MicazXpl Intelligent Sensors Network Project Presentation

Introduction to Sensor NetworksIntroduction to Micaz Sensor Board

Project ApproachProject Proposals

ConclusionBibliography

MicazXplProject Report

http://micazxpl.googlecode.com

Ankit SinghPhilipp Orekhov

Rishu SethMohammad Tarique

Fachhochschule Frankfurt am Main - University of Applied Sciences

15 February 2011

Ankit Singh Philipp Orekhov Rishu Seth Mohammad Tarique MicazXpl Project Report http://micazxpl.googlecode.com






Table of Contents I

1 Introduction to Sensor NetworksOverviewFields of Application

Home Applications

Environment Applications

Military Applications

Type of SensorsFactors In�uencing Sensor Network Design

2 Introduction to Micaz Sensor BoardSoftware componentsHardware components

3 Project ApproachTutorialsResearch Papers






Table of Contents II

DocumentationsDevelopments of Applications

4 Project ProposalsDataTransmissionMethodsImproving the Availability

5 Conclusion

6 Bibliography






OverviewFields of ApplicationType of SensorsFactors In�uencing Sensor Network Design

Introduction

A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organizedinto a cooperative network.

Each node consists of processing capability (one or moremicrocontrollers, CPUs or DSP chips)

Contain multiple types of memory (program, data and �ashmemories),

have a RF transceiver (usually with a single omnidirectionalantenna),

have a power source (e.g., batteries and solar cells), and

accommodate various sensors and actuators.







Home Applications

Home automation: smart sensor nodes and actuators can beburied in appliances, such as vacuum cleaners, micro-waveovens, refrigerators, and VCRs. They are connected toexternal networks.

Smart environment: Furniture and appliances (and servers)learn to provide the needed service.

Smart kindergarten: to provide parents and teachers with theabilities to comprehensively investigate students' learningprocesses; to collect, manage, and fuse the information of thesensors

And Many more applications







Environment Applications

Forest �re detection: Strategically, randomly, and denselydeployed sensor nodes can relay the exact origin of the �re.

Biocomplexity mapping of the environment: integratinginformation across temporal and spatial scales.

Flood detection: rainfall, water level and weather sensorssupply information to the centralized database system.

Precision Agriculture: the pesticides level in the drinkingwater, soil erosion, and air pollution.







Military Applications

Monitoring friendly forces, equipment and ammunition.

Battle�eld surveillance

Reconnaissance of opposing forces and terrain

Targeting

Battle damage assessment

Nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection andreconnaissance







Sensors

Di�erent types of sensors: seismic, low sampling ratemagnetic, thermal, visual, infrared, acoustic and radar.

Monitors: temperature, humidity, vehicular movement,lightning condition, pressure, soil makeup, noise levels.







Factors

Fault tolerance;

scalability;

production costs;

operating environment;

sensor network topology;

hardware constraints;

transmission media; and

power consumption.






Software componentsHardware components

Software components I

TinyOS

it is open source.portable.designed for low-power wireless devices.supports scheduling.component library includes network protocols, distributedservices, sensor drivers, and data acquisition tools.

Linux: We used because it is much compatible with TinyOSenvironment.

Programming Environment

Network Embedded System C (nesC): is a component-based,event-driven programming language used to build applicationsfor the TinyOS platform.







Software components II

Java: Allows portable message structure handling and used forGUI.

Shell scripting: Frontend tool and for writing tools for workingsmoothly with TinyOS environment.







Hardware components I

Crossbow o�ers a variety of sensor and data acquisition boardsfor the MICAz Mote.

Some features are given below

Size 2.25 x 1.25 square inchesSame size as the Mica Board2 Layer Board (Top and Bottom)top in a stack of daughter cards

We used MTS300 Sensor Daughter card board.

We sensed Light, temperature, acoustic and sounder sensor.

MICAz Mote:

I/O: 51 pin connector for connection to a sensor boardSupports Analog inputs, Digital I/O, I2C, SPI and UART 3Diagnostic LEDs







Hardware components II

Radios: TI CC2420

CPU: Atmega 128L Microcontroller up to 16 MIPS

Storage: 128K Flash, 4K SRAM, 4K EEPROM

Base Stations: Any MICAz Mote can function as a basestation when it is connected to a standard PC interface orgateway board. The MIB510 or MIB520 provides a serial/USBinterface for both programming and data communications.






TutorialsResearch PapersDocumentationsDevelopments of Applications

Learned from TinyOS Tutorials I

we �rst installed the TinyOs system and introduced withmotes and learnt how to use those motes. Also we learnt howwe pushed TinyOs application on motes

in second step we learnt how we can write TinyOs applicationsusing nesC languages and usages of interfaces,commands andevents.

The Tutorial "Mote-Mote Radio Communication" introducedus to radio communication in TinyOS. We got familiar with:

PacketSendReceivePacketAcknowledgementsRadioTimeStamping







Learned from TinyOS Tutorials II

Then we moved to Mote Pc communication tutorial. Welearnt here:

How to communicate with a mote from a computer.We used RJ 45 cable i.e TCP/IP network for connectingprogramming board to computer (in our case Laptop).

In sensing tutorial we learnt two things

Sense Application: It periodically takes sensor readings anddisplays the values on the LEDs.Oscilloscope: It periodically broadcast their sensor readings toa base station board to computer (in our case Laptop).







Summaries of Research Papers I

Adhoc Routing architecture -

We described general Ad-Hoc routing architecture.Our proposal − A new Ad-Hoc architecture with datareliability and integrity using Sliding window protocol.

Generalised topology of WSN − Analysis of various kind oftopologies for WSN.

StarBusMeshHybridRing

CTP-Collection Tree Protocol −It is basic structure of data transmission protocol in WSN.







Summaries of Research Papers II

Demerits − It is only useful for low tra�c data.

RSSI-Received signal strength indicator − Used to measuredistance between sensor nodes.

Advantages − Indoor and Outdoor usageData and communication and sensor usage on same hardware.Disadvantages − Multiple propogationFading e�ect

Energy E�ciency Topologies − We researched varioustopologies and approaches

Online battery monitoringPatterned topologiesLocation based topology(R & M and LMST)







Content of the Report

Initial proposal for the implementation a realiable dataacquisition system

TinyOS installation guide for Beginners (A quick cheatsheet toget started)

Research paper based on several Research papers. :D

A compilation of interesting �ndings :))







MicazXpl Version 0.1 I

Message Structure

typedef nx_struct data {

nx_uint16_t moteid; // ID OF THE SENSING MOTE

nx_uint16_t timestamp; // timestamp to distinguish

// between older data

// 3 types of sensor readings

nx_uint16_t light[NREADINGS];

nx_uint16_t sound[NREADINGS];

nx_uint16_t temp[NREADINGS];

} data_t;

// message content + crc sum of the content







MicazXpl Version 0.1 II

typedef nx_struct msg_crc {

data_t msg_data;

nx_uint16_t crc;

} msg_crc_t;

// message to be encrypted + encrypted crc sum

typedef nx_struct enc_msg_crc {

msg_crc_t msg;

nx_uint16_t final_crc;

nx_uint8_t counter; // hop (incremented

// at each successive mote)

} enc_msg_crc_t;







MicazXpl Version 0.1 III

Encryption

void crypt(void *buf, uint8_t lenBuf, uint16_t key);

void crypt(void *buf, uint8_t lenBuf, void *key,

uint8_t lenKey)

Forward-to-previous Routing:mote id 3 with sensor → mote id 2 → mote id 1 → mote id 0or base station

CRC Calculation

async command uint16_t crc16(void *buf, uint8_t len);







Live Sensor Result I

The sample of live recorded data with encrypted and decryptedpayload data is given below:Encrypted Payload Data

00 00 01 00 02 19 00 EE FE EF FE ED FF 12 FF 12 FF 12 FF 12

FF 12 FC ED FC ED FC ED DD F0 1D BF 00

00 00 01 00 02 19 00 EE FE EF FE EC FC ED FC ED FC ED FC

ED FC ED FC ED FC EC FC EF B4 45 1D BF 00

00 00 01 00 02 19 00 EE FE EF FE EF FC FF FC F5 FC F6 FC F3

FC F1 FC FA FC F9 FC FF 88 22 1D BF 00

00 00 01 00 02 19 00 EE FE EF FE EE FC CA FC C6 FC C3 FC C2

FC FC DD FC C6 FC CB 2F BF 1D BF 00

00 00 01 00 02 19 00 EE FE EF FE E9 FC F2 FC CE FC C2 FC DA







Live Sensor Result II

FC D6 FC D0 FC D3 FC D0 61 44 1D BF 00

00 00 01 00 02 19 00 EE FE EF FE E8 FC DE FC C3 FC C7 FC C2

FC D7 FC AF FC AB FC AA 86 B4 1D BF 00

00 00 01 00 02 19 00 EE FE EF FE EB FC AB FC A9 FC AF FC D3

FC D5 FC D9 FC DF FC DC D3 EA 1D BF 00

Decrypted Payload Data

00 00 01 00 02 19 00 EE 00 02 00 00 01 F5 01 F5 01 F5 01 F6

01 F6 01 F6 01 F6 01 F6 0F A7 1D BF 00

00 00 01 00 02 19 00 EE 00 02 00 02 02 11 02 1A 02 1C 02 16

02 11 02 0D 02 1B 02 25 DD 15 1D BF 00

00 00 01 00 02 19 00 EE 00 02 00 06 02 40 02 3B 02 36 02 33

02 31 02 3D 02 43 02 45 BD 4F 1D BF 00







Live Sensor Result III

00 00 01 00 02 19 00 EE 00 02 00 07 02 46 02 41 02 3C 02 37

02 34 02 32 02 31 02 30 81 80 1D BF 00

00 00 01 00 02 19 00 EE 00 02 00 08 02 30 02 30 02 2F 02 2F

02 2F 02 2E 02 2E 02 2E 47 E3 1D BF 00

00 00 01 00 02 19 00 EE 00 02 00 09 02 2C 02 2A 02 29 02 2E

02 39 02 41 02 44 02 46 73 FC 1D BF 00

00 00 01 00 02 19 00 EE 00 02 00 0A 02 45 02 43 02 41 02 3E

02 3B 02 38 02 3E 02 45 A0 93 1D BF 00







MicazXpl Version 0.2

Version 0.1 + CTP Routing

Problems

hard to monitor tra�c paths due to dynamic link estimation.extra overhead on the message format and size.real-time operations on the data become more time consuming.

Possible steps to use CTP

link with the CTP, net and some link estimator libraries (inMake�le).setup the root node to be at the base station.enable the routing to be performed through the CTP.manage the message format and size for proper data handling.ignore or overcome the real-time message operationsslowdowns.






DataTransmissionMethodsImproving the Availability

Data

CRC Checksum:we want to be sure the integrity of the data is intact.To achieve that a library function from the TinyOS can beused.

Timestamp:we want to avoid duplicate data and be able to control theordering.For that a timer library function from the TinyOS can be used.

Security:we want to ensure that the data is not easily available tounauthorized viewers.For that a fast and simple shared-key XOR based encryptionfunction is to be used. Additionally or alternatively the radiochip's built in security mechanisms can be used.







Data

Sensor Readings:

we want to be able to check for missing data and possiblyoutliers in data.For missing data - a prede�ned value (eg 0xFF) can be used.For outliers - some simple statistical calculations.

Message Structure:

we want to make sure we can collect and transfer the dataitems of our choice, and to incorporate the above mentionedmechanisms.For that we specify our own message structure format with:counter, timestamp, security & integrity and the messagecontent itself.







Transmission

Multihop and Routing:

we want to have di�erent routing mechanisms to be in controlof the data transmission.The mechanisms we use are: broadcast transmission anddirected message passing.For directed: we can use a simple 'forward-to-previous-node'multihop, as well as the more advanced multihop protocols,like CTP.

Data Loss and Damage:

we want to prevent accidental and malicious datamodi�cations during transmissions.These requirements can be accomplished by use of controlmessages, timeouts and counters, and the security & integritymechanisms described previously.







Transmission

Network Congestion:

we want to avoid network overloads leading to data loss.By combining the use of on-device storage with intelligentretransmission, we may have a simple way to achive that goal.

Mote Availability:

we don't want the data transmissions to be lost when somenodes become unavailable or more nodes become available.A simple solution that can be used is to require all nodes tobroadcast their IDs as 'alive messages' periodically.







Methods

Redundancy:

we would like to be able to handle the situations of hardwareand software components from failing or working unexpectedly.Appying the principles of software, data and hardwareredundancy is a common approach to be taken.

Local Storage:

in case something unintended happens to the data duringtransmissions we would like to have a copy of the original.Utilizing local storage is a simple and e�cient solution for thisissue.







Improving the Availability

Power Management:

for the battery powered devices motes are it is necessary tokeep the power consumption to the minimum the prolongunattended availability of the devices.Switching o� unnecessary components and using the availablepower management options (eg Sleep state) is a way toachieve this requirement.

Low Power Listening:

TinyOS provides an option for putting the device'scomponents to sleep mode until woken by an event, like timerexpiry or a remote message.Taking advantage of this optional functionality might be veryuseful.






Conclusion

We learned many theoritical and practical aspects ofembedded sensor boards and general �eld of sensor networks.

We have learned the speci�cs of micaZ sensor kits and deviseda project to learn and improve upon the basics of this �eld.

We have read around number of research topics that cover thecurrent practical problems in sensor network communities.

We have gathered the practical experience in the production ofscienti�c and technical documentation. e.g Research &Development scienti�c papers.

And there should be more open papers and research documentsavailable freely for the reseachers in this sensor network area.

We need to work more our project MicazXpl Version 0.2.






Thank You for listening !






Bibliography

TinyOS O�cial Website http://tinyos.net/

An Overview of Sensor Network Techniques, EECS 600 Advanced Network Research, Spring 2005

Wireless Sensor Networks, John A. Stankovic, Department of Computer Science, University of

Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904

The Collection Tree Protocol (CTP), TEP 123


http://tinyos.net/

http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/doc/html/tep123.html


MicazXpl Intelligent Sensors Network Project Presentation

Technology

applications

collection

applications

sensor networks

message format

power consumption

research papers

micaz mote