Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering · By CHARLES S. BARRETT, Associate Professor of Metallurgical Engineering, Carnegie Insti-tute of Technology. 563 pages, 6 x9, illustrated.

AUGUST 6, 1943 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 9

Two Important New Texts

in the

Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering SeriesUnder the Consulting Editorship of

ROBERT FRANKLIN MEHLHead, Department of Metallurgical Engineering;

Director, Metals Research Laboratory,Carnegie Institute of Technology

THE PHYSICS OF METALSBy FREDERICK SEITZ, Professor of Physics and Department Head, Carnegie Institute of Tech-nology. 331 pages, 6 x 9, illustrated. $4.00

Here is an entirely non-mathematical treatment of the developments of the physics of metals thathave taken place in the past 15 years. It is based on a series of lectures given to metallurgists andphysicists at the University of Pennsylvania. The topics treated include the structure of metals,factors determining the stability of alloys, the theory of plasticity of metals, diffusion in metals, thetheory of iron-carbon alloys, the electron theory of solids and its applications to cohesion, magnetism,and conductivity.The book also contains a summary of the theory of dislocations and the role they play in determin-ing plastic flow.

THE STRUCTURE OF METALS. Crystallographic Principles,Techniques, and Data

By CHARLES S. BARRETT, Associate Professor of Metallurgical Engineering, Carnegie Insti-tute of Technology. 563 pages, 6 x 9, illustrated. $6.00

This is a text and reference book covering structure, properties, and theories of metals and alloys andthe crystallographic techniques of physical metallurgy. It includes extensive reviews of (1) pre-ferred orientations and directional properties, (2) effects of cold work and annealing, (3) plastic de-formation, (4) dislocation theory, (5) age hardening, (6) transformations, (7) alloy structures, (8)superlattices, (9) electron diffraction, and (10) stress measurement by x-rays.

Send for copies on approval

330 West 42nd Street, New York 18, N. Y.McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC.

AuGust 6, 1943 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 9

Aldwych House, London, W.C.2

SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENT

SCIENCE NEWSScience Service, Washington, D. C.

THE DISCOVERY OF QUARTZ CRYSTAL DE-

POSITS AND NEW PRODUCTION

METHODS

QUARTZ crystals, essential for military radio and radar

apparatus, have finally been pushed off the "desperately

needed" list by discovery of quartz deposits, by salvage

of crystals formerly discarded, and by research successes

that have increased the production of crystal oscillator

plates more than a third. Supplies are still barely ade-

quate, WPB reports, but only a few months ago it seemed

as if there would be only half enough.Prospectors tracked down every clue that might lead

to the hiding place of one of the nation 's most badlyneeded natural resources. Recently they have discovereddeposits in North Carolina, Virginia and California. Ex-

perts from the U. S. Geological Survey are now pushingexploration in these and a dozen more western states.During the past year deposits of eleetronic-grade crystalsalso have been unearthed in Arkansas and hundreds of

pounds of crystals have already been produced, put into

war equipment, and sent on their way to fighting fronts.

Engineers sent to the scene are blowing the tops off

two Arkansas mountains to get at the new sources. Thou-

sands of pounds of crystals-good and bad-have been

brought to light. Although quartz had been known to

exist there for decades-the beautiful, transparent, six-

sided crystals being sold to tourists as souvenirs-indus-trial production was not considered until urgent war needs

developed.Further search revealed favorable territory just north-

west of Hot Springs, 30 miles wide and 100 miles long,

stretching in a westerly direction almost to the Oklahoma

border. Further prospecting is expected to discover hun-

dreds of small workable deposits throughout this regionfor years to come. Government mineral experts consider

the Arkansas find as a reserve, however, and warn that

our entire domestic production probably will be only a

small part of the quartz crystals needed. Experts and

equipment have recently been sent to Brazil to expandproduction there. Deposits deep in the Amazon jungleremain our chief source of supply.

Meanwhile, research workers have made three quartzcrystals do the work of four. They have developed new

methods that add to the supply as effectively as the dis-

covery of new deposits. Thinner saws for cutting the

crystals into the wafer-thin plates were developed, savingmuch of the crystal that was formerly sawed away into

useless dust. Then it was found that the crystals could

be cut into still thinner slices, thus doing away with much

wasteful grinding in the finishing operation. In use for

only the past few weeks, the new cutting methods are

producing at least a third more usable material.

Next the thousands of pounds of low-quality crystalsthat have been piling up in warehouses, discarded as unfit

for electronic use, have been examined. Experimentsshowed special uses for some of these crystals and the

huge amount of waste material on hand was converted

into a usable stockpile.More quartz crystals are needed. Quartz is among the

world 's commonest minerals. But the large, clear crys-

tals required for radio purposes are rare. Amateur pros-

pectors who want to help the war effort may send sample

crystals, which they may discover lining cavities in rock

or in the dirt and gravel near-by, to the Miscellaneous

Minerals Division, War Production Board, Temporary

R Building, Washington, D. C.

Only separate crystals as clear as glass are wanted, not

clusters or grainy masses. Colored quartz, such as

amethyst and onyx, can not be used. Each crystal must

weigh at least a half pound; measured in inches such a

crystal will be about an inch in diameter and three inches

long. The whole crystal need not be perfect but large

portions must be entirely free from specks, bubbles, lines,clouds or flaws of any kind. Good parts must be at least

two cubic inches in size and at least half as large as theimperfect section, otherwise it is not practicable to saw

out the good portions.-GLENN SONNEDECKER.

OIL FROM OLD WELLSMORE oil from the nation 's oil fields by less labor are

the twin benefits of the electric pilot described by Dana

G. Hefley and P. E. Fitzgerald, of Dowell Incorporated,Tulsa, Okla., in a report to the American Institute of

Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. After primary oilhas been pumped from a well by ordinary methods, theinstrument is used to locate areas that are likely to con-

tain secondary oil deposits, then puts acidizing chemicalsinto the right place where they help to get out additionaloil.Using acid to increase production of an oil well and to

shorten the time needed for recovering oil has often beensuccessful. But most of the acidizing methods used de-

pend upon data about the well supplied by the geologistand engineer. In many cases, the zones specified were

inaccurately located or the data were too meager for

successful oil recovery. The electric pilot, however, can

quickly locate the areas containing oil, and then chemicalscan be introduced through the device into the desiredzones. Much time and quantities of acid are therebysaved in getting the secondary oil from the wells. An

electric circuit is completed and registers on an ammeter

when contact of one or both electrodes of the electric pilothas been made with a conductor such as acid or salt water

in the well; no current registers if the instrument con-

tacts a non-conductor such as oil.

Thus in actual well application, the amount of fluid

injection can be controlled by maintaining the proper

acid-oil level through reading the changing fluid-inter-

faces. The use of the locator is valuable in acidizingmany wells with high gas-oil ratios, high water-oil ratios,two or more "pay" zones, sands exposed above or below

limestone, leaky casings and deepened wells.

Better oil recovery and improved operating techniquehas resulted from use of the electric pilot.

10 VOL. 98, NO. 2536

SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 11

Successful

~~ThirdEdition

By F. L. MEREDITH, M.D.Professor of Hygiene, Tufts College

183 Illus.

822 Pages

$3.50 (1941)

This book presents material of vital importance to everystudent. It appraises the health situations that exist inthe life of individuals and peoples, then sets up objectivesand instills a desire on the part of the student to do some-thing about attaining them. Very timely is the chapter ondiet which gives a splendid summation of the national andworld situations and offers sound solutions to these prob-lems. The chapter on food presents the newer knowledgeon vitamins. The book is divided into six sections, as fol-lows: Introductory-a discussion of the health situation inthe United States. General plan of the body and workingof its parts. Types of bodily disorders. Effective use ofmedical science. Health considerations, and finally, mentalhealth. The material is well organized for the beginningcollege student and abundantly illustrated.

Widel Used

THE SCIENCE OF HEALTH

138 Illus.

427 Pages

$2.50 (1942)

Written in easy, readable style, this book is designed foruse in one-hour, one-semester college courses in hygiene.The following basic aims have been kept in mind: To givefacts the student can use in making his own decisions in allhealth situations; to give opinions generally held by medicalscience; to weight the material properly giving each subjectthe space due its importance; to arrange the material so

that its order and sequence would be educational in value,and to use scientific terminology in so far as it would helpto clarify the student's thinking. The chapters on anatomyand physiology have been held to a minimum of space, whilethe treatment of nutrition and current health problems is

unusually complete.

THE BLAKISTON COMPANY, Philadelpkia-5

By the same author

m

m

AUGUST 6, 1943

I

12

THE COST OF ELECTRIC LIGHTELECTRIC light costing only a tenth of what it does

to-day and used lavishly in our homes is foreseen as a

practical possibility, for thirty years hence, by Ward

Harrison, of the General Electric Company, in a report

to the Illuminating Engineering Society.Our lighting of to-morrow may be as different from

present day lighting as Edison's first incandescent lamp

differs from present lamps. A 100-watt lamp of to-day

gives us five times the light of a lamp of the same wattage

in 1913 and at half the cost of current.

The best artificial light source of to-day, the fluorescent

lamp, is less than one quarter efficient. Improvement in

its efficiency will mean more and better light. Mainte-

nance of candlepower and eliminating the starters now

used on fluorescent lamps are only two of the refinements

which the future may bring.The greatest advantage of the fluorescent lamp, accord-

ing to Mr. Harrison, is its superior quality of high-level

local lighting, but future lighting promises to be many

times brighter. Conquering glare and heat, still largelyuntouched by illuminating engineers, will be another stepforward.

Since light is expected to be cheaper, future buildingdesigns will include light as part of the whole constructionplan, emphasizing light itself, rather than lighting fix-

tures.

SOUTHERN ITALY

THE best time to visit southern Italy, according to

German-published Baedecker 's guidebook for tourists, isin the spring or in late September and October. Thewinters are unpleasant; the fierce rays of the Italian sum-

mer sun are enervating. The best route is overland byway of France, or by boat to Naples. No mention ismade of the new route from Tunisia to Sicily, and so on

to the many excellent landing beaches around the edgesof the Italian boot.

Southern Italy, including the department or provincein which Rome is situated, contains about 35,000 square

miles of territory. This is a little less than the area of

Indiana, and nearly three and a half times the size of

Sicily. In pre-war days some 13,000,000 persons lived in

this area, four fifths of them in cities and only a fifth

on the land.About one tenth of this population lived in Rome, and

more than 920,000 in Naples. Over 210,000 lived in Bari,an east coast town with an important military airfield.

Approximately 150,000 were in Taranto, one of Italy'smost important naval bases, which is reported to have

also an adjacent flying field. Reggio di Calabria, across

the strait from Messina, Sicily, had a population of about

122,000. It is about 300 miles from Reggio to Naplesby the west coast railroad, and 200 by air.

The Apennines, or Appennino Mountains, are scattered

over half of the interior of southern Italy, their extension

reaching to near Reggio. A western range follows the

western coast two thirds of the way up to Naples.Coastal plains follow the southern coast and the eastern

coast along the Adriatic Sea. The volcano Vesuvius is

but a few miles from Naples.

VoL. 98, No. 2536

The main railroads of southern Italy follow the coast

lines. From Reggio Calabria one follows the west coast

to Rome and beyond. Another follows the coastline along

the sole of the boot, proceeding then up the Adriatic to

northern Italy. Branch lines run into the interior, and

a few lines connect the two coasts. But the direct route

from the toe of Italy to the north is by way of Rome.

The destruction of the great freight and passenger cen-

ter in Rome, through which run all west side lines to the

south, was a military necessity. It was a severe blow to

the defense of the entire Italian boot.

ITEMSTHOUSANDS of scientific books are being sent to prison-

ers of war at their own request by the War Prisoners'Aid of the Young Men's Christian Associations. 3,179volumes were mailed during the five months from lastDecember to May, and expansion of the service is fore-seen since shipping space is now provided more regularly.Each book is sent free of charge through the "Men ofScience-Prisoners of War" Service, as the YMCA hastermed it, to fill the needs of the individual. Due to thegreat number of prisoners desiring serious literature andthe growing shortage of books in Europe, requests are

continually received from the international YMCA or-

ganization in Geneva, Switzerland, and from the BritishRed Cross. Shipments have run the gamut of sciencesfrom astronomy to zoology, plus the classics, philosophicaland legal tomes, and the other humanities as well. Agri-culture was at the head of the list with 422 requests; thesocial sciences were a close runner up with a total of 413.Language problems of men interned in a nation of foreigntongue may be reflected in the 385 volumes on languagesmailed during the months just reported. Medicine andbiology were also high on the list with 372 requests.

NEW aid to doctors trying to locate and remove foreign,bodies such as coins and safety pins lodged in the lungsis expected from an x-ray machine newly installed at theUniversity of Pennsylvania Hospital. The chief featureof the new x-ray machine is the miniature turntable in-

corporated in it which enables the doctor to change thepatient's position so that the pictures can be made from]any angle, even vertical, without lifting or turning the

patient bodily. The machine is called a biplane fluoro-

scope because with it examinations can be made and x-raylpictures taken in both horizontal and vertical planes. Itwas made by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufactur-

ing Company.

ANOTHER case where a war-necessitated "ersatz" mate-

rial proves superior to its vanished predecessor is the bub-

bly rubber sponge much used for cushions, insulation and

other purposes in pre-war days, now replaced by a new

material known as plastic foam, which looks like packedsnow and is claimed to be superior to the original rubbei

product. For one thing, it is lighter than balsa, as well am

proof against fire and water, and so is well adapted foi

use in floats. Production at present is in limited quantities, and all that is being turned out goes into insulation

for warplanes.

SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENT

AUGUST 6, 1943 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 13

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OIF YOUR FAL

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC ANDBIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY-by L. EarleArnow, Ph.D., AI.D., Director of Biochemi-cal Research, Sharp and Dohme; and HenryC. Reitz, Ph.D., Assistant Chemist to theWestern Regional Research Laboratory,United States Department of Agriculture.736 pages, 91 illustrations. PRICE, $4.25

LABORATORY DIRECTIONS IN BIO-CHEMISTRY-by Victor C. Myers, M.A.,Ph.D., D.Sc., Professor of Biochemistry,Western Reserve University. 288 pages, 17illustrations. PRICE, $3.50

TEXTBOOK OF ZOOLOGY-by GeorgeEdwin Potter, Professor of Biology, Agri-cultural and Mechanical College of Texas.843 pages, 440 illustrations, 15 color plates.PRICE, $5.00LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS INPHYSIOLOGY-by W. D. Zoethout, Ph.D.,Professor of Physiology in the Chicago Col-lege of Dental Surgery (Loyola University).3rd Ed. 256 pages, illustrated. PRICE,$2.25METHODS FOR DIAGNOSTIC BAC-TERIOLOGY-by Isabelle G. Schaub, A.B.,Instructor in Bacteriology, Johns HopkinsUniversity School of Medicine, and M.Kathleen Foley, A.B., Bacteriologist in2.harge of the Diagnostic BacteriologicalLaboratory of the Medical Clinic, Johns

Hopkins. 2nd Ed. 432 pages. PRICE,$3.50OUTLINE OF HISTOLOGY-by MargaretM. Hoskins, Ph.D., and Gerrit Bevelander,Ph.D., Departments of Anatomy, College ofDentistry, and The Graduate School of Artsand Science, New York University. 118pages, 56 illustrations. PRICE, $2.50FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGY-byWilliam C. Beaver, Ph.D., Professor of Bi-ology, Wittenberg College. 2nd Ed. 889pages, 301 illustrations, 14 color plates.PRICE, $4.00ESSENTIALS OF COLLEGE CHEMIS-TRY-by G. H. Whiteford, Professor ofChemistry; and R. G. Coffin, Associate Pro-fessor of Chemistry, Colorado State College.2nd Ed. 534 pages, 32 illustrations. PRICE,$3.50AN OUTLINE OF LABORATORY WORKIN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY-by G. H.Whiteford, R. G. Coffin and Elizabeth M.Wing. 222 pages. PRICE, $1.50MICROBES WHICH HELP OR DESTROYUS-by Paul W. Allen, Ph.D., Professor ofBacteriology and Head of the Department;D. Frank Holtman, Ph.D., Associate Profes-sor of Bacteriology; and Louise Allen Mc-Bee, M.S., Formerly Assistant in Bacteriol-ogy. All of the University of Tennessee.540 pages, 102 illustrations, 13 color plates.PRICE, $3.50

Copies Sent for Consideration as Texts- - - - - - - -_- - - - - - - -_

The C. V. Mosby Company SCI. 8/433525 Pine Blvd., St. Louis, Mo.

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AUGUST 6, 1943 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 13

14 SCEC-DETSMNTO.9,N.23

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14 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 98, No. 2536

SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 15

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This is a glass of the highest resistance to attack by moisture, slightly greenish incolor, remarkably free from brittleness, very flat, and guaranteed against corrosion inany climate.

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16 SCIENCE-.-ADVERT~~~~g1~MENT~~ VOL. 98, No. 2538~

Off to War. . .These tiny but essential tools of war

are Spencer Triple Aplanats, hand mag-nifiers, designed to give a large flatbrilliantly defined field. Three precisionlens elements cemented together correctspherical and chromatic aberrations.Like Spencer Microscopes and oscr

scientific instruments, Triple A atsare serving a wide range of ues iud-ing mosquito control, ilsluumz cx-amination and repair, clinical use infirst aid stations andin base hospitals-

wherever, in fact, the eye needs simpleaid in examining details magnified from6X to 15X.

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16 SCIENCE-ADVEBTISEMENTS VOL. ^ NO. £586,