs of West Iberia by V. Leisner (1965: 255-264) that Bell Beaker pottery in Portugal was discussed. Leisner followed the scheme of J. L'Helgouache (1963) but did not discuss the reasons for her classification except to provide a description of the decorative techniques (Leisner, 1965: 261-262).

The first monograph on Portuguese Bell Beaker pottery was written by 0. da Veiga Ferreira (1966). It was only at the end of his book that he provided an independent classification scheme of decoration and form. First he divided the decorative techniques in three groups: 1 - pointille, 2 - lineaire pointille, 3 - lineaire incise (Ferreira, 1966: 114). Then, he distinguished between «pointille» and «decor au peigne» and perhaps shell-impressed. He also mentioned the first published finds (dated to 1951) of cord impressed ware from Olelas and Alto do Montijo. which had been, in the meanwhile, forgotten (Suarez Otero and Lest6n, 2005: 18, Fig . 9; Jorge, S., 2002 b: 129, Fig. VIII). He then provided a short description of the ornaments produced by these techniques, and then distinguished eight types of vessels: 1 - «vases campaniformes proprement dits». 2 - «grands vases en forme d'ecuelles». 3 - «grands vases a bards omes (type Palmela)» , 4 - «lasses de dimensions moyennes ou petites», 5- «ecuelles», 6- «vases en forme de cloche», 7 - «COUpes», 8- «coupes a pied eleve (type S. Pedro do Estoril ou Porto Covo, ce demier non ome)» (Ferreira, 1966: 114-116). This classification is insufficient, however, because many important questions remained unaddressed, such as: What differentiates vessel types 1 and 6? What is the difference between large, medium and small? Does a small vessel with an ornamented rim belong to type 3 or 4?

B. Blance (1971: 1 03) mentioned only some very general descriptions of Bell Beaker attributes of the Iberian Peninsula. She distinguished between four different Beaker types: 1 - the Maritime Beaker and true Maritime Beaker, 2 - the Beaker of the Meseta type, 3 - the short Beaker with a carinated body, and 4 - the bowl, Palmela bowl and bowl with a conical hollow foot It is interesting that in her classification she does not mention «cord decoration» although she did note the publication of A. del Castillo (1956) and this decoration type in her chapter on the Reflux horizon of E. Sangmeister (Biance, 1971 : 116}.

Deutsches Archaolog1sches lnstitut. Abteilung Madnd

21 4 B ELL BEAKERS I N THE IBERIAN PENINSULA A ND TH EIR EU ROPEAN CONTEXT

For the first time, R. Harrison tried to establish a systematic classification system for the Iberian Bell Beaker pottery by applying the American type-variety method used for the classification of Maya pottery (for example: Smith et al. , 1960). This scheme was more detailed than the descriptions of 0. da Veiga Ferreira and B. Blance and was structured in a hierarchical order (Harrison, 1977: 11 ):

Series ... etc .... etc. Beaker complex ....

Series .... type ... variety

type ... variety variety

That part of R. Harrison's type-variety classification based on the Beaker types found in Portugal could be studied Harrison (1977: 13-20). In some cases the hierarchical order is not absolutely clear. and I indicate these by «Series?» and «Type?» . Another problem with this system is that Harrison did not provide examples of each type or variety, and he excluded from his classification tree some attributes such as «modes»: the form of the vessel's base («flat base» . «dished omphalos» or «dimple omphalos») and the decorative technique. Furthermore, it is not easy to understand why he subordinated «zoned decoration» and «basal decoration» under the decorative technique (Harrison, 1977: 22-23). The inadequacies of the type­variety system were discussed by M. E. Smith (1979), although some terms introduced by R. Harrison's classification are still in use today.

In his chapter on the Tagus estuary, R. Harrison noted: «At no site are the Maritime and Palmela complexes directly related to each other. There are sites with one or the other complex. or both complexes together, but in no case are the complexes stratigraphically related to each other on the same site» (Harrison, 1977: 25). Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that both complexes were contemporaneous. On the other hand, he wrote in an earlier passage: «Although there are several hundred prehistoric sites known in the Tagus region, only a tiny fraction have even rudimentary stratigraphies, and even fewer are closed or sealed finds» . This may be one of the main reasons for the lack of stratigraphic interrelation of both complexes. Another question that remains is whether these complexes really do exist or if this result is simply due to his type­variety classification and the specific attribute patterns he described for typology.

The aforementioned classifications. from P. Bosch-Gimpera to R. Harrison. do not reflect on the fact that the majority of Bell Beaker ceramics only occur in the form of pot sherds, which neither illustrate the complete decorative patterns nor the vessel form . Only reconstructions could be made. For this reason . E. Sangmeister attempted to describe Portuguese Bell Beaker pottery with a more neutral vocabulary distinguishing (Sangmeister, 1976: 432-433): - «moncton stempelverziert» = monotonous decorated by comb imprints . - «variantenreiche Stempelkeramik» = comb decorated pottery in many variants, -«ritz- und/oder kerbschnittverzierte Keramik» = pottery with incised and/or grooved decoration. Furthermore, it now appears that incised decoration was more recent than comb impressed decoration (Cardoso. 2001 : 145).

Because of these factors , a classification of Bell Beaker pottery at Zambujal had to be created that was valid for potsherds as well as for complete vessels. Thus, pottery from different sites could be compared based on different levels of attributes that could be observed. In order to distinguish different components of the decoration of vessels, I developed the following designations: 1) element, 2) motif. and 3) ornament. A motif consists of several elements, and different motifs make up an ornament (Kunst, 1987: 36-38). Thus. the elements contain information about the decorative technique. For example. an element could be a comb impression and the number of teeth could be counted , the teeth could be round or rectangular in shape, and so on. A motif is the next order of classification and is composed of elements, such as, for example, a triangle or a band; both could , for example. be filled with parallel comb impressions in different directions, and so on. These motifs are normally the designs we observe on a potsherd. The ornament is then the composition of several motifs and only that is really what distinguishes the above mentioned styles or types in addition to the vessel form. Some form elements can also be observed on a potsherd, such as the shoulder of a shouldered bowl. Rim sherds can also sometimes indicate very clearly whether they come from a bowl or from another type of vessel , such as a Beaker or shouldered bowl. We can also measure the wall thickness.

MICI-lAEL K u T - Bell Beakers in Porlugal: A ~1wrl .mmmary 215

In a study of the Beaker ceramics decorated by comb impressions from Zambujal, the most important result of a correspondence analysis of 29 attributes (16 of which are «classes of wall thickness» , the rest are different «motifs» and the attributes «bowl» and «shouldered bowl») was that triangles at the site do not occur on Bell Beakers but only on bowls and shouldered bowls (Kunst, 1987: 128-131). Thus, it appears that at Zambujal the decoration of the vessels has something to do with their function and are not primarily chronological indicators. This shows their stratigraphic distributions. Potsherds from bowls with triangle motifs are contemporaneous with Beakers with monotone decorations, the so-called Maritime Beakers. In the case of the nine Bell Beaker sherds with incised decoration, only one occurs in phase 3 or 4, the others are from undatable complexes, the surface or phase 5. Therefore, it seems likely that the decoration technique, whether it is incised or comb decorated, is a chronological indicator, a result similar to the evidence from Leceia (Cardoso, 2001 : 145).

In the following text, all potsherds with the above-mentioned decorations, stamped and incised, are called «Bell Beaker sherds» . The term «Bell Beaker pottery» includes beakers as well as bowls, shouldered bowls, footed bowls, and bottles with Bell Beaker decorations. 2. ONCE UPON A TIME ...

The first publication of a potsherd which could be identified as Bell Beaker pottery was a piece published in 1878 by A. Filippe Sim5es. It is not clear from where it derived. He mentioned it together with two other fragments from globular vessels, today classified as «acacia leaf» pottery and incised pottery (Rgure 2). Simoes understood these fragments as examples of a technological development in pottery manufacture during the Neolithic, and stated that they were from Monte Abraao, Pena de Serubal and Fonte da Ruptura, which might be the same locality as the site known today as Castro da Rotura near Setubal, but it is not clear which fragment belongs to which site (Simoes, 1878: 56-57, fig . 38-40).

In the same year, in a publication of his work at Leceia (then Licea), C. Ribeiro announced further publications of other sites, such as his excavations at the tombs of Palmela (then written as Palmella) (Ribeiro, 1878: 3). But because of his death in 1882 he was not able to publish the finds from the artificial caves of Palmela, although some years later some of his finds were published by E. Cartailhac. Among these finds were some examples of Bell Beaker pottery (Figure 1) which the author compared to other beakers from France and Italy, although they were not called Bell Beakers (Cartailhac, 1886: 125). Thus emerged the question: from where did this pottery come? And on the same page of his book, E. Cartailhac questioned the function of this pottery (Cartailhac, 1886: 125). He continued describing another type of decorated vessel, the bowls with larger and decorated rims: «Quelques vases de Palmella ant une physionomie differente. Ce sont des coupes basses et larges (Figure 159), bien omees, non-seulement a l'exterieur, mais aussi sur le plat du rebord qui est tres elargi e surplombe en dedans.» (Cartailhac, 1886: 125-126). This might be the origin of the term «Palmela bowl». Comparing these ceramics with prehistoric ceramics in France he noted that there occur similar types only at the borders of his country, on the coast of Brittany and Provence, and in the Pyrenees and Alps. These descriptions of E. Cartailhac and C. Ribeiro illustrate, for the first time, typical Portuguese Bell Beaker items, which would later be called «Maritime Bell Beakers», «Palmela bowls» and «Palmela points». Two other typical objects belonging to the Bell Beaker complex are the so-called V-perforated button and the stone wristguard. The V-perforated button appears in the early Portuguese literature in C. Ribeiro's description of the dolmen of Monte Abraao (then written as Monte Abrahao) (Ribeiro, 1880: 48-49). 3. THE BELL BEAKER CULTURE

After the introduction of the term «culture» into the scholarly literature in 1717 by the French philosopher Voltaire, it took some time before it was adopted by the science of prehistory. This history, especially the evolution of the term «culture» to «Kulturkreislehre» and «diffusionism» was discussed by R. Hachmann (1987). Here I will only add that the possibility that the still extant «Association for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory of Berlin» («Berliner Gesellschaft fUr Anthropologie, Ethnologle und Urgeschichte») was an important platform for the introduction of the «Kulturkreislehre» into archaeology. And it was R. Virchow, who belonged to this association, who said: «Human culture consists of cultures» (Hachmann, 1987: 15). In this sphere G. Kossinna and H. Schmidt emerged and had a major influence on the studies of P. Bosch-Gimpera and later A del Castillo Yurrita.

Before this period, the prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula in general, and especially the investigation of Bell Beaker pottery, was dominated by diffusionism. P. Bosch-Gimpera (1926) published an article on the «Bell Beaker culture»

216 B ELL BEAKERS LN TH E IBER IAN P EN INSU LA AND THEIR EUROPEAN CONTEXT

( «Glockenbecherkultur») in the first German encyclopedia of prehistory, directed by M. Ebert. There P. Bosch-Gimpera included a map of 177 Bell Beaker sites he knew from all over Europe, and among these were the following 11 Portuguese sites: 21) Chibanes; 22) Palmela ; 23) Rotura; 24) S. Martinho; Lecea; Cascaes; 25) Monge; 26) Serra das Mutelas; Cesareda; 27) Furadouro; 28) Outeiro da Assenta ; and 29) Seixo. Apart from an incorrect location of Cesareda, identical to Casa da Moura (Delgado, 1867; Simoes, 1878: 117, fig . 65; Straus et al. , 1988), the map already reflected the distribution of Bell Beakers as we see it today, with one exception: P. Bosch-Gimpera was not aware of any site in southern Portugal (Alentejo and Algarve). As we also know today, his map showed a high concentration of sites around the Tagus estuary and fewer sites to the north. According to his map, the highest concentration of Bell Beaker sites was located in central Europe, between Heidelberg and Frankfurt, between the rivers Elbe and Fulda (around Thuringia), in Bohemia-Moravia and in Slovakia. But contrary to this pattern of distribution, he concluded that the Bell Beakers originated in Andalucia , and argued, following H. Schmidt [translated from the German original]: «Only In Spain, namely in the Central Culture (Guadalquivir valley), is it possible to consider the evolution of the Bell Beaker pottery with its manifold decorations from the older cave pottery [«Grottenkeramik)) that is pottery of the so-called Cave Culture = Cultura de las Cuevas] of the south half of the Central Culture» (Bosch-Gimpera, 1926: 358). From the Guadalquivir valley he only knew of three sites: 1) Carmona, 2) Marchena and 3) Ecija. From there the so-called Bell Beaker Culture should have spread to Portugal and to Almeria from where it expanded to other European regions, but perhaps with the exception of Brittany, where the Bell Beakers might have come from Portugal. .. (Bosch-Gimpera, 1926: 351).

Only two years later appeared the first monograph on the «Bell Beaker Culture» (Del Castillo, 1928). Even in his preface, A. del Castillo revealed a strong influence of the «Kulturkreislehre» in his division of «grupos geograficoculturales» (Del Castillo, 1928: 8). The main subsequent developments in the history of Bell Beaker research are sufficently summarized by C. Strahm (1998: 21 -26), and therefore need not be repeated here in detail. In the 1970s, however, «New Archaeology» or «Processual Archaeology» began to challenge the notion of a «Bell Beaker culture» and introduced the term «network» (Clarke, 1976: 465). In the same year, C. Burgess and S. Shennan introduced the term «Beaker phenomenon» and described an «interaction sphere» (Burgess and Shennan, 1976; Shennan, 1976: 238). Stimulated by an article of R. Harrison in which he pointed out the possibility of a Tagus estuary origin of Maritime Bell Beakers (Harrison, 1974), E. Sangmeister suggested that we had to ask again where there had existed a «Bell Beaker culture»? This was because there was the possibility that there had existed a «Bell Beaker culture» in one region , whereas in another region the Bell Beaker was only an object of commerce, exchange, and so on ... (Sangmeister, 1976: 435). Within this context, C. Strahm inquired as to the reasons for the different distribution patterns of the «Bell Beaker set», and distinguished between regions with a «Bell Beaker culture» from those where only the «Bell Beaker set» appeared in another environment. His answer was that there had originated a new ideology in the 3rd millennium b. C. which spread from the core zones to all over Europe as manifested by the «Bell Beaker set» (Strahm, 1998: 29-42). 4. THE DISCUSSION OF THE EARLIEST BELL BEAKERS OF PORTUGAL

Twenty-eight years after the publication of his Bell Beaker monograph, A del Castillo Yurrita was the first to publish the cord decorated beakers of the Iberian Peninsula (Del Castillo 1956), although he had little influence in changing people's minds. It took 17 years before these finds were again discussed (Savory, 1973).

After the Bell Beaker conference at Oberried in 1974, where J. N. Lanting and J. D. van der Waals published, what was later called the «Dutch Model» (Lanting and van der Waals, 1976; Harrison, 1980: 17-41), the cord-decorated Bell Beakers from the Iberian Peninsula gained a special interest. According to the Dutch Model and following Savory (1973), these Beakers were, for R. Harrison, the oldest Beakers in Iberia (Harrison, 1980: 128). Cord decoration exists in the Iberian Peninsula in two varieties: the so-called AOC (All-over-corded) and the other variety which have «cord-impressed lines bordering the dentated spatula zones» (Lanting and van der Waals, 1976: 9) or the C/ZM, Maritime Type: Cord Zoned Variety (Harrison, 1977:14). In their last publication, J. Suarez Otero and M. Lest6n Gomez included a distribution map of the cord-decorated Bell Beaker sherds of the Iberian Peninsula. This map demonstrated very clearly that the AOC type only exists near the borders of the Peninsula, relatively close to the coast, whereas the C/ZM type is distributed also throughout the mesetas (Suarez and Lest6n, 2005: 18, Fig. 9). This fact was discussed by J. Suarez Otero some years ago (Suarez Otero, 1996: 36), but his conclusion that

M ICHAEL K UNST - Bell Beakers in Punugal: A shurl .l'tlmman• 217

there might be a differentiation in the contexts of both types was rather uncertain because of the low number of sites (13 with AOC and 20 with C/ZM). Since then , one more site with C/ZM has been discovered at Alcalar (Algarve), tomb 9 (Moran and Parreira) and, as already mentioned above (Ferreira , 1966: 114) there is another potsherd of the AOC type, if it is Bell Beaker, in the fortified (Gonyalves, J. L. , 1992: 35) settlement of Olelas (Vicente and Serrao, 1952: Est. VIII , 7). Thus, there are only 4 cord-decorated potsherds in Portugal, one AOC at the settlement site , or so-called monument, Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numao in Tras-os-Montes (Jorge, S., 2002 b), the AOC mentioned from the settlement at Olelas, and one AOC at the settlement of Porto Torrao (Arnaud, 1993), and last but not least the two fragments of C/ZM from the corbelled tomb 7 at Alcalar (Moran and Parreira, 2004 ).

Because of the Dutch Model we must ask if these cord-decorated Bell Beakers are the oldest from Portugal. This question is difficult to answer because all these potsherds do not belong to truly closed finds. Perhaps the best date will come from Alcalar where one of the two cord-decorated sherds comes from the leveling layer below the cairn and one from the filling of the cairn. Thus, it depends on the date for tomb 7 whether these Bell Beaker sherds are very early or not In Castelo Velho the AOC sherd comes from the early layer but in an uncertain context outside the fortification wall (Jorge). This layer was dated by a series of radiocarbon dates, and S. Jorge wrote: «It must be pointed out here that only three of these dates ... show periods within the first half of the 3rd millennium BC. The other four indicate very long time spans, occupying almost the whole of the millennium ... » (Jorge, S. 2002b: 111 ). The sherd from Olelas is without context. The sherd from Porto Torrao comes from the earlier layer, also radiocarbon dated to the first half of the 3rd millennium, but it is not a closed layer. Thus, it is not clear what the radiocarbon dates of Porto Torrao are really dating , because the area of the excavation belongs to a cultivated land where, today, deep ploughs are in use.

It is interesting to note that all these cord-decorated sherds are very widely distributed from the very north to the very south. Alcalar is very close to the coast, and Olelas is in the center of Portugal not far from the coast, whereas Porto Torrao near Ferreira do Alentejo is situated more to the interior and Castelo Velho is situated even more to the interior.

On the other hand the main concentration of Bell Beaker pottery is found in the Estremadura region, especially in the districts of Lisbon and Setubal (Salanova, 2000: 400 & 405, Fig. 1 ). There, the Maritime Beakers seem to be the earliest. For example, at the fortified site of Zambujal there are no cord-decorated ceramics but there is the linear variety of Maritime Beaker. That variety is the AOO type from Lanting and van der Waals which resembles the AOC type but is comb-decorated, as if it were an imitation of the cord decoration . At Zambujal it was called motif S14 (Kunst, 1987: 90). It seems that this decoration (AOO) does not belong to the first Bell Beaker pottery there (Kunst, 1987: 125-127), which was represented by Maritime Beakers (motifs S1 and S2 after Kunst, 1987: 90) and simple bowls decorated with triangles (motif S20 after Kunst, 1987: 91). C. Strahm (1979) had previously pointed out that the radiocarbon chronology of the Netherlands and southwest Europe does not support the idea that the Maritime Bell Beakers developed from the corded beakers. Why couldn 't the AOO beakers have developed in the Netherlands and the Maritime Beakers in the Iberian Peninsula? (Strahm. 1979: 289-291 ; Kunst, 1987: 126-127). 5. THE PORTUGUESE BELL BEAKER REGIONS

Currently, we distinguish between four different regions of Bell Beaker distribution in Portugal : 5. Northern Portugal (Minho, Tras-os-Montes, Douro Litoral) , between the river Minho and the river Douro and its

tributaries, and also the Beira Regions (Beira Alta, Beira Baixa, Beira Litoral) around the river Mondego and its tributaries

6. Central Portugal (Estremadura, Ribatejo and Northwest of the Baixo Alentejo) 7. Alentejo (Alto Alentejo, rest of Baixo Alentejo) 8. Algarve

5.1. Northern Portugal There are only 21 sites with low frequencies of Bell Beaker pottery: 15 burial sites (mostly mounds and megalithic tombs)

and 6 settlement sites sensu latu, which include settlements and so-called «monuments» (Jorge, S. 2002 a). S. Oliveira Jorge has pointed out, however. that there might be a wider distribution of Bell Beaker pottery in northern Portugal if all material from the burial sites excavated since 1987 were published (Jorge, S. 2002 b: 112), and she described their distribution with a certain

218 B ELL B EAKERS IN THE I BERI AN PEN INSU LA A ND TII EIR EU ROPEAN C ONTEXT

tendency to the coast. I suggest, using the same evidence, that it could be argued that only 5 sites are on the coast, and the main distribution is further inland along the main river valleys. The concentration of 6 sites in the Serra da Aboboreira area is not astonishing because of the intensive investigations in that area during the last 20 years (Jorge, V., 1988 a; Jorge, V., 2000). A methodologically new approach in the investigation of the settlement in Tras-os-Montes from the Neolithic to Bronze Age was made by M. de Jesus Sanches. There she applied a model of abandonment, recolonization and rotation of settlements during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic (Sanches, 2000). This model resembles the "Wanderbauerntheroie" (theory of circular migrations of agriculturists) applied by E. Sangmeister to explain Bandkeramik settlement patterns in central Europe (Sangmeister, 1950; Sangmeister, 1983), and criticized by Mattheu!1er (1991 ). Although the theoretical approach of M. de Jesus Sanches is very interesting, the sources are very poor. From a total of 33 sites only 12 sites have been excavated, and only 10 of them offer sufficient data to treat the question. These sites include: Vinha da Soutilha, S. Louren9(l, Pastoria, Castelo de Aguiar, Buraco da Pala , Crasto de Palheiros, Cemiterio dos Mouros, Cunho, Barrocal Alto and Fraga d'Aia (Sanches, 2000: 128). The last site is from an earlier Neolithic phase and thus, it has nothing to do with Bell Beakers. The others are occupied in the 3rd milennium b. C., and Bell Beaker pottery occurs only at Pastoria and Crasto de Palheiros , whereas at the shelter of Buraco da Pala I there exist pottery of Bell Beaker shapes with local decoration (Jorge, S .. 2002 b: 111-114) called «penteada», which is a type of wavy line (Sanches, 1997 a: Est. XXVIII , 384; Est. XXIX, 77 and 139).

To the south , in the Beira regions , there is a similarly low concentration of Bell Beaker sites. J. C. de Senna-Martinez has identified 14 sites: 10 megalithic tombs: Cumieira, Cabe90 de Moinhos. Dolmen da Bobadela, Dolmen do Seixo da Beira, Dolmen da Sobreda, Orca do Outeiro do Rato, Area do Penedo do Com, Orca dos Moinhos de Rua, Orca das Castenairas, Orca de Seixas; 1 funerary cave: Eira Pedrinha; and 3 habitat sites: Castro de Tavarede, Abrigo do Complexo 1 do Penedo da Penha, and Fraga da Pena (Vilaya, 1988; Senna-Martinez, 1982; Gomes and Carvalho, 1993; Senna-Martinez, 1994). From the whole region only three or four settlement sites are known, the rest seem to be occurrences of some Bell Beaker elements in megalithic tombs reused as burial places by a society at the transition from the Copper to the Bronze Age (Senna-Martinez, 1994). Because of a lack of radiocarbon dates, closed finds, and good stratigraphies, this dating is very uncertain, as Bell Beakers of Maritime style are mixed with more recent artifacts like Bronze Age pottery (Valera, 2000 a: 273). On the other hand, there does not really exist an end date for Maritime Bell Beakers. Seldom are metal artifacts related to the Bell Beaker phenomenon (Gomes and Carvalho, 1993: 43).

Settlements are very rare. The Castro de Tavarede is mentioned by A. dos Santos Rocha, but it was later destroyed (Vilaya, 1988: 17), and the Abrigo do Complexo 1 do Penedo da Penha is a very small site. Only Fraga da Pena is a fortified settlement on a prominent rock with a wide visibility. Chronologically it belongs to the end of the Copper Age and the beginning of the Bronze Age (Valera, 1988: 270-271 ). Between the Bell Beaker pottery with Maritime Beakers and AOO as well as shouldered bowls, there exist Beaker varieties with impressed finger nails.

These two northern regions of Portugal might be classified as type 2 regional presence in the terminology of D. Clarke: «A low density and low frequency of sites with decorated beakers ( 1 Os-1 OOs ); few domestic sites with decorated beakers ( 1 Os ); considerable non-Beaker continuity with little evidence of Beaker time depth (C14 1 00-300 yrs )» (Clarke , 1976: 4 73).

Therefore, at the present there is nothing more to say than the conclusion of S. Oliveira Jorge, who wrote: «However, the predominance in the north of the country of supposedly archaic styles , which in other parts of the Peninsula , such as Estremadura and the Alentejo, can be seen as evidence of early dates, ... , does not in itself permit us such dating here. On the one hand, some 'archaic' styles (Maritime, Herringbone &/or Lined) could have survived and coexisted in some contexts with more 'evolved' styles( ... ). On the other hand, there is nothing to stop us from thinking that the general circulation of Bell Beaker pottery, in its diverse styles and regional adaptations, could , in northern Portugal, have happened in a short space of time (in the 3rd millennium BC). Given the lack of a series of absolute dates, and the rarity of unequivocal contextual associations, it is at present impossible to establish an internal chronology for the various styles found .... The absolute chronology of Bell Beakers in the north of Portugal, therefore remains open, despite the many excavations by a variety of teams in the last twenty years.» (Jorge, S., 2002 b: 114-115).

MICHAEL K UNST - Bell Beakers in Porruga/: A short summary 21 9

5.2. Southern Portugal: Alentejo and Algarve In the Alentejo and Algarve regions Bell Beaker pottery occurs as in the north of Portugal. and not as frequently as in the

Estremadura reg ion. An exception is the site of Porto Torrao (Ferreira do Alentejo), where there was found in an area of only 34 m2 a total of 315 fragments of Bell Beaker pottery. J. Arnaud characterized this material as very similar to the pottery found at Zambujal (Arnaud, 1993: 48), although only a very small part of the site was excavated. It is interesting that Bell Beaker pottery only appears in the center of the settlement in a rough circle 200m in diameter, whereas the whole site occupies an area of more or less 1 km. In the Alentejo there are also some very large sites with fortification walls and systems of ditches, enclosures as in the interior of Spain (Diaz-dei-Rio, 2003) and Andalusia (Marquez, 2003), and smaller settlements, perhaps dependent on the larger ones.

Since the excavations of R. Parreira at the Cerro dos Castelos de Sao Bras, where Bell Beaker pottery appeared (Parreira . 1983), the number of sites associated with this pottery has considerably increased. As R. Parreira pointed out, this pottery is increasingly frequent in archaeological sites of the Baixo Alentejo and may not be considered unusual for long (Parreira , 1983: 166). At present, there are at least 11 sites known in the area of the Guadiana and its tributaries in Portugal : nine settlements and two grave contexts (Valera , 2000 b: 49). The settlements include: Perdig6es (Aibergaria , 1998), Outeiro deS. Bernardo (Bubner, 1979), Porto das Carretas (C. Tavares da Silva, look Valera , 2000 b: 49), Cerros Verdes 3 (M. Lago, see Valera, 2000 b: 49), Cerro dos Castelos de Sao Bras (Parreira, 1983), Tres Moinhos (Soares, A. 1992), Castelo Velho de Safara (Soares et al., 1994), Sala n3 1 (Gon~lves , 1987), and Monte do Tosco (Valera , 2000 b). The grave contexts include: 061men 1 da Herdade de Vale Carneiro and the Tholos do Monte das Pereiras (Bubner, 1979). In this eastern region of Portugal there existed an influence from the Ciempozuelos complex from central Spain, especially at Monte do Tosco 1 (Valera, 2000 b: 49-50). Because of this evidence and the existence of pottery of the Palmela complex, A. C. Valera dated this influence to a more recent period , but there is still a lack of radiocarbon dates for these sites.

For a long time there was no Bell Beaker pottery known from the Algarve. However, the above mentioned sherds from the corbelled tomb monument 7 of Alcalar (Moran and Parreira , 2004) bring to light a new perspective. C. Tavares da Silva states that the Copper Age settlement of Alcalar occupies an area of 10 hectares (da Silva, 1993: 219), and R. Parreira and F. Serpa (1995) demonstrate in a map that they can correlate this huge settlement to three other smaller ones and to the necropoles known in that region. However, to date, only a very small area has been excavated (Moran and Parreira, 2003). As at Porto Torrao, Bell Beaker pottery only occurs in the center of the settlement, we might expect Bell Beaker pottery at the settlement of Alcalar, especially given the fact that Bell Beaker sherds were recovered from monument 7. 5.3. Central Portugal: Estremadura

In central Portugal, the situation is quite different, in that the majority of late prehistoric sites were found with Bell Beaker pottery. For example in a small area of the Sizandro river (concelho Torres Vedras), 28 Copper Age sites are known. whereas there is only 1 site with possible Early Neolithic objects, 2 Bronze Age sites, and 3 Iron Age sites (Kunst and Trindade, 1990: Fig. 1 ), Recently M. M. Lucas mentioned 33 Copper Age sites, 5 of which also contained Late Neolithic objects (Lucas, 2002: 44-49), and 18 with Bell Beaker pottery. In general most Bell Beaker finds are known from central Portugal, that is, the Estremadura region and the Tagus estuary. There is no such dense concentration of settlements with Bell Beaker layers in any other region of the Iberian Peninsula. Indeed, this region has the highest density of Bell Beaker pottery (Figure 2) in all of Europe (Salanova, 2000: 186-187). In addition to settlements, many tombs are known, mostly collective tombs such as corbelled graves and artificial caves or necropoles in natural caves. In the larger settlements, such as Vila Nova de S. Pedro (do Payo and Sangmeister, 1956), Rotura (da Silva, 1967; Gon~lves , V., 1971 ), Leceia (Cardoso, 1989; Cardoso, 2003) or Zambujal (Sangmeister and Schubart, 1981 ; Kunst, 1987), Bell Beakers are not present from the beginning of these fortified sites. but occur in a later phase.

The early Copper Age of the Estremadura is characterized by pottery with a dark chocolate colored slip and polished ecoration. The typical form is a cylindrical vessel, which in Portuguese is called «copo» . and in English «beaker». In addition

to the black surface and polished decoration these vessels often have parallel grooves or flutings below the rim and/or over the bottom; thus, they are often called «capos canelados» (do Payo, 1959 a: 256-258; Kunst, 1996: 275-283). B. Blance called attention to the similarity between the shape of these capos and the Portuguese Maritime Bell Beakers (Biance. 1971 : 115;

220 BELL BEA KERS lN THE lBERJA N P EN J NSULA AND THEIR EU ROPEAN CONTEXT    

Kunst, 2001: 83). Another typical form of the «Palmeia complex», as R. Harrison called the developed Bell Beaker assemblages and style in the Tagus estuary region (Harrison, 1977: 17-19), is the «Palmela bowl», with enlarged and decorated rims,often overlapping the inside of the vessels. These forms are nothing more than the typical bowls with enlarged or almond-shaped rims, very common in the Portuguesa Copper Age, although with a Bell Beaker decoration - comb- decorated or incised (Kunst, 2001: 85). R. Harrison has identified many simílarities between the pre-Beaker and Beaker pottery of central Portugal Chalcolithic (Harrison, 1977:44-47).

There is another typical ceramic type in the Estremadura region of Portugal, and that is the so-called «acacia leaf» (in Portuguesa:«folha-de-acácia») or «crucifera», which Ihave subsumed to the group of «grooved leaf» (in German «Kerbblatb>) decoration (Kunst, 1987: 133-173). At Zambujal these decorations occur most often on globular vessels (513 sherds), whereas 41 sherds could belong to cylíndrical vessels and 13 to bowls or plates (Kunst, 1987: 166, Tab. 16). This suggests that «grooved leaf» decoration occurs mostly on globular vessels. At Zambujal, Bell Beaker decoration does not occur on such forms at ali.

Another interesting fact is that it seems that the cylindrical vessels of the early Copper Age at Zambujal are substituted by the Maritime Bell Beakers.The younger the phase the more Bell Beakers existed and the fewer the «copos» (Kunst,1995 d; Kunst, 1996:269). At Vila Nova de S. Pedro, Bell Beakers also substituted the copos, as A. do Paço noted: «Con la aparición de los campaniformes, esta es, ya dentro dei Vila Nova 11, estas típos [namely the copos] se mantienen, siendo menos abundantes...>> (do Paço, 1959 a:259).At Zambujal the «grooved leaf» decoration also continued (Kunst, 1995 d;Kunst, 1996: 269}. lt should be added that vessels with «grooved leaf» decoration in the early phases (1-3) of Zambujal have predomínantly black surfaces whereas in phase 4, their surfaces are predominantly reddísh in calor (Kunst, 1987: 145-146). At the site of Rotura, the «grooved leaf» pottery was also contemporaneous to copos as well as to the Bell Beakers (Gonçalves, V., 1971: 77-78).

We may interpret this evidence to indicate population continuity, but with a change of fashion in ceramics,from black to red and from polished decoration to impressed decoration. R. Harrison discussed a «Vila Nova de S. Pedro-Maritime Beaker Culture Continuity Model» in many detaíls (Harrison, 1977: 29-49). Among other observations, he referred to the similarity of ceramic decorativa motifs between the «Vila Nova de S. Pedro Culture» and the «Maritime Bell Beaker Complex» (Harrison, 1977: 45-46), citing a chart published by V. Leisner and H. Schubart (1966: Abb. 7). ln this context a technological detail or pottery decoration should be mentioned. ln her studies of Bell Beakers in Portugal, L. Salanova pointed out that the so-called «comb imprints» of the Maritime Bell Beakers were often made by the impression of shell rims (Salanova, 2001: 92-95). This corresponds to L Trindade's observations concerning the decorative techniques of the «grooved leaf» pottery at Zambujal. «Acacia leaf» and «cruciferas» were, in contrast to the idea of O. da Veiga Ferreira (1970: 231-232), very possibly made by shell edge impressions (Kunst, 1987: 150-153). Furthermore, the channeling an polishing lines on the copos (Figure 3) may have also been created with these shell edges.

As S. J. Shennan pointed out, however: «lt is unsatisfactory... to consider pottery ln a disembodied fashion if we are attempting to explain processes rather than just constructing chronologies, as this is likely to lead to naive conclusions. Pottery serves a purpose and the amount and types produced will be a function of demandas well as many other factors (cf. David and Hennig 1972)» (Shennan, 1976: 236).We really do not know the functions of the vessels, although it does seem that the small Beakers, for example, the typical Maritime Beakers and perhaps the shouldered bowls, could have been vessels for drinking (Sherratt. 1987). The other bowls could have been for eating and the large bowls for serving food.The big Beakers could have been the vessels carrying the drink before distributing it to the individual cups, and the globular pots could have been used for the sarne purpose. We find a similar dinner set at the time of the copos: small and big «copos» for drinks, small bowls and plates for eating, big bowls or plates for serving the meal, and globular pots to carry a drink. Thus, it seems that eating and drinking customs, perhaps the «table manners» themselves, might have been the sarne from the Early to the Late Copper Age in central Portugal. Of course, we do not know whether they had tables, but the change from exclusive round bottom vessels of the Neolithic to flat bottom cups in the Copper Age could indicate that they had a flat support for these vessels, which could

MICHAEL K UNST - Bell Beakers in P" rtugol: A shnrt .wmmory 22 1

have been a table. This possibility is suggested by the existence of an omphalos in a number of Bell Beakers, such as at Alapraia 2 (Leisner, 1965: 96 and Taf. 73, 107). But who did have a table? Was it perhaps only the elites who could afford a table at that time? Social differences are well observed for the Iberian Copper Age in general (Gilman, 1987) and especially for the Portuguese Estremadura (Parreira , 1980: 51 ; Kunst, 1995).

To date at Zambujal (Figure 4), Bell Beaker pottery (Figure 6) is exclusively found in the center of the settlement and between the first and second line of the fortification walls , and there it occurs especially - though not exclusively - in houses where copper manufacture was carried out (Kunst, 1987 a: 187-188: Kunst, 1987 b: 596). New excavations uncovered a fourth line of fortification walls (Kunst, 2003) with several horizons of habitat, although not a single Bell Beaker sherd was found . We cannot interpret this evidence as simply chronological. Different areas of the settlement were dedicated to different purposes, and not all activities were carried out all over the site. For example, there is no evidence for copper manufacture in each house, only in some houses. The aforementioned social differentiation is also reflected by the unequal distribution of objects at the site: valuables were found in the more central areas while other objects were primarily found in the habitat areas near the 3rd and 4th lines of fortification walls.

In this context, the «invasion theory of so-called Bell Beaker people» into the Copper Age fortifications of Estremadura, or at least the occurence of Bell Beaker pottery in only the destruction horizon of these sites (Cardoso, 2001 : 152), has to be revisited . Cardoso suggested that at Vila Nova de S. Pedro, Bell Beaker pottery was totally absent in the layers contemporaneous to the use of the fortification (Cardoso, 2001: 139). The basis for his statement might have been the article of H. N. Savory (1972), though this was not mentioned by J. L. Cardoso, because there Savory said: «it is also clear that the Beaker Culture played no part in the development of the inner fortification , but only arrived on the site when this fortification was already in ruins» (Savory, 1972: 28). This, however, contradicts the conclusions of A. do Payo and E. Sangmeister who have argued that Bell Beaker pottery was present at Vila Nova de S. Pedro not only in layer lib but also in layer lla . In their terminology this means that Bell Beaker pottery was present at the time of the construction of the wall (do Pa<;o and Sangmeister, 1956: 223) and of the construction of bastions (do Pa<;o and Sangmeister, 1956: 228). The forementioned observation of A do Payo that the «copos» were less abundant in phase II of Vila Nova de S. Pedro, when Bell Beaker pottery occured (do Pa<;o, 1959: 259), points in the same direction. The trench excavated by H. N. Savory, however, is very interesting and well-documented , although it is only one section and «cannot be expected to contain within itself the complete structural history of Vila Nova de Sao Pedro» (Savory, 1972: 29). We know from Zambujal , as mentioned above, that there are unequal distributions of material at the site, so we cannot expect in each section to find the «index fossils» of each period!

At Leceia the evidence is different from Zambujal, as there are two buildings (called FM and EN) with a great deal of Bell Beaker pottery outside the first fortification line (Cardoso, 2001 : 144, Fig . 5), or the third in the terminology applied at Zambujal (=the outer line at the present stage of investigation). But at Leceia , the distance between the three lines of fortification walls is only 20-50 meters (Cardoso, 1994: Fig. 138), and at Zambujal the distance between the first and third line is 40 meters (more or less), with the distance between the first and fourth lines more than 100 meters. In the center of Leceia there are no buildings known from the Bell Beaker period , but Bell Beaker potsherds occur (Cardoso, 2001 : 142). High frequencies of these sherds might not be possible as the potential for conserved stratigraphy is relatively small. At Leceia, it does not exceed a height of 1 meter (Cardoso, 1989: 40-41 , Fig . 29 & 30; 51 , Fig . 35; 66, Fig. 56; 70, Fig . 61 : Cardoso, 1994 ), whereas at Zambujal there are stratigraphies up to 3 meters (Sangmeister and Schubart, 1981 : Tat. 96; 101) or more (Sangmeister and Schubart, 1981 : 26-27, Abb. 6). Mainly Maritime Bell Beakers and pottery of the Palmela complex were found in house FM. In house EN there is no Maritime Bell Beaker ware. There are, however, Palmela bowls and of 26 potsherds only five are comb-decorated ; the others are incised (Cardoso, 2001: 141-142 and 145). J. Cardoso published 14C-dates indicating that house EN is younger than FM, though we cannot exclude the possibility of a considerable timespan between both.

There are also a considerable number of burial sites of the Bell Beaker period , nearly all are collective graves. These include: 1) artificial caves, such as Casal do Pardo (Quinta do Anjo, Palmela) (Leisner et al. 1961 ; Soares, 2003), Alapraia (Cascais) (Jalhay and do Payo, 1941; do Payo, 1955; Leisner, 1965: 91-100), S. Pedro do Estorll (Cascais) (Leisner et al. , 1964; Leisner, 1965: 1 00-117) and Quinta das Lapas (Monte Redondo, Torres Vedras) (Gonyalves, J. L. 1992), to mention the most important ones; 2) natural caves, such as Cava da Moura (Torres Vedras) (Spindler, 1981) and Verdelha dos Ruivos

222 B ELL B EAKERS I N THE IBERI AN PENINSULA AND THELR EUROPEAN CONTEXT

(Leitao et al., 1984); 3) corbelled tombs, such as Barra (Torres Vedras) (Leisner, 1965: 4-6), Monge (Sintra) (Leisner, 1965: 83-85) or Pai Mogo (Lorinha) (Gallay et al., 1973); and 3) megalithic tombs. In the collective tombs mentioned here Bell Beaker elements predominate. There also exist, however, Early Copper Age items, such as the fragments of «COpas» in the well­known artificial caves of Casal do Pardo near Palmela (Leisner et al. 1961, Pl. XXII, 161 & 165). Also known are a series of decorated slate plaques which normally are associated with Late Neolithic assemblages, although also found in the Early Copper Age, V. Gonyalves indicated a date between 3500 and 2500 b. C. (Gont;:alves, V., 2003: 136), which means that they are also contemporaneous to early Bell Beakers. The similarity of the plaques' geometric decoration to those on Bell Beakers was mentioned by R Harrison (1977: 47) and has been more recently discussed by Lillios (2005). One of the «copos» was found in an artificial cave where Late Neolithic pottery as well as Bell Beaker pottery (comb decorated and incised) was found (Soares, 2003: 49-52). At S. Pedro do Estoril there are items dated to the early Copper Age, possibly even to the Late Neolithic, and there is also a very rich Bell Beaker inventory. As for other regions, it is also argued here that the groups using Bell Beakers reused these necropoles; V. Gonyalves likened this practice to the reuse of cuckoos' nest (Gonyalves, V., 2003: 148). But we must ask what it means to re-use a burial site? In the case of S. Pedro do Estoril , for example, the inventories with Bell Beaker items are numerous, and there is no sign of an abrupt change of rituals. And it is very interesting to see that many settlements, as well as tombs, are «re-used» by groups using Bell Beakers.

Might all these observations suggest that we have an evolution of one Copper Age Culture? And for the «Bell Beaker culture» , we should seek it primarily in the Tagus Estuary region. Perhaps our view is too focused on the Bell Beakers themselves. The big change, I suggest, occurred in the Early Copper Age, when the fortifications were built and when the «capos» were in use. This culture, the so-called Vila Nova de S. Pedro-Culture, accrued wealth during the Copper Age, particularly through trade (Kunst and Trindade, 1990: 73). R Parreira pointed out that precious metals, such as gold, could have been the important resource of the Tagus estuary region (Parreira, 1987: 45), and that could explain the expansion of other symbols of this culture into other regions. Elites, who brought the gold and other interesting objects (copper implements, ivory, calla"lte ... ), could have had influenced other elites who adopted these other customs ... Also pointing in this direction are the radiocarbon dates. They have been published several times and, therefore, they will not be presented here. The dates of Bell Beaker assemblages in Portugal, however, are the oldest dates (Cardoso, 2001 : 150; Cardoso and Soares, 1992; MOiler and van Willigen, 2001 ), and when we include the «copos» , the dates become even older.

These ideas fit well with the model of «complementary pottery» («Komplementarkeramik») from C. Strahm (2004: 115) (Figure 6 a), in which the core region of Beakers was the Tagus estuary and Portuguese Estremadura in general (Figure 6 b), and with Beakers being intrusive in the north and in the south of Portugal.

Acknollidgements :l am very grateful to Kalina Ullios because of the correction of my english text, specially because there was no much time to carry it out.

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