Method of Loci (plural for locus, meaning location) "in the first place", "in the second place“ Associate items with locations of familiar room, building,

Method of Loci (plural for locus, meaning location)

"in the first place", "in the second place“

Associate items with locations

of familiar room,

building, or street.

"stroll down memory lane"

and visualize same locations

Hebb Hypothesis aka Hebb Rule

strength of connection across synapse between two neurons will increase whenever two neurons are

simultaneously active • So,memories are stronger if connections are

stronger – if connection is not permanent = STM – if connection is permanent = LTM • Donald Hebb introduced terms short term/ long term memory

If you don’t use it, you lose it! (connection dies)

EbbinghausLearning Curve

• In 1885 Herman Ebbinghaus first described learning curve

• Measures effort to learn a new skill over a period of time

• Measures the graphical relation between amount of learning and time it takes to learn– Ex: the time required to memorize a pointless syllable increased

as the number of syllables increased

Ashley Fye

TOTP-(Tip-of-the-tongue phenomena)

• Experience of feeling confident that one knows an answer, but is unable to say the word.

• Ex: In conversation/writing most people have the occasional experience of trying to retrieve words or names from memory, and being unsuccessful.

Ashley Gann

• system or device used to develop or improve memory

Amber Couch

*HOMES- mnemonic device used to help remember Great Lakes

PQ3R

• Preview, Question, Read, Recite, and Review.

• Reading study stragety– Preview- scan reading material, preread, skim central

ideas– Question- ask/write questions about headings &

previewing– Read- take notes in margins &highlight key points– Recite- answer previous questions & think about material– Review- summarize material, reread notes, quiz yourself

Episodic Memory-memory of autobiographical events (times, places, and associated emotions) that can be explicitly stated.

Declarative Memory- human memory that stores facts

Episodic Memory Semantic Memory

Types

Specific Events- Ex. When you first saw snow. General Events- Ex. The feel of rain.

Personal Facts- Ex. The president when you Flash Bulb Memories- Ex. Where were born. you were when you heard of 9/11.

Neuroscience

-Medial of temporal lobe is key for storing episodic memory

-Dispute between whether episodic memory stays in the hippocampus or is consolidated to the neocortex

-Animals have no episodic memory. They don’t remember past experiences they just know them. Barron Jeter

Echoic Memory by Christin Smoot

• Auditory version of sensory memory; a brief mental echo that continues to sound after auditory stimuli has been heard.

• Lasts about 3 or 4 seconds.• Repeating verbal information will help keep it in short

term memory • Example: have a friend recite a list of numbers, and

then suddenly stopping, asking you to repeat the last four numbers. You have to “replay” the numbers back to yourself in your mind as you heard them.

• Fact: schizophrenia affects the brain regions which control echoic memory outside the prefrontal cortex

McGurk EffectIn 1976 McGurk and McDonald published a paper “Hearing Lips and Seeing Voices.”

The McGurk Effect is a perceptual event that demonstrates interaction between hearing

and vision during speech perception. Basically states that what we see can often

influence what we hear.

Example: A visual mouthing of “GA” often combined with the sound “BA” is often

heard as “DA.”

http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~rosenblu/VSMcGurk.html

Forgetting Curve• Developed by H. Ebbinghaus

• Illustrates the exponential decline of memory retention

Alex Kendrick

• Shows that humans tend to halve their memory of newly learned knowledge in days unless they consciously review learned material.

• Repetition in learning increases optimum remembrance

• visual sensory memory• very brief (1 second)

• ex. Look at picture. Close eyes. Try to see it. What you see- iconic memory of image

Erica Boyd

• Psychological act of excluding desires and impulses from one’s consciousness and holding them in unconscious.

• Example: Child is abused by parent later has no recollection of event, but has trouble forming relationships.

By: Jordan Grey

Miller’s Magic Number

•George Miller, psychology professor at Princeton, wanted to discover limits of short term memory of average human brain.

•In his research, he found that people are unable to keep up with more than 5-9 “chunks” of information at one time (“Chunks” are units of information that have strong associations with one another) •For example, in Miller’s study, he used a set of tones and asked subjects to

recall the pitches of the tones. Once 5 – 9 tones were heard, the subjects began to become confused about which tone was which. •The range of 5 -9 chunks fell on the number seven, which became Miller’s Magic Number. •Miller’s Magic Number proves that the number 7, (plus or minus 2), is the normal capacity of short term memory.

Jordan Nixon

Lecresha Chaney

Sensory Memory

• is the memory that results from our perceptions automatically and generally disappears in less than a second

• It is the first level of the memory

• Includes two major sub-systems: visual memory (iconic memory), and auditory memory (echoic memory)

• Used when we think information is not of importance

• Has unlimited capacity and information is un-interpreted

• Grabs the attention

Lindsay Graner

Idea that forgetting occurs when one memory replaces or becomes

confused with another memory.

Study 1 list then study a 2nd list. Your recall of 2nd list strengthens while recall of the 1st list weakens as amount of time spent studying 2nd list increases.

Serial Position Effect

• Participants presented with list of items tend to remember first few and last few words and are more likely to forget those in the middle of the list producing U-shaped serial position curve.

• Tending to recall end of list, recalling those items best (Recency effect).

• First few items are recalled more frequently than middle items (primacy effect)

Retrograde Amnesia

• Loss of memory for events and information acquired immediately before onset of amnesia.

• http://www.doenetwork.org/cases/1007umga.html

Kayla Rowland

• The Decay Theory = when something new is learned, a neurochemical "memory trace" is formed, but over time this trace tends to decay, unless it is occasionally used.

• Forgetting is caused by passage of time.

It is believed that neurons

die off as we age.

Ex: If you haven’t taken a math class in over a year, it is easy to forget how to solve certain problems.

by Mary Margaret Taylor

Encoding

• Transformation of physical sensory input into memory.

• Example: Mrs. Whitlock tells you to remember encoding. You remember it by encoding it into your memory.

By: Morgan Turner