Mexico. Social Identity Social/political cleavages: divisions that lead to differences in political behavior (voting, rebellion, etc.) Race, class,

MexicoMexico

Social IdentitySocial Identity

Social/political cleavages: divisions that lead to Social/political cleavages: divisions that lead to differences in political behavior (voting, rebellion, differences in political behavior (voting, rebellion, etc.)etc.)

Race, class, gender, ideology, religion, Race, class, gender, ideology, religion, geographic, ethnicitygeographic, ethnicity

US: one-drop rule and racial identityUS: one-drop rule and racial identity Barack Obama: is he black? literally African Barack Obama: is he black? literally African

AmericanAmerican Latino vs. HispanicLatino vs. Hispanic The Irish are "Negroes turned inside out and Negroes The Irish are "Negroes turned inside out and Negroes

are smoked Irish." are smoked Irish." Mexico: Mexico: castascastas (up to 60) (up to 60)

Caudilloism and Yankee Caudilloism and Yankee ImperialistsImperialists

Charismatic military leader, populist program, Charismatic military leader, populist program, personality cultpersonality cult

1836-55: Santa Anna in and out of office; military 1836-55: Santa Anna in and out of office; military victories, economic turn aroundvictories, economic turn around caretaker gov’t caretaker gov’t collapsecollapse wash, rinse, repeat wash, rinse, repeat

1836 Constitution: Seven Laws—centralization, military 1836 Constitution: Seven Laws—centralization, military districts, property reqs for Congressdistricts, property reqs for Congress

1835-1836: Texas War for Independence1835-1836: Texas War for Independence 1846-47: Mexican-American War1846-47: Mexican-American War 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Gadsen Purchase1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Gadsen Purchase

Colossus of the NorthColossus of the North

ReformReform

The Reform (based on Enlightenment): Constitution The Reform (based on Enlightenment): Constitution 1857 + Reform Laws—abolish 1857 + Reform Laws—abolish fuerosfueros, reduce church , reduce church property, cut church fees, reaffirmed abolition slavery, property, cut church fees, reaffirmed abolition slavery, secularized education, basic civil libertiessecularized education, basic civil liberties

War of the Reform: 1858-61 (Mexico’s French War of the Reform: 1858-61 (Mexico’s French Revolution)Revolution)

Liberals winLiberals win financial crisis financial crisis moratorium foreign moratorium foreign debt paymentsdebt payments S+B+F invade S+B+F invade

1863: French send/conservative invite Emperor 1863: French send/conservative invite Emperor MaximilianMaximilian Supported Mexican nationalism, liberal, doomed (executed by Supported Mexican nationalism, liberal, doomed (executed by

Juarez + republicans 1867)Juarez + republicans 1867)

Benito JuarezBenito Juarez Restoration (1867-76): liberal Restoration (1867-76): liberal

republicans; improved republicans; improved infrastructure, tax restructuring, infrastructure, tax restructuring, Rural Defense Force (bandits), Rural Defense Force (bandits), communication, mandatory communication, mandatory educational system educational system

““No reelection” (1857 const.)No reelection” (1857 const.) Jose de la Cruz Porfirio Diaz rebelsJose de la Cruz Porfirio Diaz rebels Juarez’s presidency: WashingtonJuarez’s presidency: Washington

Lerdo (continues Juarez reforms)Lerdo (continues Juarez reforms) seeks reelectionseeks reelection Diaz rebels Diaz rebels againagain “Porfiriato” “Porfiriato”

Porfirian ModernizationPorfirian Modernization Mercantilism: gov’t directed economic growth; Mercantilism: gov’t directed economic growth;

export driven (China, India, Iran)export driven (China, India, Iran) Natural resource exploitation, cheap labor, foreign Natural resource exploitation, cheap labor, foreign

capitalcapital “import-substitution industrialization”: “import-substitution industrialization”: tariffs, subsidiestariffs, subsidies

unemployment, income inequality, loss of unemployment, income inequality, loss of ejidosejidos (communal land holdings)(communal land holdings) haciendas haciendas

““order” and “progress” over freedomorder” and “progress” over freedom Putin: “managed democracy”Putin: “managed democracy”

Upheld “no reelection” rule—no contiguous terms Upheld “no reelection” rule—no contiguous terms (controlled from behind the scenes)(controlled from behind the scenes)

1910 Revolution: Francisco Madero (wealthy 1910 Revolution: Francisco Madero (wealthy liberal), Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata liberal), Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata (peasants)(peasants) 1911 Diaz leaves 1911 Diaz leaves

Civil WarCivil War

Madero gov’tMadero gov’t Expectations raised too high (esp. land reform) Expectations raised too high (esp. land reform)

+ differing desires revolutionary leaders+ differing desires revolutionary leaders Zapatista uprising + counter-revolutionariesZapatista uprising + counter-revolutionaries Victriano Huerta dictatorship (terror + Victriano Huerta dictatorship (terror + assassinations + bankruptcy)assassinations + bankruptcy) northern northern coalition + Zapata + Woodrow Wilson (moral coalition + Zapata + Woodrow Wilson (moral diplomacy)diplomacy)

1914: US sailors arrested trespassing, flag, 1914: US sailors arrested trespassing, flag, occupation, anti-US backlashoccupation, anti-US backlash Huerta Huerta resignsresigns revolutionaries fall into civil war (4 revolutionaries fall into civil war (4 rival gov’ts)rival gov’ts)

Constitution of 1917Constitution of 1917 Considered one of most radical and comprehensive in Considered one of most radical and comprehensive in

modern political history (gets into public policy)modern political history (gets into public policy) Technically 1Technically 1stst modern socialist constitution, but many modern socialist constitution, but many

liberal concepts from US (federalism, sep powers, bill liberal concepts from US (federalism, sep powers, bill of rights)of rights) Social and labor rights, universal male suffrage, separation Social and labor rights, universal male suffrage, separation

church and state (religious groups banned from political church and state (religious groups banned from political activity), equal pay for equal work, right to strike, 8-hour activity), equal pay for equal work, right to strike, 8-hour workday, etc. etc.workday, etc. etc.

Basis for “corporatism”: power given to groups over certain Basis for “corporatism”: power given to groups over certain sectors (labor unions, steel, education, press); influence gov’t sectors (labor unions, steel, education, press); influence gov’t policy and supported w/patronage; intended to minimize policy and supported w/patronage; intended to minimize conflict w/in society and w/gov’tconflict w/in society and w/gov’t

Nationalism: control natural resources (Nationalism: control natural resources ( nationalization oil + PEMEX), explicitly limited foreign nationalization oil + PEMEX), explicitly limited foreign ownership of propertyownership of property

PRIPRI Civil War not ended until 1920: Alvaro Obregon (rev’y Civil War not ended until 1920: Alvaro Obregon (rev’y

leader) president, Villa finally disarmsleader) president, Villa finally disarms Next decades, political consolidation under eventual Next decades, political consolidation under eventual

PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) Vacillation redistribution and economic growth policiesVacillation redistribution and economic growth policies One party (other parties always lose) authoritarian One party (other parties always lose) authoritarian

state (effectively unitary under dictatorial President: P state (effectively unitary under dictatorial President: P controls Senate, which can impeach Governors)controls Senate, which can impeach Governors)

Pres. “extra-constitutional” powers: head of PartyPres. “extra-constitutional” powers: head of Party effectively appoints all “elected” officials (legis, gov, effectively appoints all “elected” officials (legis, gov, next Pres)next Pres)

Corporatism vs. PluralismCorporatism vs. Pluralism Small # groups systematically recognized in policymaking Small # groups systematically recognized in policymaking

(tripartite decision making—labor, biz, gov’t)(tripartite decision making—labor, biz, gov’t) Authoritative peak associations for diff. sectors economyAuthoritative peak associations for diff. sectors economy Interest group unified w/in selves + cooperative w/othersInterest group unified w/in selves + cooperative w/others Centralized, monopolistic interest groupsCentralized, monopolistic interest groups Liberal corporatism: consensual policy-makingLiberal corporatism: consensual policy-making Hierarchy (follow leader’s decisions) w/in groupHierarchy (follow leader’s decisions) w/in group Compulsory/near-universal membershipCompulsory/near-universal membership Decisions made by few leaders of group + gov’t officials Decisions made by few leaders of group + gov’t officials

(little input)(little input) Stable relationships w/gov’tStable relationships w/gov’t Limits power civil society + limits legitimate Limits power civil society + limits legitimate

action/advocacy to state controlled institutionsaction/advocacy to state controlled institutions China, Mexico, RussiaChina, Mexico, Russia ““Neo-corporatism” in EuropeNeo-corporatism” in Europe

Collapse of PRICollapse of PRI Mexican Miracle: strong economic growth until 1980s [1970s Mexican Miracle: strong economic growth until 1980s [1970s

oil pricesoil prices overspending, high inflation (100%), over-reliance overspending, high inflation (100%), over-reliance oil (65% exports 1980), debt]oil (65% exports 1980), debt] “The Crisis” + immigration “The Crisis” + immigration

Decentralization: nat’l financial crisis + opp. party victoriesDecentralization: nat’l financial crisis + opp. party victories local power + responsibilities (effectively federal)local power + responsibilities (effectively federal)

1988: loss of super-majority (constitutional amendments)1988: loss of super-majority (constitutional amendments) 1994: NAFTA1994: NAFTA “giant sucking sound”; slowing of immigration, “giant sucking sound”; slowing of immigration,

then resumes late-1990s (China)then resumes late-1990s (China) 1997: loss simple majority1997: loss simple majority coalition legis of opposition coalition legis of opposition 2000: open primary for PRI Pres nominee; Vincente Fox 2000: open primary for PRI Pres nominee; Vincente Fox

(PAN: National Action Party; right/conservative) wins election (PAN: National Action Party; right/conservative) wins election [but not majority Legis; split w/PRI and PRD (Party of the [but not majority Legis; split w/PRI and PRD (Party of the Democratic Revolution; left/socialist)Democratic Revolution; left/socialist) beginning of rise of beginning of rise of cartels and “dual power”cartels and “dual power”

The European The European UnionUnion

TimelineTimeline 1951: Treaty of Paris1951: Treaty of Paris European Coal and Steel Community European Coal and Steel Community

(France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, West Germany)(France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, West Germany) Necessary materials for warNecessary materials for war

1957: Treaty of Rome1957: Treaty of Rome European Economic Community (EEC) European Economic Community (EEC) 1960s: French limiting power + UK (De Gaulle)1960s: French limiting power + UK (De Gaulle)

1973: UK, Denmark, Ireland enter1973: UK, Denmark, Ireland enter 1981: Greece; 1986: Spain + Portugal1981: Greece; 1986: Spain + Portugal 1987: Turkey applies1987: Turkey applies 1993: Copenhagen Criteria: stable democracy which respects 1993: Copenhagen Criteria: stable democracy which respects

human rights and the rule of law; a functioning market economy human rights and the rule of law; a functioning market economy capable of competition within the EU; and the acceptance of the capable of competition within the EU; and the acceptance of the obligations of membership, including EU law obligations of membership, including EU law Waves of expansion (esp. post-Communist Eastern Europe)Waves of expansion (esp. post-Communist Eastern Europe) Four freedoms: movement goods, services, capital, people w/in single Four freedoms: movement goods, services, capital, people w/in single

marketmarket 1998: European Central Bank1998: European Central Bank 2002: Euro in effect2002: Euro in effect

1993: Maastricht Treaty1993: Maastricht Treaty

3 Pillars: 3 Pillars: European Communities (econ, European Communities (econ,

social, environmental) social, environmental) Common Foreign and Security Common Foreign and Security

PolicyPolicy Justice and Home Affairs (Justice and Home Affairs (

Police and Judicial Co-operation Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters)in Criminal Matters) (NOT all same laws, but (NOT all same laws, but

cooperation on enforcement cooperation on enforcement between states)between states)

European Citizenship (+ national European Citizenship (+ national citizenship)citizenship)

Established process to EuroEstablished process to Euro ““Supranationalism”Supranationalism”

Supranationalism vs. Supranationalism vs. IntergovernmentalismIntergovernmentalism ““The countries that make up the EU (its ‘member The countries that make up the EU (its ‘member

states’) remain independent sovereign nations but states’) remain independent sovereign nations but they pool their sovereignty in order to gain a they pool their sovereignty in order to gain a strength and world influence none of them could strength and world influence none of them could have on their own.”have on their own.” Not US-style federalism, not merely confederation like Not US-style federalism, not merely confederation like

UNUN

Delegate decision-making to institutions so joint Delegate decision-making to institutions so joint matters resolved “democratically” (non-demo matters resolved “democratically” (non-demo Commission sets agenda)Commission sets agenda)

InstitutionsInstitutions European ParliamentEuropean Parliament: represents EU citizens, directly : represents EU citizens, directly

electedelected Council of the EUCouncil of the EU: represents member states (ministers : represents member states (ministers

from gov’ts); by pop. but weighted to smaller (345 votes from gov’ts); by pop. but weighted to smaller (345 votes total); “qualified majority” votes: unanimous on “sensitive” total); “qualified majority” votes: unanimous on “sensitive” issues (e.g. foreign, immigration, taxes); 255/345 (74%) to issues (e.g. foreign, immigration, taxes); 255/345 (74%) to adopt Commission proposals or 255 + 2/3 majority adopt Commission proposals or 255 + 2/3 majority reached + 62% pop. EU in favorreached + 62% pop. EU in favor

European CommissionEuropean Commission: independent of gov’ts : independent of gov’ts (nominated by gov’ts, confirmed by Parliament); serves (nominated by gov’ts, confirmed by Parliament); serves EU as whole; executive branchEU as whole; executive branch

Court of Justice of the European CommunitiesCourt of Justice of the European Communities: : citizens can appeal country’s rulings to EU Court (country citizens can appeal country’s rulings to EU Court (country laws must comply w/EU laws, Court interprets meaning)laws must comply w/EU laws, Court interprets meaning)

2004 European 2004 European ConstitutionConstitution

Failed referendaFailed referenda ratification withdrawn ratification withdrawn Oct. 2007: Treaty of Lisbon (Reform Oct. 2007: Treaty of Lisbon (Reform

Treaty): more majority voting in Council, Treaty): more majority voting in Council, increase Parliament’s powers, abolish increase Parliament’s powers, abolish pillar system, EU legal personality (e.g. pillar system, EU legal personality (e.g. able sign treaties), foreign policy able sign treaties), foreign policy increasingly supranationalincreasingly supranational Also opt-out clauses, no EU flagAlso opt-out clauses, no EU flag