Introduction of Management Information System (MIS) By :- Nitin Jain
Introductionof
Management Information System (MIS)
By :- Nitin Jain
An integrated system of man & machine for providing the information to support the functioning of an organization. (Ex :- college administration).
How to be organise & handle the data i.e. MIS. We are getting information from different sources ,
organise it , analyzing it & on the basis we achieved our goal & objective.
A system which provides information for making decision to an organization – MIS.
Management Information Systems (MIS)
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A computer based complete information system. (Ex :- Railway reservation system) .
An MIS provides managers with information and support for effective decision making, and provides feedback on daily operations.
Each MIS is an integrated collection of subsystems, which are typically organized along functional lines within an Organization.
REQUIREMENTS FOR MIS
Computer software & hardwareManuel proceduresModels of analysis , planning ,control &
decision making.A Database or a Table
History of MIS1. EDP (Electronic Data Processing) -- (1950’s –
1960’s)
2. Converting data into information -- (1970’s)
(actual MIS)
3. PC’s Evolution that gave rise to -- (1980’s)
decision support system (DSS) eg:-lotus,wordstar,lotus123
4. AI’s (artificial intelligence ) came -- (1990’s)
& gave birth to KBS- knowledge based system
Historic development
EDP
MIS
KBS
ESS
AIS
DSS
21st Century 1950’s
Historic Development
EDP – Focus on data MIS –Focus on Information DSS -- Focus on Decision Support ESS --Focus on Decision Support for Top Mgmt KBS –Focus on Knowledge based AIS --Focus on Self Learning / thinking system
Pyramid Structure of An MIS
(Structured) Strategic control (Structured) Strategic control
Management control Management control
Operational controlOperational control
Transaction processingTransaction processingUn
str
uct
ure
d d
ecis
ion
Role of an MIS The role of the MIS is an organization can be
compared to the role of the HEART in the body. Information is the blood & MIS is the HEART. In the body the heart plays the role of supplying
pure blood to all the elements of the body including the brain, the mis plays the same role in the organization :-
1. Data collection from various sources and organized, sorted, processed, & analyzed for efficient retrieval.
2. It uses different system likes:- Query sys, analysis sys, modeling sys, & DSS.
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3. MIS helps in :- Strategic planning Mgmt control Operational control Transaction processing4. Information generation, communication ,
problem identification & helps in decision making.
3 Structured concept of MIS Information resource Management (IRM) Decision Support System (DSS) Data Processing (DP) IRM – data processing , word processing i.e.
efficient retrieval of data.DSS – make the interrelation b/w the system & user. It create set of rules which is applied to take decision/DP -- used to processed transaction & produces necessary reports.
Scope of MIS
Management science/theory
Organizational theory Behavioral science
Mgmt Accounting/
Computer science
MIS
A multidisciplinary subject
STRUCTURE OF MISMIS
Operating Element
DecisionSupport
Organisational Activity
Mgmt Activity
Structured,Programmable
Decision
Output forUsers
Processing Function
Physical Components
Matrix of Orgn. Function with Mgmt
ActivityUnstructured,
Programmable Decision
Hierarchy of Mgmt Activity
Computer Systems
All computer systems, no matter how complex, consists of the following:
At least one CPUMemory to hold programs and dataI/O devicesLong-term storage
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Data Preparation
INPUT OUTPUT
PRIMARY STORAGE
ALU
CONTROL
Secondary Storage
Hardware Component Input/Output devices Storage Devices CPU
ALU: arithmetic/logic unitCU: control unitInterface unit
MemoryShort-term storage for CPU calculations
CPU: Central Processing Unit
ALU: arithmetic/logic unitPerforms arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations
CU: control unitControls processing of instructionsControls movement of data within the CPU
Interface unitMoves instructions and data between the CPU and other
hardware componentsBus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power
between different components
Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)
Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards
Processing: CPU executes the computer program
Output: monitor, printer, fax machine
Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape
Typical Personal Computer System
MemoryAlso known as primary storage, working
storage, and RAM (random access memory)Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of
either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte)Holds both instructions and data of a computer
program (stored program concept)
Software Component Applications Operating System
API: application program interface
File management I/OKernel
Memory managementResource schedulingProgram
communicationSecurity
Network Module
SOFTWARE Software comprises the programs that tell the
hardware what to do. A program is a sequence of instructions stored in the memory of the computer system.
1. System S/W
2. Application S/W
SYSTEM S/WSystem s/w is a set of programs that manage
the resources of a computer system (processing time, storage space & so on.)
System S/w can be classified 3 Types :-
1 System Control S/w
2 System Support s/w
3 System Development s/w
APPLICATION SOFTWAREApplication programs on the other hand ,
performs specific tasks for the computer user.Application s/w are programmes that work for
you , such as making payroll calculations, & printing cheques.
These programs can be quite complex & can be developed in house, purchased from a computer software house, a computer equipment manufacturer or a computer retail shop.
TYPES :- 1 General purpose application s/w
2 Specific purpose application s/w
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
NODE 1 NODE 2
SENDER RECEIVER
MESSEGE
MEDIUM
Protocol – 1Protocol – 2Protocol - 3
Protocol – 1Protocol – 2Protocol - 3
COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
1 MESSEGE2 SENDER3 RECEIVER4 MEDIUM5 PROTOCOL -- Common ground rules of
communication between computers, I/O devices, and many software programs
ExamplesHTTP: between Web servers and Web browsersTCP/IP: between computers on the Internet and local
area networksATAPI: between a CPU and CD-ROMs
COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
Direction of Data Flow1 SIMPLEX - Uni directional
(eg – radio signal)
2 HALF DUPLEX -- Transmit & receive but not a same time (eg – walky talky)
3 FULL DUPLEX -- Both directional (eg – Telephone system)
Physical Topology (connection)A network consists of multiple computers
connected using some type of interface, each having one or more interface devices such as a Network Interface Card (NIC) and/or a serial device for networking.
1 Mesh Topology
2 Star Topology
3 Bus Topology
4 Ring Topology
5 Tree Topology
Category of NetworkLAN (Local Area Network) – within
campus or a building premises ,1-2 kilometer range
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) - 10-20 km range. eg- telephone exchange
WAN (Wide area Network) - within nations, or within metro cities eg – satellite
DECISION MAKING PROCESS
Herbert A Simon Model Rubenstein and Haberstroh
Model
Herbert A Simon ModelHerbert A Simon was one of the early scientists to
develop software to take decisions by computer in playing chess. Thus starting the era of Artificial intelligence.
INTELLIGENCE
DESIGN
CHOICE
FE
ED
BA
CK
INTELLIGENCE PHASE-
In this phase we find out the problem & try to find out what the solution to the given problem. Raw data collected ,processed & examined for clues that may identify problems or opportunities
Identification of problem Fact findings (collection of information) regarding problem Formulation of problem
DESIGN PHASE - In the design phase we inventing , developing, & analyzing possible course of action. This involves processes to understand the problem, to generate solutions & to test solution for feasibility.
Outlining of the solution Framing of the solution Come to the solution (designing) Moving to alternative solution
CHOICE PHASE- select one alternative as a decision , based on the selection criteria. Choice is made & implemented
Rubenstein and Haberstroh ModelThis model focus on the behaviors & attitude of user not in MIS
Recognition of Problem
Analysis and alternatives
Choice of alternative
Communication & Implementation
Follow-up &Feedback
Decision Making Process applicable in MIS
1. Knowledge of outcome
2. Level of programmability
3. Criteria for decision
4. Level of decision impact
CONCEPT OF INFORMATIONMeaningful data is called information. (Data plus
Meaning)
In MIS, information has a precise meaning and it is different from data. The information has a value in decision making while data does not have. Information brings clarity and creates an intelligent human response in the mind.
In MIS a clear distinction is made between data and information. Data is like raw materials while the information is equivalent to the finished goods produced after processing the raw material.
Transformation of Data into Information is an Information system
Data InformationProcessing
Data Storage
INFORMATION SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMATION
SubjectivityRelevanceTimelinessAccuracyCompletenessAccessibilityCorrect information format
Transaction Data
Data summarized
Operating dataInformation + Decision
rules = Decision by Operations Personnel
Information + Decision rules = Decision by Management Management Level
Data for one level of an organization may be information for another.
Mathematical theory of Information (communication)
Information theories are divided on three basis :-
1. Technical Level - how much accuracy contain in the information , which can be converted into knowledge.
2. Semantic level (Presentation)- presentation of information according to requirement (symbol, flowchart, table)
3. Effective level (quality) – It means the information which you are getting is useful & purposeful or not as per requirement.. To remove the redundancy & duplication of data.
Parameters of Quality1. Utility of Information :- the information which you
are getting is useful or not.
a) Form utility :-How closely is information matching with your decision making process.
b) Place utility :- The Information should be right place where it is required.
c) Possession Utility :- Right of control & mgmt of Information within the user and system.
d) Time utility :-The Information has greater value to the decision maker if it is available when needed.
2. Information Satisfaction :- At the time of decision making whether the information satisfies the user or not.
3. Error and Bias :- Incorrect data measurement Failure to follow correct procedures Mistakes in processing procedures Wrong recording or correcting of data
Communication System
SOURCETransmitter
EncoderChannel
Receiver Decoder
Destination
Noise Distortion
General model of Communication System