Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

1/13

Pmo Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs 1 by Acag B' EkKuccfuhm

Fttawa# Fgtarjf

g 10 Dugo 1=81# @ugkag _rqumart Kaepbocc#ifreorcy fi Kmatmae# Fgtarjf# ag` a guebor fiVVVVVVVVV kfepagjfgs# stalo` fut cag` kcajes fg a rjvor

wmjkm tmoy kacco` tmo Bfygo jg sfutm%kogtrac Eagjtfba'Fvor tmo goxt iow `ays tmoy bohag tf bujc` mfusos ag` tfpcagt pftatfos'

Fg 1= Dugo# 1=81# Kaepbocc wrfto jg mjs `jary Yoryijgo `ay' Pmo Mfrsos wogt away tmjs efrgjgh kfuc` gftijg` tmoe acc `ay' @j` gft spog` [abbatm sf wocc as wofuhmt' Xargo` tf coavo tmat soktjfg fi kfugtry by tmrooIrogkm Maci Broo`s tf wmjkm wo paj` gf attogtjfg'2

Kaepboccs `jary ogtry rokfr`o` tmo ijrst jg a sorjos fijgkj`ogts lgfwg as tmo kfgirfgtatjfgs at tmo Rjvjro auxcots%`o%Bfjs' Pmo Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs -RJB* waslgfwg tf tmo Eotjs boifro 1=81< tmoy ma` uso` tmo aroa fga soasfgac basjs ifr eagy yoars ag` tmoy mfpo` tf mavo jtrosorvo` as part fi tmojr cag` accfteogt aitor Eagjtfba dfjgo` Kfgio`oratjfg' Jg tmo sprjgh fi 1=81 sottcors irfeFgtarjf kcajeo` cag` acfgh tmo rjvor wmjkm tmoy rogaeo`tmo Bfygo' Pmo Eotjs prftosto` ag` tmoro woro sovorackfgirfgtatjfgs botwoog tmoe ag` tmo gow sottcors' Pmo`jsputo oxakorbato` tmo acroa`y togso rocatjfgs botwoogtmo Eotjs ag` tmo gow sottcors jg Eagjtfba ag` tmroatogo`tf bfjc fvor jgtf vjfcogko' Jg tmo og`# tmo Eotjs abag`fgo`tmojr kcajes acfgh tmo rjvor ag` sottco` jg a parjsm# lgfwgijrst as Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs ag` subsoquogtcy as [t'

@agjoc# tf tmo gfrtm fi tmo rjvor' Pmo Bfygo [ottcoeogtkfgtjguo` tf attrakt sottcors irfe Fgtarjf ag` by 1==1 tmosottcoeogt was ag fvorwmocejghcy ^rftostagt# Oghcjsm%spoaljgh# ahrjkucturac kfeeugjty'

Pmo kfgirfgtatjfgs mavo boog roiorro` tf brjoicy bygueorfus mjstfrjags# but fgcy Accog Rfgahmag mas stu`jo`tmoe jg `otajc' Rfgahmag attrjbuto` tmo kfgirfgtatjfgs tftmo io`orac hfvorgeogts `upcjkjtfus pfcjky ag` kro`jto`Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfr Arkmjbac` wjtm `oiusjgh a `aghorfussjtuatjfg' Mo prajso` tmo Eotjs ifr tmojr `jskjpcjgo jgavfj`jgh bcff`smo` wmjco bojgh ''' `jspfssosso` fi cag`tmoy rjhmtcy fwgo`'; Pmo kfgirfgtatjfgs acsf pcayo` a partjg tmo carhor mjstfry fi Eotjs cag` hragts ug`or tmo

Eagjtfba Akt' Pmo mjstfry fi tmo cag` hragts mas boog tmoifkus fi oxtogsjvo mjstfrjkac rosoarkm coa`jgh tf a eadfrkfurt kmaccogho by tmo Eagjtfba Eotjs Io`oratjfg jg 2>>8'@fuhcas [prahuo# wmf prfvj`o` rosoarkm suppfrt ifr

Acag EkKuccfuhm hrow up fg a iare wmjkm jgkcu`o` tmo koeotoryfi tmo frjhjgac [t' @agjoc parjsm< mjs hroat%hrag`iatmor sottco` jgtmo Kareag aroa jg 1=80' Irfe 1:8; ugtjc 1::= Acag wfrlo` asag mjstfrjag wjtm ^arls Kaga`a' Ifr tmo past `oka`o mo masjgtoejttogtcy rosoarkmo` tmo mjstfry fi tmo Kareag aroa'

tmo Eotjs Io`oratjfg# arhuo` tmat ''' tmrfuhm a prfkosifreac ag` jgifreac `jskfurahoeogt# tmo Eotjs woro tmvjktjes fi a `ocjborato kfgspjraky jg wmjkm DfmEak`fgac` ag` tmo Kaga`jag hfvorgeogt sukkossiucclopt tmoe irfe fbtajgjgh tjtco tf tmo cag` tmoy woro rokojvo ug`or tmo tores fi tmo Eagjtfba Akt fi 1=8Pmfeas Icagahag# a kfgsuctagt ifr tmo @oparteogt Dustjko# ifug` tmat ''' tmo io`orac hfvorgeogt iucijcccag` prfvjsjfg fi tmo Eagjtfba Akt'0 Mo a`ejtto` tmattmoro was kfgsj`orabco kfgiusjfg ag` `ocay jg ealjgh tmhragts ag` tmat tmjs ''' accfwo` sfeo pftogtjac rosorvo ctf bo kcajeo` by jeejhragts tf Eagjtfba ug`or tmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc fi 29 Eay '''< tmjs roearl eay wocc mavo roiorogko tf tmo cag`s at RJB' Roiorrjgh spokjijkaccykfgirfgtatjfgs at RJB# Icagahag kfeeogto` tmat tmoea`o tmo Eotjs suspjkjfus fi tmo hfvorgeogts hff`iajtm'? Jg tmjs ro%oxaejgatjfg fi tmo kfgirfgtatjfgs J wsuhhost tmat acc partjkjpagts jg tmo ovogtstmo iohfvorgeogt# Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfr Arkmjbac`# tmo jgksottcors# ag` tmo Eotjsma` sfeo rospfgsjbjcjty ifr tmway tmoy pcayo` fut'

Pmo RJB icfwo` oast irfe tmo ^oebjga Mjccs jgtf Ro` Rjvor Yaccoy ugtjc jt cfst jtsoci jg tmo Hroat Earsmgfrtmoast fi tmo iuturo Kareag# Eagjtfba' Pmo rjvor wlgfwg tf tmo jgmabjtagts fi Ro` Rjvor irfe at coast 1=>tmoro aro sovorac eogtjfgs fi jt jg Acoxag`or Mog

dfurgacs'9

Pmo Mugtors Prajc krfsso` tmo rjvor abfut ejcos oast fi prosogt%`ay Kareag' Pmo fal# oce# pfpag` basswff` at tmo krfssjgh prfvj`o` smoctor# iuoc# a bujc`jgh eatorjacs ag` tmo Eotjs uso` tmo krfssjgh akaepsjto ag` a pcako tf ropajr karts' [feo kaeo tf tmowff`s jg tmo sprjgh tf ealo eapco suhar'8 Pmo parjsmrohjstor ifr [t' Iragfjs ]avjor rokfr`s a baptjse at RJB jg1=;8 ag` tmo frac tra`jtjfg fi tmo kfeeugjty fi [t' @agjosuhhosts tmat sfeo Eotjs ostabcjsmo` mfeos acfgh tmo rfr at [t' @agjoc as oarcy as tmo 1=;>s' A mjstfry fi tm@agjoc @jstrjkt jg`jkatos tmat a skmffc was ostabcjs1=99 abfut sovog ejcos gfrtmwost fi tmo prosogt tfwgKareag ag` tmat# abfut 1=9:1=8># Iatmor I'%]' Lavag

fi tmo parjsm fi [t' Iragfjs ]avjor ostabcjsmo` a ejssjfkmapoc# Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs# cator [t' @agsovog ejcos gfrtmwost fi Kareag'=

Dfmg I' Hragt was tmo ijrst j`ogtjijabco sottcor fgrjvor' Bfrg at O`efgtfg jg 1=;1# mo bokaeo a sukkosstra`or ag` ragkmor jg Efgtaga' Mo was a gopmow fi ^asBrocag` ag` jg 1=98 mo efvo` tf Eagjtfba wmoro mo buat mfeo ag` stfro jg [t' Kmarcos ^arjsm' Mo ag` mjs iaeworo ogueorato` jg [t' Kmarcos jg 1=8> but mo acsfprfporty at RJB' Mo ag` tmroo fi mjs ifccfwors ma` talocag` acfgh tmo rjvor jg 1=98' Fvor tmo goxt `oka`o mo

F

2 Eagjtfba Mjstfry

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

2/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

bujct a carho mfuso ag` a sawejcc fg mjs cag` ag` brfloag` kuctjvato` 9? akros fi cag`< jg mjs eoefjrs moroiorro` tf tmjs prfporty as tmo Ragkm':

Actmfuhm cfkac tra`jtjfg mfc`s tmat sfeo Eotjs ma`sottco` jg tmo aroa by 1=9> fr oarcjor#1>tmo 1=8> kogsus fiEagjtfba ea`o gf eogtjfg fi asottcoeogt at tmo RJB ag` tmoro js

a kcaje# `ato` tf 1? Ducy 1=8># tf twf cfts fi 12 kmajcfkato` tmroo ejcos apart fg tmo RJB'12 Ag akkfugt bFgtarjf sottcors fi tmo ifug`jgh fi tmo Bfygo [ottcoeo1=81 aklgfwco`hos tmat tmo Eotjs ma` ''' stalo` fucag` acfgh tmo Bfygo jg cfts fi twocvo kmajgs irfgtah

tmo gaeo fi [t' Kmarcos parjVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ''' but tm

Iogjag jgvasjfg fi Fktfbor 1=81#gfto` tmat a bf`y fi Irogkm Eotjs ma` ''' ea`o a socoktjfgfi a trakt fi cag` at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs< sfeo fi tmoema` ea`o iares# fr at acc ovogts ogkcfsuros# at tmat pcako'11 Arkmjbac` was gft kcoar wmog tmoso kcajes ma` boog ea`o#fr wmf ma` ea`o tmo ogkcfsuros but sfeo fi tmoe eaymavo boog ea`o jg 1=8>' Jg 1=82 ^jorro Iackfg pubcjsmo`

sovorac by rokogt jeejhragirfe Fgtarjf' 10 Xmog tmo tfwgsmjp jg wmjkm tmo R@agjoc skmffc ag` kmapoc woro bujct# ropfrto`cy jg1=9:1=8># was survoyo` jg 1=82# tmo survoyfr eeogtjfg fi sottcors# cag` kcajes# a skmffc# fr fi a kmap1?

Jg 1=9: Kaga`a bfuhmt tmo Mu`sfgs Bay Kfepajgtorost jg Ruportscag` ag` arragho` tf mavo tmo ogtjr

Ef`jijo` irfe Okfgfejk Atcas fi Eagjtfba # 1:9># paho

Eap fi cag` sottcoeogt pattorgs jg tmo pfstaho staep Eagjtfba# kjrka 1=8># smfwjgh tmo cfkatjfg fi Rjvjro aux ag` ftmor sottcoeogts# as wocc as eadfr trajcs uso` at tmo tjeo' A kjrkco roprosogts ?> pofpco'

Pmo `jsputo oxakorbato` tmo acroa`y togsorocatjfgs botwoog tmo Eotjs ag` tmo gowsottcors jg Eagjtfba ag` tmroatogo` tf bfjcfvor jgtf vjfcogko'

cjejto` kfgtoepfrary ovj`ogkotmat tmoro woro poreagogtrosj`ogts at tmo rjvor jg 1=8>ftmor tmag sfeo fi Hragtsoxtog`o` iaejcy' Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfr Arkmjbac`# jg aeoefrag`ue `oacjgh wjtm tmo

fi aktuac sottcoeogt oxkopt assfkjato` wjtm Dfmg I' Hra1Xmog twf tfwgsmjps acfgh rjvor woro survoyo` jg 1=81survoyfrs j`ogtjijo` fgcy fgkcaje by a Eotjs# Dfmg I' Hractmfuhm tmoro woro

Gf' 98 | Xjgtor 2>12 ;

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

3/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

tragsiorro` tf Kaga`a' Pmo pfpucatjfg was gft kfgsucto`ag`# at Ro` Rjvor# tmo eadfrjty fi tmo pfpucatjfg vjowo`tmo tragsior wjtm appromogsjfg' Jg partjkucar# tmo Irogkm%spoaljgh# Rfeag Katmfcjk# Eotjs ioaro` tmat aggoxatjfgwfuc` dofpar`jzo tmojr pfcjtjkac pfsjtjfg jg tmo sottcoeogt#tmroatog tmojr tjtco tf cag`# ag` ug`orejgo tmojr kucturo'Xmog# boifro tmo tragsior ma` boog kfepcoto`# Kaga`asogt a party tf bohjg survoyjgh cag`s jg Ro` Rjvor# tmoEotjs ug`or Cfujs Rjoc stfppo` tmo survoy# `ogjo` ogtry tfEagjtfbas roprosogtatjvo# ag` tmog ifreo` a prfvjsjfgachfvorgeogt' Fvor tmo wjgtor fi 1=9:1=8> roprosogtatjvosfi tmo prfvjsjfgac hfvorgeogt gohftjato` bottor tores ifrtmo ogtry jgtf Kfgio`oratjfg jgkcu`jgh prfvjgkjac status ifrEagjtfba# bjcjghuac status ifr tmo gow prfvjgko#`ogfejgatjfgac skmffcs# huaragtoos fi oxjstjgh cag` tjtcos#ag` a prfejso tmat 1#0>>#>>> akros fi cag` wfuc` bo sotasj`o ifr tmo kmjc`rog fi Eotjs jgmabjtagts fi Eagjtfba'

Pmo Kaga`jag party jgRo` Rjvor ag` sfeo fi tmo

kfuc` bo talog ugtjc tmo pfpucatjfg ogtjtco` tf tmo hrma` boog j`ogtjijo` ag` tmo cag` ma` boog survoyo`'kogsus fi tmo Eotjs was kfepcoto` jg @okoebor 1=8> `otajco` survoys woro gft bohug ugtjc tmo cato sueeor1=81 by wmjkm tjeo gow sottcors woro arrjvjgh Fgtarjf' Efrofvor# tmo hfvorgeogt `j` gft ifreaccyostabcjsm jts pfcjky fg cag` hragts ugtjc Aprjc ag` Eay1=81# aitor sottcors ma` bohug tf arrjvo jg Eagjtfba'

Jg @okoebor 1=8># Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfr Arkmproparo` twf cfgh `ospatkmos fg cag` pfcjky ag` survoyJg tmo ijrst mo arhuo` ifr 19> akros as tmo basjk mfeohragt wjtm a cfw prjko kmarho` ifr pro%oepto` cag`s'wrfto apprfvjghcy fi tmo Aeorjkag praktjko fi accfwjsquattors tf fbtajg tjtco tf cag` wmjkm tmoy ma` jeprfvag` fkkupjo` ifr ijvo yoars' Mo wrfto tmat tmo hfvorgeosmfuc` mavo a pfcjky jg pcako ag` bo roa`y tf bosurvoys jg tmo sprjgh< mfwovor# mo rokfhgjzo`

tmat `otajco` survoys smfuc`VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVgft bohjg ugtj

oxprosso` jg tmo kfcuegs fi tmoPfrfgtf Hcfbowmjkm vjowo` tmo ahrooeogt# ospokjaccy tmopcag tf rosorvo 1#0>>#>>> akros ifr tmo Eotjs# as a kfgspjrakytf ifrostacc jeejhratjfg irfe Fgtarjf ag` tf ealoEagjtfba a Irogkm prfvjgko' Jg Earkm fi 1=81 tmoHcfbo

o`jtfrjacjzo`4 Pmo pofpco fi Fgtarjf `fgt eoag tf bo sfsgubbo` ag` sf put fii by agy Hfvorgeogt' Pmoy mavo arjhmt tf cffl tf tmat cag` as a mfeo ifr tmojr sfgs ag``auhmtors# ag` tmoy `fgt eoag tf stag` qujotcy by ag` soojt ea`o a Cfwor Kaga`jag prosorvo' Pmo papor kacco` ifra carho ag` spoo`y jeejhratjfg tf ''' kfugtorakt tmofbdoktjfgabco arraghoeogts fi tmo kfgstjtutjfg ''' hjvogEagjtfba ag` tf sokuro akkoss tf Eagjtfba ifr Fgtarjfsottcors'19 Pmo paragfja ag` agjefsjty wmjkm tmoHcfbokfcuegs bftm oxprosso` ag` ifeogto` was karrjo`wostwar` by sfeo eoebors fi tmo Ro` RjvorOxpo`jtjfgary Ifrko -RROI* wmjkm arrjvo` jg Eagjtfba jg1=8>' Pmo togsjfgs botwoog tmo gow sottcors ag` tmo Eotjs

jgmabjtagts fi Eagjtfba ifreo` tmo baklhrfug` fi tmokfgirfgtatjfgs at RJB jg 1=81'Pmo Eagjtfba Akt prfejso` 1#0>>#>>> akros fi cag` ifr

tmo kmjc`rog fi Eotjs iaejcjos jg Eagjtfba' Pmo cag` hragtwas jgtog`o` tf sefftm tmo tragsior ag` tf satjsiy Eotjskcajes tf abfrjhjgac tjtco' Pmo Eotjs coa`orsmjp mfpo` tmattmo cag` wfuc` bo hragto` jg carho bcfkls wmjkm wfuc`prfvj`o a poreagogt cag` baso ifr kfmosjvo Eotjskfeeugjtjos' Pmo Eotjs acsf mfpo` tmat tmo cag` wfuc` boaccfkato` boifro a carho jgicux fi gow sottcors kfepcjkato`tmo socoktjfg' Pmo hfvorgeogt vjow was tmat gf aktjfg

acroa`y boog ko`o`' Mo arhuotmat abfrjhjgac tjtco jg Eagjtfba was moc` ojtmor byKroo fr [auctoaux< tmo Eotjs# jg mjs vjow# ma` sotmo aroa at tmo bohjggjgh fi tmo 1:tm kogtury ag` tmojrJg`jag agkostfrs woro efstcy irfe hrfups wjtm gf cjgls

tf Eagjtfba' Ji tmo ioocjghs fi tmo Eotjs woro tf bo emo bocjovo` tmat tmo hragt smfuc` bo ea`o as twf bcfi cag`# fgo ifr tmo Irogkm Eotjs ag` fgo ifr tmo Oghcas tmoro was a strfgh `jspfsjtjfg tf loop tmo Irogag` Katmfcjk kfeeugjtjos ag` tmo Oghcjsm a^rftostagt kfeeugjtjos soparato' Mo bocjovo` tmhragtjgh tmo cag` jg a bcfkl wfuc` cfwor jts kfeeorkjavacuo but akkopto` tmat sukm a kfurso was tmo `osjtmo Irogkm Eotjs ag` fi tmojr coa`ors' Mo rokfhgjzo` tmo ''' Irogkm# fr tmojr coa`ors ''' wjsmo` tmo cagjgacjogabco ifr at coast a hogoratjfg but rokfeeog`oahajgst hragtjgh tmjs wjsm bokauso jt wfuc` cfkl upcarho pfrtjfg fi tmo hragt ifr eagy yoars ag` ejhmt

prfvo a mjg`ragko tf tmo `ovocfpeogt fi tmo kfugtry'18

Oarcy jg 1=81# E' [t' Dfmg sogt Arkmjbac` a ropfrt gaturo fi cag` tjtcos jg Eagjtfba' Mjs ropfrt mjhmcjhmthrfwjgh kfgkorg aefgh bftm gow ag` fc` sottcors as tmfw cag` was tf bo accfkato`' Eagy wfuc`%bo sottcors wawajtjgh tmo prfeuchatjfg fi rohucatjfgs ag` tmo socoktfi tmo Eotjs hragt fi 1#0>>#>>> akros prjfr tf ealjgh tfwg socoktjfgs' Eukm fi tmo bost iare cag` jg tmo prfvjwas acroa`y talog up fr kcajeo` ojtmor by fc` sottcorsgow sottcors' [feo rjvorirfgt cag` fg tmo sfutmorg pfrtjffi tmo Ro` Rjvor roeajgo` ugkcajeo`# but jt was accoho`

Ag akkfugt by Fgtarjf sottcors fi tmo

ifug`jgh fi tmo Bfygo [ottcoeogt jg 1=81aklgfwco`hos tmat tmo Eotjs ma` ''' stalo`fut tmo cag` acfgh tmo Bfygo \Rjvjro auxcots%`o%BfjsU jg cfts fi twocvo kmajgsirfgtahojg tmo gaeo fi [t' Kmarcos parjsm '''

ma` boog surrog`oro`' Jg mjsokfg` `ospatkm Arkmjbac`oact wjtm tmo quostjfg fi tmcag` rosorvo` ifr tmo Eotjs'Mjs rokfeeog`atjfg ifr aroktaghucar survoy systoe `j`gft appcy tf tmo cag` acfgh tmRo` ag` Assjgjbfjgo rjvors ifrwmjkm tmo abfrjhjgac tjtco m

pfpucatjfg fi Fgtarjf woroograho` by tmo prfvjsjfgachfvorgeogts oxokutjfg fiPmfeas [kftt jg Earkm fi 1=8>'Pmoy rosogto` tmo tores wmjkmtmo prfvjsjfgac hfvorgeogtgohftjato` ifr Eagjtfbas ogtryjgtf Kfgio`oratjfg' Pmojrpfsjtjfg was efst kcoarcy

0 Eagjtfba Mjstfry

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

4/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

Eagjtfbas Cjoutogagt Hfvorgfr A`aes H' Arkmjbac -1=101=:;* kfrrospfg`o` aktjvocy fg eattors rocatjgh tf cag` tjtcos jgEagjtfba# ospokjaccy as jt rocato` tf Eotjs kfeeugjtjos'

tmat oxjstjgh sottcors fbdokto` tf Oghcjsm%spoaljgh sottcorstaljgh agy fi jt up' Jt was assorto` tmat ji agy bujc`jghsworo put up jg tmo aroa# tmoy woro ''' jg `aghor fi bojgh burgt by tmo Irogkm Maci Broo`s jg tmo vjkjgjty' [t' Dfmgquostjfgo` tmo oxjstogko fi sukm a `aghor but bocjovo`tmat jt wfuc` `jsappoar fgko rohucatjfgs woro pubcjsmo`'Mo acsf suhhosto` tmat ji tmo bfug`arjos fi Eagjtfba worooxtog`o` jt wfuc` ogcarho tmo aefugt fi avajcabco cag`'1=

Fg 1 Earkm 1=81#Co Gfuvoau Efg`o -Efgtrac* ropfrto`tmat tmo Eotjs woro wajtjgh ''' gfg sags quocquoapprmogsjfg ''' ifr gows as tf mfw tmo rosorvo` cag`wfuc` bo accfkato`' Pmo papors Ro` Rjvor kfrrospfg`ogtropfrto` tmat Eagjtfba was wjtmfut wff` oxkopt ifr tmoirjghos acfgh tmo rjvors' Hjvog tmo goo` ifr wjgtor iuoc# tmjssfurko fi wff` wfuc` bo sffg oxmausto` ag` tmo Eotjsworo agxjfus tf lgfw ji tmojr rosorvo` cag`s wfuc` bo fg

tmo wff`o` rjvor cag` fr fg tmo prajrjo wmoro tmoro wasgojtmor wator gfr wff`'1: Pmo kfcueg rajso` ag jepfrtagtjssuo< eukm fi tmo fpog prajrjo cag` jg tmo Ro` Rjvor Yaccoywas gft sujtabco ifr sottcoeogt hjvog tmo ahrjkucturactokmgfcfhy ag` attjtu`os provacogt jg bftm Eagjtfba ag`Fgtarjf jg 1=8>' Jt was gft ugtjc tmo arrjvac fi Eoggfgjtosirfe sfutmorg Russja jg 1=80 tmat sorjfus attoepts woroea`o tf sottco tmo fpog cag` jg tmo Ro` Rjvor Yaccoy'

Pmo accfkatjfg fi tmo rosorvo cag`s bokaeo efro urhogtjg Aprjc ag` Eay fi 1=81 as vfcugtoors irfe tmo RROI woro`jskmarho` jg Eagjtfba ag` bohag tf kcaje cag`s ag` as

pftogtjac sottcors irfe Fgtarjf arrjvo` jg tmo ^rfvjgko' Ojg Aprjc tmo Cohjscatjvo Assoebcy urho` Arkmjbac`tmo @fejgjfg hfvorgeogt tf `oijgo tmo cjejts fi tmo fkkupjo` by a hroat guebor fi sottcors fg tmo RoAssjgjbfjgo rjvors wmf woro futsj`o tmo aroa acsurvoyo`' Pmo Assoebcy urho` tmat# jg tmo eoaeoasuros bo talog tf sokuro tmoso sottcors jg tmo popfssossjfg fi tmojr kcajes' Arkmjbac` roiorro` tmo tf Fttawa' Fg ;1 Eay tmo [okrotary fi [tato ifr Kagaropcjo` tmat ag fr`or%jg%kfugkjc wmjkm wfuc` kaso fi squattors wmf jgtog` tf bokfeo sottcors maapprfvo` fg 29 Eay' Mo ogkcfso` ag oxtrakt irfe fr`orjg%kfugkjc -wmjkm js `jskusso` bocfw* ag` sutmat jt bo pubcjsmo` jg Eagjtfba'2>

Fg 2? Aprjc 1=81# tmo io`orac hfvorgeogt apprfvfr`or%jg%kfugkjc autmfrjzjgh a prfko`uro ifr accfkacag`s ifr tmo Eotjs rosorvos' Acc Eotjs# rosj`oEagjtfba as fi 1? Ducy 1=8># woro tf bo ocjhjbco ifr pfrtjfg fi tmo hragt fi 1#0>>#>>> akros' Gf kfg`jtjsottcoeogt woro jepfso`' Pmo Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfrautmfrjzo` tf rosorvo tfwgsmjps fr parts fi tfwgsmjp`jstrjbutjfg# ag` jg`jvj`uac accfkatjfgs wfuc` bo `okj by cft' Pmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc `j` gft roqujro tmat survoyo` boifro jt was socokto` ifr Eotjs rosorvos actmtmjs ejhmt mavo boog jepcjkjt jg tmo roiorogko tf tfwag` parts fi tfwgsmjps' Pmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc acsf pifr tmo sottcoeogt fi ftmor krfwg cag`s fgko tmoy masurvoyo`' Agy moa` fi iaejcy# fr eaco fvor 21 yoars fiwmf ma` ea`o fr ''' smacc moroaitor ealo jg porssottcoeogt fg tmo pubcjk cag`s ''' ag` wmf rosj`o` fjeprfvo` mjs kcaje# kfuc` ealo ag ogtry ifr up tf 1akros fi tmo cag` wmjkm mo fkkupjo`' Fiijkors ag` tmo ijrst Fgtarjf ag` sokfg` Quobok battacjfgs sorvjgh jg Eagjtfba wmf kmfso tf sottco jg Eagjtfbogtjtco` tf a iroo hragt wjtmfut aktuac rosj`ogko tmfi fgo quartor soktjfg' Xmog twf fr efro porsfgs sottmo saeo cag`# tmo rjhmt fi pro%oeptjfg wogt tf tmsottcor' Pmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc jgkcu`o` a cjst fi cagworo rosorvo` irfe sottcoeogtMu`sfgs Bay Kfepagcag`# kortajg wff`cag`s# ejcc sjtos# tfwg sjtos# skmffejgorac cag`s ag` cag`s tf bo `osjhgato` as rajcway caJt `j` gft j`ogtjiy tmo 1#0>>#>>>%akro Eotjs rosorvo bojgh rosorvo` irfe sottcoeogt'21

Jt sffg bokaeo kcoar tmat tmo survoys wfuc` gkfepcoto` jg tjeo tf akkfeef`ato sottcoeogt byjeejhragts wmf woro acroa`y arrjvjgh jg Eagjtfba' Fg

Eay ag fr`or%jg%kfugkjc was apprfvo` prfvj`jgh tmpartjos ifug` upfg tmo cag` at tmo tjeo fi survoy '''ma` sottco` ag` ea`o jeprfvoeogts jg hff` iajtm wfuc bo prftokto` jg tmo ogdfyeogt fi tmo cag` tmokcajeo`' As wfuc` bokfeo kcoar# tmoro was a pftogtjkfgicjkt botwoog tmo rjhmt fi pro%oeptjfg prjfr tf sag` tmo rjhmt fi tmo Eotjs tf bcfkl hragts sot fut jgfr`or%jg%kfugkjc fi 2? Aprjc' Mfwovor# tmo kfugkjc fi 29 Eay was gft pubcjsmo` jg Eagjtfba uabfut tmo tmjr` wool fi Dugo by wmjkm tjeo tmo krtmo cag`s at RJB was wocc ug`orway'22

Arkmjvos fiEagjtfba#

^orsfgacjtjos A22%2# G12?:?

Gf' 98 | Xjgtor 2>12 ?

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

5/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

H' Hfc`sbfrfuhm

Pmo [t' @agjoc kmurkm stoopco ag` boccjs acc tmat roeajgs fi tmostrukturo bujct arfug` 1=:?# a`dakogt tf tmo koeotory at 20%8%?#abfut 21&2 ejcos wost fi tmo ijrst kmurkm sjto'

Pmo toxt fi tmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc fi 2? Aprjc 1=81 waspubcjsmo` jgPmo Eagjtfbag fi 1; Eay 1=81 ag` wjtmjg awool tmo Eotjs fi tmo Irogkm%spoaljgh parjsmos# aktjgh fgtmo apprfvac fi bcfkl hragts fi cag`# eot tf ostabcjsm kcajestf tmo aroas tmoy mfpo` tf fkkupy' @oskrjptjfgs fi tmovarjfus kcajes woro pubcjsmo` jgCo Etjs fi = Dugo 1=81'2; Pmo parjsmos tf tmo oast fi [t' Kmarcos fg tmo Assjgjbfjgoag` fg tmo Ro` Rjvor kcajeo` a brfa` strjp fi cag` fgojtmor sj`o fi Ro` Rjvor botwoog [t' Bfgjiako ag` tmoJgtorgatjfgac Bfug`ary as wocc as a twf%ejco strjp fg ojtmorsj`o fi tmo Rjvjro [aco' Pmo Irogkm%spoaljgh parjsmos tftmo wost fi [t' Kmarcos kcajeo` a strjp fi cag` ruggjghsfutmorcy irfe tmo Assjgjbfjgo Rjvor acfgh tmo ^oebjga

Mjccs tf tmo Jgtorgatjfgac Bfug`ary' Pmo kcaje oxtog`o`oast irfe tmo Mjccs tf jgkcu`o tmo wff`o` cag`s acfgh tmovarjfus stroaes wjtm tmo oxkoptjfg fi tmo cag` kcajeo` by[t' Kmarcos ^arjsm fg tmo RJB' At a eootjgh kmajro` by DfmgHragt fg 10 Eay 1=81# tmo rosj`ogts fi [t' Kmarcos ^arjsmkcajeo` twf ejcos fg ojtmor sj`o fi tmo RJB irfe tmooastorg oxtroejty fi wff`o` cag` fg tmo rjvor tf a pfjgt 1=ejcos wost< tmoy acsf kcajeo` a sjejcar strjp fi cag` fg tmouppor roakmos fi tmo Rjvjro [aco' Pmo [t' Caurogtkfeeugjty fg Calo Eagjtfba kcajeo` a 1>>%squaro%ejco bcfkl botwoog Calo Eagjtfba ag` [mfac Calo'

Co Gfuvoau Efg`o ostjeato` tmat tmo Irogkm Eotjs mkcajeo` 1#;>>#>>> akros# prosquo tfuto ca eojccouro bfjs ot ca eojccuro prajrjo `ags kocco partjo' Hjvog tOghcjsm%spoaljgh Eotjs fi Eagjtfba woro ogtjtco` tf ab0> por kogt fi tmo 1#0>>#>>>%akro hragt# tmo kcoxkossjvo ag` tmo kauso fi boaukfup `o ekfgteogt' PEotjs kcajes woro apparogtcy ea`o tf ifrostacc fkkupatjf by jeejhragts irfe oastorg Kaga a ag` tf sfeo oxtogttmoy woro sukkossiuc# ifrCo Gfuvoau Efg`o wrfto tmat sfeoKaga`jag jeejhragts# fg coargjgh fi tmo kcajes# ma` cEagjtfba ag` sottco` jg tmo @alfta Porrjtfry'20

[feo fi tmo jeejhragts ma` abag`fgo` Eagjtfba butgft acc' Fg Oastor [ug`ay -: Aprjc* 1=81 [aeuoc Loggoag` a seacc party fi eog wjtm cjgls tf tmo RROI arrjvo`tmo RJB'2? Loggo`y# bfrg jg Jrocag`# ma` oejhrato` as kmjc` tf Fgtarjf wmoro mjs iaejcy sottco` jg MastKfugty' Ag Fraghoeag# mo earrjo` jg tmo 1=0>s ag` 1=81 ma` ojhmt kmjc`rog< jg 1=8> mo kaeo tf Eagjtfbvfcugtoor wjtm tmo RROI' Loggo`y# ag` at coast fgeag jg mjs party# Ryor Fcsog# tffl up cag` kcajes acfgh rjvor# bujc`jgh mfusos ag` kcoarjgh cag`' Loggo`ys iae dfjgo` mje cator jg tmo sueeor'29 Loggo`y ag` mjs cjttcoparty woro sffg dfjgo` by ftmor Fgtarjf jeejhragts' PmoHcfboropfrto` tmat boifro tmo kfgirfgtatjfg brflo fut tmorma` boog => iaejcjos at RJB< jg oarcy DucyCo Etjs ropfrto`tmat abfut 1>> sottcors ma` hfgo tf tmo RJB'28

Efst fi tmo sottcors gaeos mavo boog cfst but aeftmfso wmf kag bo j`ogtjijo` tmoro was a ejx fi cfgh%sottcors ag` spokucatfrs' [aeuoc Loggo`y# mjs maci%bHofrho [oxsejtm# ag` tmo Kaepbocc brftmors# woro atmo ijrst sottcors tf kcaje cag` fg tmo Bfygo -tmo gaeo wtmoy havo tf tmo RJB* ag` bokaeo cfgh%tore rosj`ogts aroa'2=Jg Ducy ag` Auhust fi 1=81# twogty%sovog jg`jvpubcjsmo` kcajes tf cag` fg tmo Bfygo jg tmo Eagjtfba Cjborac Eay ag` cjejto` jtsoci tf tmoquostjfg fi tmo socoktjfg fi tmo Eotjs rosorvo' Jt gfto` tmat

tmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc fi 2? Aprjc 1=81 ma` ostabrucos ifr tmo `jspfsac fi krfwg cag`s jg Eagjtfba4

= Eagjtfba Mjstfry

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

8/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

jhgfragko fi tmo socoktjfg# J smacc ji tmo `uty smfuc`iacc upfg eo fi aktjgh ug`or tmo ruco caj` `fwg bytmo Hfvorgfr%Hogorac bo huj`o` by tmo prjgkjpco Jmavo eogtjfgo`# ag` kfgijre tmo socoktjfgs sfea`o# sf iar as tmjs kag bo `fgo wjtmfut `fjghvjfcogko tf tmo tfwgsmjp fr soktjfgac sorjos';:

Arkmjbac`s ropcy garrfwo` wmat mo ma` wrjttog fg ;>Eay by fejttjgh roiorogko tf tmo rjhmts fi partjos ftmortmag tmo Eotjs' Pmo wfr`jgh fi tmo ropcy was kfg`jtjfgac[mfuc` J bo kacco` upfg tf akt ug`or tmjs ruco '''ag`fejtto` mjs oarcjor jgtorprotatjfg tmat bftm vfcugtoors ag`Eotjs ma` ugkfg`jtjfgac rjhmts tf cag` hragts' @ospjto jtskautjfus wfr`jgh# Arkmjbac`s cottor was talog by tmoEotjs as a kfgijreatjfg fi tmojr rjhmt tf socokt bcfkls ficag`' Pmo fpjgjfg was rojgifrko` by a coa`jgh kfcueg jgPmo Eagjtfbag -jgsorto` at Arkmjbac`s `jroktjfg* wmjkmo`jtfrjacjzo`# Fgko tmo Maci%broo`s mavo kmfsog tmojrcag`s# ag` gftjijo` pubcjkcy

8> iaejcjos wmf ma` boog travoccjgh tf tmo Assjgma` turgo` bakl aitor tmoy eot Eotjs ''' skfurjgh kfugtry areo`# `oeag`jgh tmo `ostjgatjfg fi travoccoag` jgifrejgh tmoe tmat tmoy -tmo maci%broo`s* ma bo satjsijo`'00 Pmo sottcors woro oquaccy boccjhokfrrospfg`ogt fi tmo Efgtroac@ajcy Xjtgoss ropfrto` tma''' eagy fi tmo gowkfeors aro `jssatjsijo` ag` tmroatohf fg parts fi tmo maci%broo` kcajes ag` talo apfssossjfg# ji gokossary'0? Xmog roprosogtatjvos fi tmo jeejhragts# jgkcu`jcoast fgo sottcor irfe tmo RJB# eot wjtm tmo CjoHfvorgfr# mo tfc` tmoe tmat jt was prfbabco tmat wjtmjg tmo cjejts fi tmo Eotjs kcajes wfuc` bo oxpPmo Hcfbos kfrrospfg`ogt tffl tmo vjow tmat Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfrs suppfrt fi tmo Eotjs pfsjtjfgjgdu`jkjfus# ugwarragtabco# ag` kfgtrary tf tmo sptmo caw' Efrofvor# [uppfrto` by tmo Cjout'%Htmo jggfvatjfgs fi tmo maci%broo`s acroa`y ea`o upf

cohac rjhmts fi tmo sottcors

Pmo Eo t j s pubc j smo``oskrjptjfgs fi tmojr kcajes fg = Dugo< tmo sottcors worowargo` fii vorbaccy as oarcy as 12 Dugo ag` by 2> Dugo jt

was ropfrto` tmat Dfmg I' Hragt ma` put up gftjkos at RJBstatjgh tmo Etjs kcajes'01 Eagy fi tmo pftogtjac sottcorsabag`fgo` tmo RJB< tmoHcfbos kfrrospfg`ogt ropfrto` tmat# by 20 Dugo# fgcy 2> fi => jeejhragt iaejcjos roeajgo` atRJB' Mfwovor# tmoHcfbos kfrrospfg`ogt wrfto# tmfso wmfroeajgo` woro ''' `otorejgo` tf mfc` tmojr hrfug` ahajgstacc sukm jgtru`ors'Co Etjs ropfrto` tmat aitor tmo Eotjs ma`wargo` tmo sottcors fii tmojr kcaje# ''' tfus cos hogs mfggtos''' ma` coit jeeo`jatocy but tmat 0> fr ?> ma` `okcaro` tmattmoy wfuc` roeajg' Pmo Eotjs tmog appoaco` tf tmoCjoutogagt%Hfvorgfr tf roefvo tmo sottcors'02 [feo Eotjskfgsj`oro` `jrokt aktjfg' A kfrrospfg`ogt fiCo Etjs wrftofi tmo ''' ekfgtogtoeogt hgraco `o ko quug trs hrag`

gfebro `ejhrs so `jrjhoajogt vors ca rjvjro aux Jcots `oBfjs# au kfour `o ca rsorvo au Etjs '''' Mo bcaeo` tmoprfbcoe jg part fg tmo `ocay jg kfg`uktjgh tmo survoys butacsf fg ''' `os porsfggos pou aejos `os Etjs ''' wmf`jrokto` tmo jeejhragts tf tmo cag`s kcajeo` by tmo Eotjswmjco iojhgjgh jhgfragko fi Eotjs kcajes ag` fi tmoCjoutogagt%Hfvorgfrs cottor' Mo kfgkcu`o`# Fg parco `d`accor kmassor kos au`akjoux sj cos autfrjts go voucogt fu gopouvogt co iajr'0;

Daeos [kftt# ag jgtog`jgh sottcor wmf ma` abag`fgo`mjs pcags tf sottco jg Eagjtfba# tfc` mfw a hrfup fi abfut

tmat sjgko tmo arrjvac fijeejhragts tmoro ma` boog eukm ugoasjgoss# partjkaefgh tmo Irogkm Eotjs fvor tmo cag` rosorvo prfvj`o

ug`or tmo Eagjtfba Akt' Pmo Eotjs tffl tmo vjow tmatkcajes# bojgh baso` fg statuto# woro suporjfr tf tmfsojeejhragts' Pmoy kjto` a cottor# `ato` 2; Dugo 1=8>[jr Hofrho Kartjor statjgh tmat tmo rucos ''' kfgkorgarsorvo sorfgt `o gaturo rogkfgtror cos `sjros `os ersj`ogts' Arkmjbac` wogt fg tf say tmat tmo jeej`j` gft akkopt tmjs pfsjtjfg ag` jgstoa` tffl tmo vjow tm''' tmo rjhmt tf a proiorogko js wjtm tmoe \tmo jeej''' At tmo efeogt wmog tmo oxkjtoeogt fvor cagroakmo` a staho wmoro Arkmjbac` ma` roasfg tfsfeo futbroal '''# mo ma` rokojvo` a cottor roprosogtatjvos fi ijvo Eotjs parjsmos asljgh jgifreatjfg fg mfw tmo cag` quostjfg was tf bo sott

Hjvog tmo sjtuatjfg# mo ioct mo ma` gf kmfjko busfeo agswor actmfuhm mo roacjzo` tmat mo ejhmtsustajgo` by tmo hfvorgeogt' Mo tffl tmo vjow tmEotjs woro tf bo rohar`o` ''' jg tmo saeo katohfry purkmasors wmf ma` paj` tmojr efgoy jgtf tmo KCag` Fiijko# ag` woro asljgh tmojr hragts' Jg suk''' prjfrjty fi appcjkatjfg havo prjfrjty fi rjhmt ''' agEotjs ''' irfe tmo tjeo fi tmojr appcjkatjfg# wfuc`ogtjtco` tf tmo cag`s tmoy socokto`# ji tmoro wororjhmts oxjstjgh' Jg Arkmjbac`s vjow# wmotmor tmjg`jvj`uacs fr as a hrfup ea`o gf `jiiorogko' _sjgh

Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfr Arkmjbac` ''' gfto`tmatsjgko tmo arrjvac fi tmo jeejhragts tmoroma` boog eukm ugoasjgoss# partjkucarcyaefgh tmo Irogkm Eotjs fvor tmo cag`rosorvoprfvj`o` ifr ug`or tmo EagjtfbaAkt' PmoEotjs tffl tmo vjow tmat tmojrkcajes# bojgh baso` fg statuto# woro suporjfrtf tmfso fi tmo jeejhragts'

tmojr kmfjko# tmoro kag bo gfoxkuso ifr jgtru`jgh wjtmjgtmojr cjgos# ag` agy jeejhragtwmf `fos sf# akts at mjs fwgrjsl'0> Pmo kfcueg wogt fg tfassuro sottcors wmf kcajeo` ag`jeprfvo` cag`# futsj`o tmoaroas kcajeo` by tmo Eotjs# tmattmoy wfuc` mavo tmojr kcajesrokfhgjzo` wmog tmo survoywas ea`o'

oxkjto` tmo jg`jhgatjfg fi tKaga`jags tf a pfjgt but fgroefvo irfe a stato tmat wfucpcugho tmo ogtjro kfugtry trfubcos wjtm wmjkm tmfso `ays fi Rjoc wfuc` gft bkfeparabco'09

Fg 18 Dugo 1=81# CjoutoHfvorgfr Arkmjbac` wrfto a c`ospatkm sottjgh fut mjs vjowtmo jsputo' Mo gfto`

Gf' 98 | Xjgtor 2>12 :

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

9/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

tmjs ratjfgaco# Arkmjbac` wrfto tmo ropcy tf tmo Eotjsroprosogtatjvos# `ato` : Dugo# wmjkm js qufto` abfvo'-Arkmjbac` ea`o gf eogtjfg fi mjs ropcy fi ;> Eay'* Jgsooljgh tmo hfvorgeogts apprfvac fi mjs aktjfg Arkmjbac`wrfto tmat mo was ''' kfgvjgko` tmat jt js tmo fgcy kfursotmat wfuc` gft mavo co` tf sorjfus trfubco' Jt was# mowrfto# jg tmo jgtorosts fi bftm tmo Eotjs ag` tmo jeejhragts#jt avfj`o` tmo prfbcoes kauso` by tmo `ocays jg tmo survoys#ag` ''' jt provogts -wmjkm js tmo efst jepfrtagt rosuct fi jt*#`aghorfus kfccjsjfgs# wmjkm wfuc` mavo arjsog# irfetmrfwjgh su``ogcy aefgh tmo Irogkm Maci broo`s# a bf`yfi gowkfeors `jiiorjgh irfe tmoe sf wj`ocy as tmoy `f jgcaghuaho ag` rako# jg mabjts ag` Iajtm'08

Jg a prjvato cottor tf [jr Dfmg A' Eak`fgac`# `ato` 8Fktfbor 1=81# Arkmjbac` wrfto tmat tmo krjsjs fvor cag` ma` boog a eattor fi cjio ag` `oatm ag` mo ma` ioct jtabsfcutocy gokossary tf roassuro tmo Eotjs abfut tmojr cag`jg fr`or tf ogsuro tmojr kfgtjguo` suppfrt fi tmohfvorgeogt' Mo gfto` tmat# wmog fg : Dugo mo ma` ahroo`tf bo huj`o` by tmo Eotjs jg socoktjgh tmojr rosorvo` cag`# moma` gft rokojvo` tmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc fi 29 Eay wmjkmrokfhgjzo` pro%oeptjfg rjhmts' Mo roearlo` tmat tmjs fr`orejhmt mavo krjppco` tmo iroo`fe fi ey aktjfg# jt kortajgcywfuc` gft mavo kmagho` ey kfgvjktjfg fi jts pfcjky'0=

Actmfuhm tmoro `fos gft appoar tf mavo boog ag fiijkjacropcy tf Arkmjbac`s `ospatkm# D' K' Ajljg# tmo [okrotary fi[tato ifr Kaga`a# oxprosso` rohrot# jg a prjvato gfto# tmatArkmjbac` ma` gft rokojvo` tmo fr`or%jg%kfugkjc fi 29 Eayat tmo tjeo mo ea`o mjs ropcy'0: Pwf cottors tf Arkmjbac`irfe Dfsopm Mfwo# tmo [okrotary fi [tato ifr tmo ^rfvjgkos# bftm earlo` ^rjvato# oxprosso rohrot fvor mjs kfurso fiaktjfg' Fg 0 Gfvoebor 1=81# Mfwo wrfto As J ug`orstag`tmo eattor# acc tmo cag`s gft jg aktuac fkkupatjfg aro fpog tfovorybf`y# Macibroo`s# Yfcugtoors ag` Oejhragts'?> Jg asubsoquogt cottor# `ato` 29 @okoebor 1=81# Mfwo sot futmjs# ag` D' K' Ajljgs# ug`orstag`jgh fi hfvorgeogt pfcjky'Fgo%pfjgt%ijvo ejccjfg -sjk* akros fi cag` woro tf bo sot asj`oifr tmo Eotjs but ugtjc tmo Eotjs cag` ma` boog survoyo`ag` sot apart# ''' Oejhragts ag` Yfcugtoors# hfjgh jgtf tmokfugtry# ma` a rjhmt tf fkkupy ag` pro%oept vakagt cag`sagywmoro' Eog acroa`y jg tmo kfugtry ma` tmo saeo rjhmts but gf kcass fi porsfgs ma` a rjhmt tf stalo fii ag` kcajecag` og bcfk' Pmo pfcjky ma` boog ostabcjsmo` by fr`or%jg%kfugkjc ag`# jg Mfwos fpjgjfg# Arkmjbac` ma` gf autmfrjtytf kmagho jt wjtmfut autmfrjzatjfg irfe tmo [okrotary fi[tato'?1

Mfwos jgtorprotatjfg `fos gft `jiior substagtjaccy irfeArkmjbac`s jgjtjac jgtorprotatjfg fi hfvorgeogt pfcjky asoxprosso` jg mjs cottor tf Rfyacot ac' fg ;> Eay' Jt js pfssjbcotmat Mfwos ug`orstag`jgh fi hfvorgeogt pfcjky wasjgicuogko` by mjg`sjhmt ag` tmo ovogts fi tmo sueeor fi1=81' Xmog mo wrfto tf Arkmjbac`# tmo hfvorgeogt wasug`or moavy krjtjkjse as a rosuct Arkmjbac`s aktjfg jgsuppfrtjgh Eotjs cag` kcajes fvor tmo kcajes fi jeejhragtsottcors ag` ovog moavjor krjtjkjse ifr mjs eootjgh wjtm Rjocifccfwjgh tmo Iogjag raj` jg Fktfbor fi 1=81'?2 Arkmjbac`spfcjky was pfrtrayo` jg tmo Fgtarjf fppfsjtjfg pross as prf%

Eotjs# `osjhgo` tf `jskfuraho jeejhratjfg irfe Fgtarjfag` tf eajgtajg Eagjtfba as a Irogkm prfvjgko'?; Jt ma`stjrro` up a wavo fi futraho wmjkm tmroatogo` tf tfppco hfvorgeogt' Actmfuhm tmo hfvorgeogt `j` gft pubcjkcropu`jato Arkmjbac`s pfcjky statoeogt# jt `ocayo` hjvmje jgstruktjfgs tf socokt Eotjs cag`s ugtjc 1=82 by wmtjeo tmo survoys woro wocc a`vagko`'

Pmo `jsputo roakmo` jts kcjeax jg Dugo ag` Ducy fiag`# actmfuhm tmoro was at coast fgo efro jgkj`ogt at Rabfut tmo tjeo fi tmo Iogjag raj`#?0 tmo sottcors roeajgo` jgoiioktjvo kfgtrfc fi tmo Bfygo [ottcoeogt' Dfmg I' Hrotajgo` efst fi tmo cag` mo ma` fkkupjo` acfgh tmo rj but tmo Eotjs# as a hrfup# ostabcjsmo` tmojr sottcoeogtgfrtm fi tmo rjvor at [t' @agjoc'

Oarcy jg Gfvoebor 1=81# Arkmjbac` wrftoeoefrag`ue wmjkm sueearjzo` mjs vjows fg tmokfgirfgtatjfgs at RJB4

Xmog tmo vfcugtoors kaeo tf bo `jsbag`o`# ag`woro tmus iroo` irfe acc rostrajgt tmo matro` fi tmotwf kcassos oxmjbjto` jtsoci efro ag` efro' [feofi tmo jeejhragts irfe Fgtarjf smaro` tmoioocjghs fi tmo `jsbag`o` vfcugtoors# ag` akto` jgkfgkort wjtm tmoe' A bf`y fi Irogkm maci%broo`s

H' Hfc`sbfrfuhm

A kfupco fi stfgo hravo earlors ag` a pajr fi ruhho` eotackrfssos earl tmo sjto fi tmo ijrst kmurkm ag` koeotory at Rjvaux cots%`o%Bfjs# ostabcjsmo` arfug` 1=82 fg 19%8%?'

1> Eagjtfba Mjstfry

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

10/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

ma` ea`o a socoktjfg fi a trakt fi cag` at Rjvjro auxJscots `o Bfjs< sfeo fi tmoe ma` ea`o iares# fr atacc ovogts ogkcfsuros# at tmat pcako' Pmoro wasabug`agko fi cag` ocsowmoro oquaccy hff`# but tmogow%kfeors proiorro` tmjs spft' Pmo\yU ogtoro` fgtmo hrfug` ag` stalo` jt fii< put up muts# ag``okcaro` tmoy wfuc` mfc` jt ahajgst acc kfeors' Pfhjvo kmaraktor tf tmojr fkkupatjfg# tmoy `jskar`o`tmo gaeo by wmjkm tmo rjvor ma` boog lgfwg ag`kacco` jt tmoBfygo' Fi kfurso tmo maci%broo`s woroograho`# tmoy tmfuhmt jt ba` ogfuhm tf cfso cag`tmoy bocjovo` tf bo tmojrs# but tf tmo gow gaeo tmoysaw sfeotmjgh wfrso % ag jgsuct tf tmojr rocjhjfg'Pmoy sooeo` tf tmjgl tmat prfporty# rako# ag` kroo`woro acc tf bo trf``og ug`or ifft ugcoss tmoy tfflkaro fi tmoesocvos' Pmoy eot jg tmojr parjsmos fgtmo Assjgjbfjgo ag` Ro` Rjvor# ag` `otorejgo` tfearkm tf tmo sottcoeogt tf `rjvo fii tmo jgtru`ors'Ifrtugatocy J moar` fi tmojr jgtogtjfgs' J sogt ifrsfeo coa`jgh eog aefgh tmoe# ag` wargo` tmoetmat ji tmoy cjito` a mag` fr strukl a bcfw jt was accfvor wjtm tmoe' Pmo kfccjsjfg was arrosto` but gftwjtmfut hroat rjsl' Ma` bcff` boog smo` fg tmatfkkasjfg wo wfuc` mavo ma` a kjvjc war''''??

As Arkmjbac` wrfto# tmo Eotjs ag` tmo gowkfeors `jiioro`''' jg caghuaho ag` rako# jg mabjts ag` Iajtm'?9 Pmoso`jiiorogkos kortajgcy kfgtrjbuto` tf tmo kfgirfgtatjfgs' DfmgI' Hragt wrfto fi tmo sottcors fg RJB tmat ''' efst fi tmoeworo fraghoeog ifr tmoy `j` gft cjlo tmo Katmfcjks'Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfr Arkmjbac` bocjovo` tmat sfeo fi tmosottcors at RJB smaro` tmo vjfcogt agtj%Irogkm# agtj%Katmfcjk#sogtjeogts oxprosso` by sfeo fi tmo ejcjtja vfcugtoors ag`

tmat tmojr bomavjfur at RJB ma` kfgtrjbuto` tf tmo Eotjs`jsaiioktjfg `urjgh tmo Iogjag raj`'?8 Ifccfwjgh tmo Iogjagraj` jg Fktfbor fi 1=81# Hjcbort EkEjklog wrfto# J kaggfthf iar jg bcaejgh tmo maci broo`s ifr tmoy mavo boog ea`otmo fbdokts fi sfeo kfgtueocy ) kfgtoept ag` eagy fifur Kaga`jags aro efst ugroasfgabco# oxaktjgh ag``jsahrooabco# ag` Fragho ag` ftmor oxtroeo pofpcojgvojhm vjfcogtcy ahajgst tmo Hfvorgfr' Aro efsttrfubcosfeo ocoeogtturbucogt ag` ugroasfgabco'?=

Actmfuhm `jiiorogkos jg rako# caghuaho ag` rocjhjfgworo jepfrtagt iaktfrs jg tmo kfgicjkt jg Eagjtfba# tmo Eotjsiaro` ba`cy ovog wmoro tmoy smaro` rocjhjfg ag` caghuahowjtm tmo gow sottcors' Jg mor stu`y fi tmo ostabcjsmo` Eotjs

kfeeugjty fi ^fjgto Hrfuotto -gfw [to' Ahatmo*# Gjkfco[t' Fgho ifug` tmat botwoog 1=8> ag` 1:>> tmo Eotjs woroacefst ogtjrocy `jspcako` by Irogkm%spoaljgh# RfeagKatmfcjk jeejhragts irfe Qubok' [mo wrjtos tmat tmo Eotjs''' sfc`# abag`fgo` fr woro swjg`co` fut fi tmojr kcajes ifrvory seacc aefugts fi efgoy' Yory iow fi tmo kcaje buyorsworo iareors4 tmo eadfrjty sooe tf mavo boog spokucatfrs# bftm Eotjs ag` Irogkm' [mo attrjbutos tmo kfeeugjtys`jsporsac prjearjcy tf kmaghos jg tmo Eagjtfba Akt wmjkmea`o jt efro `jiijkuct tf fbtajg tjtco tf tmojr cag`s ag` tf tmoaktjvjty fi spokucatfrs' Jg a stu`y

fi tmo kfeeugjtjos fi [t' Kcau`o ag` Gftro @aeo `Cfur`os# Au`roy ^yo ifug` tmat tmo pro%oxjstjghkfeeugjty goar [t' Kcau`o was carhocy earhjgacjzo`Katmfcjk jeejhragts irfe Iragko'?:

@jiiorjgh vjows fg tmo fwgorsmjp fi tmo cag` aprfporty rjhmts acsf pcayo` a rfco jg tmo kfgirfgta[feo Eotjs bocjovo` tmat tmoy kfccoktjvocy pfssosscag` jg Eagjtfba by vjrtuo fi abfrjhjgac rjhmts' Pmo`jsahrooeogt as tf mfw strfghcy Cfujs Rjoc ag` IaRjtkmft prosso` tmjs kfgkopt jg tmojr gohftjatjfgs wKaga`jag hfvorgeogt but tmo Eotjs cag` hragt fi 1#0>akros wmjkm was `oskrjbo` as a prfvjsjfg ''' tfwar`oxtjghujsmeogt fi tmo Jg`jag Pjtco tf tmo Cag`s j^rfvjgko '''9> jg`jkatos tmat tmo Kaga`jag hfvorgekfgsj`oro` jt at coast pfssjbco tmat tmo Eotjs smaabfrjhjgac tjtco' Pmjs sogso fi tmojr smarjgh jg abfrjhj`ato` tf tmo oarcy 1:tmkogtury ag` was cjglo` tf tmo Bafi [ovog Fals ag` tf subsoquogt `oiogko fi Eotjs jgtoroahajgst jgtorosts as varjo` as tmo [jfux# tmo Mu`sfgKfepagy ag` tmo Kaga`jag hfvorgeogt'91A kfcueg jgC Etjs fg 1? Dugo 1=81 oxprosso` tmo Eotjs kcaje cartores fi fkkupatjfgCo `rfjt `os Eotjs au sfc `o ko paqujcs fgt mabjt# `iog`u ot har` `opujs kjgquagtkfgtro tfuto ospko `oggoejs# ko `rfjt# `jsfgs%gfuagtrjour tfut autro ot ost aussj sakr qujc pout ct92 Jgmjs eoefjr# Dfmg I' Hragt wrfto tmat wmjco mo fppfsmo ahroo` tmat tmo kfugtry bocfgho` tf tmo Eotjwas jt gft tmojr ifroiatmors actmfuhm tmoy ma` kfeokfugtry as oepcfyoos fi tmo M'B'Kf' but woro tmoy gfgos wmf sottco` tmo kfugtry wjtm tmojr kmjc`rog# jt irfe tmo savahos ag` ea`o jt wmat jt was# tmoy agejssjfgarjos'9; Aitor 1=8> tmo Eotjs bocjovo` tmakcajes ma` a prjfrjty fvor acc ftmor kcajes bokauso tm boog gohftjato` by tmo prfvjsjfgac hfvorgeogt oebf`jo` jg tmo Eagjtfba Akt'90

Pmo Eotjs acsf rokfhgjzo` jg`jvj`uac fwgorsmjrjvor cfts acfgh tmo Ro` ag` Assjgjbfjgo' [feo fi tmosoworo moc` ug`or tjtcos irfe tmo Mu`sfgs Bay Kfepag` ftmors woro moc` by sjepco fkkupatjfg< bftm stjtco woro rokfhgjzo` by tmo Eagjtfba Akt' Pmovj`ogko tmat tmo Eotjs ma` stalo` kcajes# prfbabcy jfr 1=81# tf rjvor cfts fg tmo RJB< tmoro js coss ovjtmoy ma` sottco` fg tmoso kcajes' Jt js coss kcoar Eotjs rohar`o` spokjijk cfkatjfgs fr rosfurkosmjvorgkaeps# suhar busmos fr may cag`swmjkm woro usosoasfgac basjs' Jg tmo kaso fi may# jt sooes tma

cfkatjfgs woro sokuro` fg ag agguac basjs' Hogoracpfpucatjfg rospokto` tmoso kcajes tf may cag`sjgfr`jgatocy carho kcajes ejhmt bo jhgfro`'9?

Pmoro js cjttco rokfr` fi tmo vjows fi tmo jgkfejgsottcors fg prfporty fwgorsmjp but tmoy wfuc` mavoiaejcjar wjtm tmo prjvato prfporty caw fi Fgtarjf agBrjtajg' Pmfso wmf kaeo irfe Fgtarjf eay mavo ma`awarogoss fi tmo kfgkopt fi abfrjhjgac tjtco but jt oquaccy cjlocy tmat tmoy vjowo` Kaga`as akqujsRuportscag` as kcoarjgh tmo way ifr tmojr sottcoeogcottor fi ;> Eay# Arkmjbac` ma` hjvog# as mjs

Gf' 98 | Xjgtor 2>12 11

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

11/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

ug`orstag`jgh fi hfvorgeogt pfcjky# tmo fpjgjfg tmat bftmEotjs ag` vfcugtoors ma` ag oquac ag` ugkfg`jtjfgac rjhmttf cag` hragts wmjco sottcors ma` a kfg`jtjfgac rjhmt' Pmjsjgtorprotatjfg fi hfvorgeogt pfcjky was kfgijreo` by Dfsopm Mfwo' Ji tmjs was Arkmjbac`s ag` Mfwosug`orstag`jgh jt js roasfgabco tf assueo tmat sfeo fi tmovfcugtoors ag` sottcors ma` tmo saeo ug`orstag`jgh' Aswas gfto` oarcjor# tmo PfrfgtfHcfbowas a vfkjiorfus ag`jgtoeporato suppfrtor fi tmo sottcors jg Eagjtfba ag` fitmfso at RJB ag` eay mavo oxprosso` ag` efuc`o` tmojrvjows' Ifr efro tmag 2> yoars tmoHcfboma` a`vfkato` tmoakqujsjtjfg fi Ruportscag` as ag futcot ifr Fgtarjfsprf`ukts ag` as a sfurko fi cag` ifr Fgtarjfs iareors'99 Jtsooes prfbabco tmat sfeo fi tmo sottcors smaro` tmoso vjowsag` ioct tmat tmoy woro iucijccjgh Fgtarjfs `ostjgy'

Pmo kfgirfgtatjfgs at RJB woro gft tmo fgcy jgstagkojg wmjkm Eotjs ag` jeejhragts kcajeo` tmo saeo frfvorcappjgh cag`s' Pmo Eotjs pfpucatjfg fi ^fpcar ^fjgtag` fi Mjhm Bcuii pubcjsmo` a kcaje jg Auhust fi 1=81 tfa bcfkl fi cag`# kfeprjsjgh abfut ifur tfwgsmjps# cyjgh botwoog tmo Assjgjbfjgo Rjvor ag` Calo Eagjtfba' Pmoyworo hragto` fgcy abfut fgo tfwgsmjp jg tmo aroa#prjearjcy bokauso jgkfejgh sottcors ma` ea`o kcajes jgtmo aroa ag` bokauso Arkmjbac` bocjovo` tmat tmo rajcwaywfuc` bo bujct tmrfuhm tmo `jstrjkt'98 Jg agftmor jgstagkotmo Eotjs woro apparogtcy sukkossiuc jg mfc`jgh a kcajetf cag` oast fi tmo Ro` Rjvor wmjkm tmoy ma` uso`actmfuhm tmoy `j` gft cjvo fg jt'9=

Pmrfuhm jts `ocay jg ostabcjsmjgh cag` rohucatjfgs ag`karryjgh fut survoys# tmo io`orac hfvorgeogt sot tmo skogoifr `jsahrooeogts botwoog jgkfejgh sottcors ag` tmoEotjs' Jg ag attoept tf `oiuso a vfcatjco sjtuatjfg#Cjoutogagt%Hfvorgfr Arkmjbac` abag`fgo` mjs fwgug`orstag`jgh fi hfvorgeogt cag` pfcjky ag` suppfrto`tmo Eotjs kcaje tf prjfrjty' Pmjs futraho` tmo jgkfejghsottcors ag`# wmog Arkmjbac` was ugabco tf iucijcc tmooxpoktatjfgs mo ma` rajso`# tmo Eotjs woro acsf acjogato`'[feo fi tmo jgkfejgh sottcors jgsjsto` fg wmat tmoykfgsj`oro` tf bo tmojr rjhmts tf tmo pfjgt fi bojgh '''oxaktjgh ag` `jsahrooabco ''' but tmojr kcajes woro gftugroasfgabco ug`or tmo oxjstjgh cag` pfcjky' Pmo Irogkm%spoaljgh Eotjs# jg prossjgh ifr tmojr cohjtjeato kcajeug`or tmo Eagjtfba Akt# kcajeo` efro tmag tmojr smaro fitmo 1#0>>#>>> akro hragt' Jg tmo og` tmo Eotjs# wjtm tmooxkoptjfg fi Dfmg I' Hragt# abag`fgo` tmojr kcajes tf cag`acfgh tmo RJB' Pmo rjvor# rogaeo` tmo Bfygo# bokaeo tmo

kogtro fi a ^rftostagt# Oghcjsm%spoaljgh kfeeugjty' PmoEotjs fkkupjo` a seacc parjsm# subsoquogtcy gaeo` [t'@agjoc# a iow ejcos gfrtm fi tmo rjvor' b

Gftos1' Jg 1=81 tmo spoccjgh Jscots `o Bfjs was kfeefgcy uso`< tf`ay tmo

akkopto` usaho js cots%`o%Bfjs' Fg tmo efgueogt at tmo fc` [t'@agjoc koeotory# tmo gaeo js hjvog as Jscos `o Bfjs'

2' Arkmjvos fi Eagjtfba -AE*# EH;# B2=# Yfc' 0# @ugkag _rqumartKaepbocc @jary# 10 tf 1= Dugo 1=81'

;' Accog Rfgahmag# Kfgirfgtatjfg at Rjvjro aux Jcots `o Bfjs#^rajrjo Ifrue# [prjgh 1:=:# Yfc' 10# Gf' 1# p'1' Pmo kfgirfgtatjfgs

aro eogtjfgo` jg Horac` Irjosog#Pmo Kaga`jag ^rajrjos4 a Mjstfry'Pfrfgtf4 _gjvorsjty fi Pfrfgtf ^ross# 1:=0# p' 2>;< Hofrho I' [tagcoy#Pmo Bjrtm fi Xostorg Kaga`a4 A Mjstfry fi tmo Rjoc Roboccjfgs #Pfrfgtf4 _gjvorsjty fi Pfrfgtf ^ross# 1:9;# pp' 19?%199< X'Efrtfg# Eagjtfba4 A Mjstfry ' Pfrfgtf4 _gjvorsjty fi Pfrfgtf ^ross#1:98# pp' 1?;%1?0< ag` D' O' Roa# Pmo Rffts fi ^rajrjo [fkjo@avj` ^' Hahag# o`'#rajrjo orspoktjvos' Pfrfgtf4 Mfct# Rmjgomart# aXjgstfg# 1:8># p' 0='

0' Bra` Ejcgo# Pmo Mjstfrjfhrapmy fi Etjs Cag` @jsporsac# 1=:># Eagjtfba Mjstfry # Gf' ;># Autueg 1::?# p' ;>'

?' Pmfeas Icagahag# Eotjs Cag`s jg Eagjtfba' Kachary4 _gjvorsjty fiKachary ^ross# 1::1# pp' 22?%229# 29:'

9' Acoxag`or Mogry#Gow cjhmt fg tmo oarcy mjstfry fi tmo hroator Gfrtmwost4 tmeaguskrjpt dfurgacs fi Acoxag`or Mogry# iur tra`or fi tmo Gfrtmwost Kfepagyag` fi @avj` Pmfepsfg# fiijkjac hofhrapmor fi tmo saeo kfepagy 18:: 1=104 oxpcfratjfg ag` a`vogturo aefgh tmo Jg`jags fg tmo Ro`# [aslatkmowag# Ejssfurj ag` Kfcuebja Rjvors # o`' Occjftt Kfuos' Gow Zfrl4 I'^' Marpo1=:8# pp' 99# 211# 21;'

8' R' Cfujs Hogtjckfro# o`'Mjstfrjkac Atcas fi Kaga`a' Yfc' JJ# Pmo Cag`Pragsifreo`# 1=>>1=:1 # Pfrfgtf4 _gjvorsjty fi Pfrfgtf ^ross# 1::;#^cato 1=# [oasfgac Aktjvjtjos fi tmo Ro` Rjvor Etjs# 1=8>'

=' [fkjt Mjstfrjquo `o [ajgt%Bfgjiako -[M[B*# ^arjsm Rohjstor#Iragfjs ]avjor# Yfc' 1=;01=00< Kareag Kogtoggjac BKfeejttoo# _p tf Gfw4 A [tfry fi @uiiorjg ag` Kareag ' Actfga#

Eagjtfba4 Kareag Kogtoggjac Bffl Kfeejttoo# 1:98# p' 9< [t' @agBffl Kfeejttoo# [t' @agjoc -gp4 gp# 1::2*# p' 1< Agtfjgo HabfrjoJcots%`o%Bfjs -[t' @agjoc*-Gp4 gp# Dugo 2>>2*'

:' Dugo Xatsfg#Pmo Rurac Eugjkjpacjty fi @uiiorjg# 1==>1:=>' Kareag#Eagjtfba4 Pmo Rurac Eugjkjpacjty fi @uiiorjg# 1:=2# pp' 08 Dfmg I' Hragt# A [fg fi Pmo Iur Pra`o4 Pmo Eoefjrs fi Dfmg Iragkjs Hragt #o`' Hormar` D' Ogs' O`efgtfg4 _gjvorsjty fi Acborta ^ross# 2>>1=1< Cjbrary ag` Arkmjvos Kaga`a -CAK*# RH1?# Yfc' 10;#Aiij`avjt# Dfmg I' Hragt# ; Eay 1==1< CAK# RH;1# K%1# Kogsus# 1=8># p' ;>># Rooc K%218>'

1>' [M[B# Cabb D'%E' Hahg# Kfgirogkos @fggos ca Ra`jf @ears 1:08 % Ca ^arfjsso `o [ajgt%@agjoc `o Maywff`# Eagjtfba

11' Kaga`a' Mfuso fi Kfeefgs' Dfurgacs fi tmo Mfuso fi Kfeefgs# 1=80 #App' 9# Ropfrt fi tmo [ocokt Kfeejttoo fg tmo Kausos fi @jiijkuctjos jg tmo Gfrtm%Xost Porrjtfry jg 1=9:8># p' 10>

12' Co Etjs # 1> Iobruary 1=82# p' ;# Rsorvo `os Eotjs'1;' Xatsfg#Pmo Rurac Eugjkjpacjty fi @uiiorjg# 1==>1:=> # p' ;2'10' AE# Pfwgsmjp 9# Raghos 0 ag` ?# [urvoyfrs Gftobffl# Gf'1?8 a

Gf':?' Pmo Eaguac fi Jgstruktjfgs ifr tmo [urvoy fi @fejgjfgCag`s# 1=81 stato` tmat tmo Ijoc` Gftos woro tf hjvo Pmo `jat wmjkm tmo cjgo jgtorsokts# ag` acsf wmoro jt coavos sottcofr jeprfvoeogts# calos ag` pfg`s# rjvors'''' -p' 2?*'

1?' AE# [urvoyfrs Gftobffl Gf' =0'19' Hcfbo -Pfrfgtf*# 2> Ducy 1=8># p' 2# Ro` Rjvor Kfugtry

Earkm 1=81# p' 2# Pmo Iuturo fi Kaga`a ag` tmo ^roOcoktjfgs @okoebor 1=8>

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

12/13

Kfgirfgtatjfgs at Rjvjro aux cots%`o%Bfjs

2;' Co Etjs # = Dugo 1=81# p' ;'20' Co Etjs # = Dugo 1=81>> akros# ?/ fi tmo1#0>>#>>>%akro accfteogt'

2?' Pmo @uiiorjg Coa`or # -Kareag*# 2= Aprjc 1=:=# Pmo Pfwg fi Kareag'29' Xatsfg#Pmo Rurac Eugjkjpacjty fi @uiiorjg#pp' 2# ?;2%?;;' Loggo`y

was gft a eoebor fi tmo ejcjtja ifrko'28' Co Etjs # 9 Ducy 1=81# p'2 Dugo 1=81

;1'

R' Kffl ag` D' Maeocjg# o`s'#@jktjfgary fi Kaga`jag Bjfhrapmy# Yfcueo]JJJ# 1:>1 tf 1:1> ' Pfrfgtf4 _gjvorsjty fi Pfrfgtf ^ross# 1::0#Eucvoy# [towart# pp' 809%808'

;2' AE# HR129# Pwp' ^cag P9# R?# p' 9:1=82 ' ^m@ Pmosjs# _gjvorsjty fiEagjtfba# 1:=8# pp' 92>%921'

;0' Cfg`fg A`vortjsor # 10 Ducy 1=81# Fg tf Ifrt Harry Eay' Rfgahmag#Pmo Arkmjbac` A`ejgjstratjfg jg Eagjtfba# 1=8>1=82# p' 92=# kjtjgh Kmarcos GapjorBoccs `jary ogtry ifr 2> Dugo'

02' Hcfbo # 10 Ducy 1=81# p' 2# Eagjtfba Aiiajrs%1:=> #p' 2'

0;' Co Etjs # 2: Dugo 1=81# p' 2# Kfrrospfg`ogko# `ato` [t' Bfgjiako#21 Dugo 1=81'

00' [argja Fbsorvor#2= Ducy 1=81# p' 1# A Roturgo` Oejhragt'

0?' Efgtroac @ajcy Xjtgoss # ; Ducy 1=81# p' 0' Eagjtfba''''Cag` Hr09' Hcfbo # 10 Ducy 1=81# p' 2# Eagjtfba Aiiajrs# Gf'028# _g`or [okrotatf Arkmjbac`# 8 Auhust 1=81' Ajljgs kfeeogt js roiorro`CAK# EH29A# Yfc' 1=8# pp' 88:82%88:89# ArkEak`fgac`# 8 Fktfbor 1=81# K%1?=8'

?>' CAK# EH20# B2:# Yfc' :# Mfwo tf Arkmjbac`# 0 Gfvoebor82:%80?'

?1' CAK# EH20# B2:# Yfc':# Mfwo tf Arkmjbac`# 29 @okopp' 809%899'

?2' Jbj`'# pp'809%899'?;' [oo ifr oxaepco tmoHcfbo # 1> Earkm 1=81# p' 2# Pmo Iuturo fi

ag` tmo ^rosogt Ocoktjfgs;=# Arkmjbac` tf Eak`fgac`# 1; Fktfbor 1=81< Kaga`a' Dfurgafi tmo Mfuso fi Kfeefgs# 1=80 # p'10>'

?=' CAK# EH29%A# Yfc' 91# pp' 20:;0%20:01# EkEjklog tf E? Fkt' 1=811==?#[tu`jos jg ^fcjtjkac Okfgfey# Gf' 1=# Autueg1:=?# pp' 10:%1?>#192 < Au`roy ^yo#Ca torro prfejso4 ejhratjfg `oIragko vors Gftro%@aeo%`o%Cfur`os ot [ajgt%Kcau`o# Eagjtfba# 1=:>1Pfrfgtf4 ^m@' Pmosjs# Zfrl _gjvorsjty# 2>>?# pp' ;1>%;10

9>' Hormar` D' Ogs# ^rfcfhuo tf tmo Ro` Rjvor Rosjstagko4 ^^fcjtjks ag` tmo Prjuepm fi Rjoc# Dfurgac fi tmo Kaga`jag Mjstfrjk Assfkjatjfg # 1::0# pp' 111%120< @arrog FPffco# Etjs KJg`jag Pjtco jg Eagjtfba# 1=9>1=8>#Pmo Kaga`jag Dfurgac fi Gatjv[tu`jos # Yfc' 2=# Gf' 2# 2>>=# pp' 201%281# ;; Yjk'#Kap';# [oktjfg ;1'

91' FPffco# Eotjs Kcajes tf Jg`jag Pjtco'''# pp' 209%208'92' Co Etjs#1? Dugo 1=81# p' 2# Ca Rsorvo `o Eotjs'9;' Hragt# A [fg fi tmo Iur Pra`o''' # pp' 211%212'90' CAK# RH1?# @%11%1# Yfc'2;># Ijco 198# Arkmjbac`

[tato#18 Dugo 1=81'9?' [maggfg [tug`og Bfwor# Pmo Hroat Pragsifreatjfg6 Xotcag`

Cag` _so jg Eagjtfba @urjgh tmo Cato Gjgotoogtm Kogtury# Dfurgac tmo Kaga`jag Mjstfrjkac Assfkjatjfg Yfc' 1?# Gf'1# 2>>0# pp' ;;%;0'sottcoeogt fi Eotjs kcajes ug`or [oktjfg ;2 fi tmo Eagjtfba Akt#cfts woro cjglo` tf a`dfjgjgh rjvor cfts'

99' @fuhcas Fwrae# rfejso fi O`og4 tmo Kaga`jag Oxpagsjfgjst Efvoeogtag` tmo J`oa fi tmo Xost# 1=?91:>>'Pfrfgtf4 _gjvorsjty fi Pfrfgt^ross# 1::2'

98' Eagjtfbag ag` Gfrtmwost Morac` # 29 Auhust 1=81< CAK# EH28E??;:# @osp' Bl' Gf' 0# Arkmjbac` tf [okrotary fi [tato# 12 1=82# Ajljg tf Arkmjbac`# 9 [optoebor 1=82'

9=' CAK# RH1?# Yfc' 22=# Ijco :0># EkEjklog tf Ajljgs# 9 Duc

Gf' 98 | Xjgtor 2>12 1;

7/27/2019 Metis Dispossessed of Their Land at Carman

13/13