METALWORK AND ENAMELLING A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GOLD AND SILVERSMITHS' WORK AND THEIR ALLIED CRAFTS HERBER T MAR YON Technical Attache, Research Laboratory, British Museum, 1945-1963 Line Drawings by Cyril Pearce FIFTH REVISED EDITION DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC. NEW YORK
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METALWORK AND ENAMELLING
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON GOLD AND
SILVERSMITHS' WORK AND THEIR
ALLIED CRAFTS
HERBER T MAR YON
Technical Attache, Research Laboratory, British Museum, 1945-1963
Line Drawings by
Cyril Pearce
FIFTH
REVISED EDITION
DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC.
NEW YORK
CONTENTS
Chapter Page
I MATERIALS AND TOOLS
Platinum, gold and silver. Care q/ material. Assay. Copper and brass. Other metals and alloys. The workshop. Various tools.
11 SOLDERING 5
II I I
IV
Definition q/ soldering. Influence of high temperatures. Unsolder-ing a joint. Hard and soft solders. Gold and its alloys. Solders for gold. Ancient solders. Rediscovery of the ancient methods. Silver and its alloys. Silver solders. Solders for copper and brass. Preparing and casting solders.
SOLDERING (continued) Binding work for soldering. Soldering in plaster. Use q/ a flux. Application q/ a solder. The soldering hearth. The jeweller's charcoal and wig. A1anagement of the flame. Various hints. Removal q/ borax by pickling. Unsoldering a piece of work. Composition q/ pickles. Antidote for acid bums. Pickling. Brazing.
SOLDERING (continued) Gas. Jeweller's jet. Blowpipes. Bellows. Management of the blowpipe flame. Spirit lamps. Blowlamps. Coke fire . Charcoal fire . Furnace.
17
27
V S9LDERING (continued) 35 Soft solders. Composition of sq/t solders. Fluxes. Soldering bits. Various hints. Removal q/ sq/t solder.
VI FILIGREE AND OTHER SMALL WORK 41 Wiredrawing. Square and other wires. Tube or "chenier." Tools. Jeweller's bench.
VIII THE SETTING OF STONES 63 Tools required and their use.
IX THE SETTING OF STONES (continued) 70 The Coronet setting. The Cut-down. Millegriffe . Thread or Thread-and-grain. Use of foil . Star, Gothic or Tulip. Pave.
Vll
CONTENTS
Chapter X THE SETTING OF STONES (continued)
Gipsy or flush. Roman. Band or Rubber-over setting. Cramp setting. Pin setting for pearl. Drop stones. Other settings.
XI RAISING AND SHAPING
Tools. Stakes. Raising hammers. Planishing and collet hammers. Sinking and Raising. Problems in raising. Annealing. Shaping. Planishing. Various hints. Difficult shapes. Flutes. Other shapes. Sinking.
Page
80
87
XII SPINNING 104 The lathe. The pattern or forme. Sectional chuck. Other chucks. Early spinning. Followers. Tools. Spinning. Lubricants. Metal for spinning.
XIII REPOUSSE WORK
Definition. Methods. Supporting the metal. Mildenhall treasure. Materials and tools. Pitch. Lead or zinc. Board work. Composition of pitch. Removing pitch. Repousse and chasing tools. Snarling iron.
113
XIV REPOUSSE WORK (continued) 123 Transferring the design. Lettering. Patterns on bowls. Work in the round.
XV MOULDINGS 127 Folded edges. Wired edges. The drawswage. Making the dies. The drawbench. Swaged mouldings. Turned mouldings. Bending striP metal. Running plaster mouldings for casting.
XVI TWISTED WIRES
Their value. Analysis of each pattern. 135
XVII HINGES AND JOINTS 140 Chenier joints. Joint tool. Various hints. Soldering. Brooch joints.
XVIII METAL INLAYING AND OVERLAYING 148 Decorative effect. Piercing the recesses. Punching them. Islamic work. Persian inlays. Overlaying. Engraving. Tools . Etching. Etching grounds. Traniferring the design. Needling. Mordants. Biting. Fusing the inlay. Electro-deposition. Hammering it in.
XIX NIELLO
MycetltE and Enkomi. Theophilus. Cellini. Bolas. Spon.
VUI
161
CONTENTS
~w ~ XX JAPANESE ALLOYS AND STRATIFIED FABRICS 166
Banded alloys. Wood grain. Mixed alloys.
XXI ENAMELLING 169 Definitions. Composition of enamel. Early examples. Various classes of enamels. Tools and materials.
XXII ENAMELLING (continued) 175 Cloisonne enamels. The backing of an enamel. Its purpose. Preparing and fixing the cloisons. Preparation of the enamels. Charging the cells. Firing an enamel. Polishing an enamel.
XXIII ENAMELLING (continued) 182 Plique-a-jour enamels. Preparation of the cloisonne frame. Charging and firing.
XXIV ENAMELLING (continued) 184 Designjor champleve enamels. Preparation of the ground-plate. Champleve enamel.
XXV ENAMELLING (continued) 186 Bassetaille enamel. Definition. History. Method (if working. Two outstanding examples. Some modern work. Cast work.
XXVI ENAMELLING (continued) 190 Encrusted enamels. Methods of support. Protection of soldered joints.
XXVII ENAMELLING (continued) 192 Painted enamels. Preparation of plaque. Backing. Grinding colours in mortar. Applying the enamel. Drying. Firing. Foil. Grinding colours on slab. Painting. Gold. Alterations. Grisaille, etc.
XXVIII METAL CASTING
Primary metal casting. Materials for moulds. Stone, clay and bronze moulds. The pattern. Casting a sword. Cuttlefish-bone casting. Casting a reliif. A Chinese vase. Piece-moulding. Materials. Throwing the core. Wax model. Pour, runners and vents. The mould. Cire perdue casting. Statuette. Plaster cast. Plaster piece-mould. Irons. Core making. Wax cast. Chaplets. The descending and the ascending principles. Compo cire perdue mould. Pouring and finishing.
200
XXIX METAL CASTING (continued) 216 Casting in sand. History. Preparation of sand or loam. Casting flasks. The piece-mould.
IX
CONTENTS
Chapter Page
XXX METAL CASTING (continued) 219 Cire perdue work. Definition. The wax. Preparation if wax cast. Lining the mould with wax. Preparation if core. Fixing pour and gates. Casting a standing .figure. Material for mould. Making the mould. Cellini's method. Firing the mould. Pouring the metal. Cire perdue in Central America, Ashanti, Scandinavia.
XXXI METAL CASTING (continued) 228 Cire perdue. Recent developments. Rubber moulds. Materials for investment. Centrifugal casting.
XXXII METAL CASTING (continued) 233 Furnaces. Metals . Melting and pouring. Low melting alloys. Breaking down the mould. Finishing the casting.
XXXIII CONSTRUCTION 237 Hollow handles. Compound mouldings. Fitting a moulding to a tapering vessel. The folding iron. Square and round trays. Buckling in sheet metal. Fixing a tablet to a wall. Inkpot tops.
XXXIV SETTING OUT
Tools. Traniferring drawings to metal. Measurements. Various geometrical problems. Inscriptions. Rectangular ring for small work.
XXXV POLISHING AND COLOURING
Polishing. Firestain. Avoidance of firestain. " Firifree " silver. Metal colouring. General rules. The colouring if gold. The gilding of silver. The colouring of silver. The colouring of copper and brass.
245
256
XXXVI THE MAKING AND SHARPENING OF TOOLS 267 Carbon steels. Alloy steels. Forging. Hardening. Tempering. Grinding. Sharpening. Stropping.
XXXVII DESIGN
The craftsman, ancient and modern. His training and opportunities. Design. Unity. Growth. Line. Modelling a design. Mouldings. Importance of the" jewel."
XXXVIII BENVENUTO CELLINI
XXXIX ASSAYING AND HALLMARKING
Gold. Preliminary assay. Final assay. Silver. Hallmarking. Maker's, standard, city and year marks. Irish hallmarks. Foreign plate.
x
274
285
287
CONTENTS
Chapter XL VARIOUS TABLES AND STANDARDS
XLI GAUGES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
NOTES ON THE PLATES
WORKSHOP FIRST AID
INDEX
LIST OF PLATES
Page
294
309
318
319
325
327
FIGs. 238-43. A sampler of twisted wire patterns (1-72), between pp. 136-137.
PLATES
The Royal Gold Cup, Frontispiece.
The" King John" Cup, King's Lynn, Norfolk.
2 Candlestick of Bronze inlaid with Silver.
3 Silver Dish by Omar Ramsden.
4 The Bell Shrine of St. Conall Cael.
5 Golden Cover for a Copy of the Gospels.
6 The" Bacon" Cup, 1574.
7 The Birdlip Mirror.
8 The Ramsay Abbey Incense Boat.
9 The Valence Casket.
10 Standing Cup in Rock Crystal.
11 Silver Cup. Nuremberg.
Xl
LIST OF l>LA 1'ES
PLATES
12 A Fine Golden Dagger Handle from China.
13 Two Japanese Sword Guards.
14 Enamelled Bronze Trappings from Polden Hill, Somerset.
15 Anglo-Saxon Buckles from Taplow.
16 The Tara Brooch.
17 Gold Bowl. Etruscan. Circa 600 B.O.
18 An Inscribed Ewer. Made at Mosul in A.D. 1232.
19 Two Golden Shoulder-clasps from the Sutton Hoo Ship Burial.
20 A French Wine Cup of the Sixteenth Century.
21 Shoulderpiece from a Cuirass. Greek. Circa 400 B.C.
22 Silver Bowl from Chaource. Roman.
23 The Central Link of the Chain of Office made in 1887-88 for the Mayor of Preston.
24 The Kingston Down Brooch.
25 A Panel in Champleve Enamel and Millefiori Work.