1 METABOLISM OF SOME MINERALS IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES BY HAMED MOHAMED ABD EL-MAGID GAAFAR B. Sc. Agric. (Animal Production) 1985 THESIS SUNMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, KAFR EL-SHEIKH, TANTA UNIVERSITY 1994
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1
METABOLISM OF SOME MINERALS IN
CATTLE AND BUFFALOES BY
HAMED MOHAMED ABD EL-MAGID GAAFAR
B. Sc. Agric. (Animal Production)
1985
THESIS
SUNMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
ANIMAL PRODUCTION
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE,
KAFR EL-SHEIKH,
TANTA UNIVERSITY
1994
2
ADVISOR'S COMMITTEE
PROF. DR. SAID A. MAHMOUD
Agent of the Faculty and
Prof. of Animal Nutrition
Fac. of Agric. Kafr El-Sheikh
Tanta University
PROF. DR. MOHAMED K. MOHSEN
Head of Animal Production Department and
Prof. of Animal Nutrition
Fac. of Agric. Kafr El-Sheikh
Tanta University
PROF. DR. EL-SAYED M. ABD EL-RAOUF
Lecturer of Animal Nutrition
Fac. of Agric. Kafr El-Sheikh
Tanta University
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In actual fact the prayerful thanks are due to our merciful ALLAH. My
special gratitude to Professor Dr. Said A. Mahmoud, agent of the Faculty for
concerning of the environment and service of society development and Professor
of Animal Nutrition. Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture
Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University for his supervision, continuous help, advice
throughout this work and continuous encouragements.
Deep gratitude and special thanks for Professor Dr. Mohamed K. Mohsen
Professor of Animal Nutrition and Head of Animal Production Department,
Faculty of Agriculture Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University for kind supervision,
continuous support, advising and valuable assistance throughout the course of
the study. His constructive suggestions, criticisms and comment to revising the
manuscript are deeply appreciated.
I wish to express my guidance and appreciation to Dr. El-Sayed M. Abd
El-Raouf Lecturer of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Production, ,
Faculty of Agriculture Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University for his close
supervision and his appreciable help and valuable guidance throughout the
course of this study and his help in the statistical analysis.
My thanks to Dr. Mahmoud M. Bendary Senior Researcher of Animal
Nutrition and all the staff of the laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Sakha Animal
Production Research Station for helpful in the determination of sodium and
potassium.
Thanks also are extended to all the staff of the Department of Animal
Production, , Faculty of Agriculture Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University for their
great help and sincere cooperation.
At least, my deep appreciate to my parents and my wife for their
continuous encouragement, patience and support.
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CONTENTS Page I- INTRODUCTION 9 II- REVIEW OF LITERATURE 10 1- Mineral utilization 10 1-1- Macro minerals 10 1-1-1- Calcium and phosphorus 10 1-1-2- Magnesium 11 1-1-3- Sodium and potassium 12 1-2- Micro minerals 13 1-2-1- Copper 13 1-2-2- Zinc 14 1-2-3- Manganese 15 1-2-4- Iron 16 2- Hair as an indicator of mineral status 17 2-1- Mineral concentration in hair 17 2-1-1- Macro minerals 17 2-1-1-1- Calcium and phosphorus 17 2-1-1-2- Calcium/phosphorus ratio 17 2-1-1-3- Magnesium 18 2-1-1-5- Sodium and potassium 18 2-1-2- Micro minerals 19 2-1-2-1- Copper 19 2-1-2-2- Zinc 19 2-1-2-3- Manganese 20 2-1-2-4- Iron 20 2-1-3- Ash percent of hair 21 2-2- The effect of dietary calcium on mineral concentration in hair 21 2-3- The critical and normal concentrations of mineral in hair 22 3- Mineral concentration in blood plasma 22 3-1- Macro minerals 22 3-1-1- Calcium and phosphorus 22 3-1-2- Magnesium 23 3-1-3- Sodium and potassium 25 3-2- Micro minerals 26 3-2-1- Copper 26 3-2-2- Zinc 27 3-2-3- Manganese 28 3-2-4- Iron 28 4- Mineral concentration in milk 29 4-1- Macro minerals 29 4-1-1- Calcium and phosphorus 29
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4-1-2- Magnesium 30 4-1-3- Sodium and potassium 31 4-2- Micro minerals 32 4-2-1- Copper 32 4-2-2- Zinc 32 4-2-3- Manganese 33 4-2-4- Iron 34 5- The effect of high dietary calcium level on mineral utilization 34 5-1- Macro minerals 34 5-1-1- Calcium 34 5-1-2- Phosphorus 35 5-1-3- Magnesium 36 5-1-4- Sodium and potassium 37 5-2- Micro minerals 38 5-2-1- Copper 38 5-2-2- Zinc 38 5-2-3- Manganese 39 5-2-4- Iron 39 III- MATERIAL AND METHODS 40 1- Mineral metabolism 40 1-1- Experimental animals and rations 40 1-2- Collection of samples 41 1-1-1- Feedstuffs 41 1-1-2- Faeces 41 1-1-3- Urine 42 1-3- Chemical analysis 42 2- Mineral concentration in hair, blood plasma and milk 42 2-1- Experimental animals 42 2-2- Experimental rations 43 2-3- Collection of samples 44 2-3-1- Hair 44 2-3-2- Blood plasma 44 2-3-3- Milk 44 2-3-4- Feedstuffs 45 3- Mineral determination 45 4- Statistical analysis 45 IV- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 46 1- Mineral utilization by sheep 46 1-1- Macro mineral 46 1-1-1- Calcium 46 1-1-2- Phosphorus 48 1-1-3- Magnesium 49 1-1-4- Sodium 50
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1-1-5- Potassium 52 1-2- Micro mineral 53 1-2-1- Copper 53 1-2-2- Zinc 53 1-2-3- Manganese 55 1-2-4- Iron 56 2- Hair as an indicator of mineral status of Friesian and buffalo cows
and their growing heifers
58 2-1- Macro mineral 58 2-1-1- Calcium 58 2-1-2- Phosphorus 59 2-1-3- Magnesium 60 2-1-4- Sodium 61 2-1-5- Potassium 61 2-2- Micro mineral 62 2-2-1- Copper 62 2-2-2- Zinc 62 2-2-3- Manganese 63 2-2-4- Iron 64 2-3- Ash percent 64 3- Mineral concentration in blood plasma and milk of Friesian and
1- Daily feedstuffs intake of winter and summer rations by sheep. 41
2- Chemical composition of ingredients of winter and summer rations. 41
3- Mineral concentration of ingredients of winter and summer rations. 42
4- Daily feedstuffs intake of winter and summer rations by Friesian and buffaloes.
43
5- Calcium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 47
6- Phosphorus balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 48
7- Magnesium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 50
8- Sodium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 51
9- Potassium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 52
10- Copper balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 54
11- Zinc balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 54
12- Manganese balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 56
13- Iron balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 57
14- Effect of macro mineral intake during winter and summer rations on macro mineral concentration in hair of Friesian and buffalo cows and their growing heifers.
60
15- Effect of micro mineral intake during winter and summer rations on micro mineral concentration in hair of Friesian and buffalo cows and their growing heifers.
65
16- Average concentration of mineral in hair of Friesian and buffalo cows and their growing heifers.
66
17- Dietary mineral intake and mineral concentration in blood plasma of Friesian and buffalo cows and their growing heifers.
67
18- Mineral concentration in milk of Friesian and buffalo cows. 68
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LIST OF ABBREVIATION
Symbol Word Symbol Word
BC Buffalo cows L Litre
BH Buffalo heifers Mg Magnesium
Co Degree Celsius (centigrade) mg Milligram (s)
Ca Calcium ml Millilitre
CF Crude fiber Mn Manganese
Cu Copper Na Sodium
d Day NFE Nitrogen free extract
DM Dry matter OM Organic matter
EE Ether extract P Phosphorus
FC Friesian cows ppm Part per million
Fe Iron ug Microgram (s)
FH Friesian heifers Zn Zinc
g Gram (s) kg 1000 g
hr Hour (s) g 1000 mg
K Potassium mg 1000 ug
Kg Kilogram (s) ppm 1/106 = 10-6
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I- INTRODUCTION
Although minerals are needed only in a very small amount in animals
feeds, they are very essential for normal health condition, production and all
vital metabolic functions of the body.
Mineral level in hair can reflect the condition and/or activity of the
elements in other parts of the body and reflect mineral status to be stored and
have several characteristics, so it may be useful biopsy material. Hair acts as a
recording filament because elements are deposited in the hair matrix within a
short time and removed from active metabolism as the hair shaft grows from
the follicle. Thus hair may reflect concentration of minerals that were in the
hair follicle at the time the hair was formed.
Concentration of blood plasma minerals have been studied as an
adjunct to investigations of mineral metabolism or quantitative dietary
minerals requirements.
Milk contains significant amount of all minerals (except for iron) being
5-8% of DM. Minerals are an essential part of the ration of lactating animals,
which the variations in the levels of mineral constituents in milk is of a
profound importance from the nutritional stand point.
The objective of the present study was to throw some light on the
relationship between dietary minerals under practical feeding condition during
winter and summer seasons and mineral metabolism, mineral concentration in
hair, blood plasma and milk for dairy Friesian and buffalo cows and their
growing heifers.
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II- REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1- Mineral utilization:
1-1- Macro mineral:
1-1-1- Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P):
Increasing dietary P level to 0.50% resulted in increased P absorption
and retention as g/day or percent of intake (Miller et al., 1964). They also
found that increasing dietary P level beyond 0.50% did not increased P
retention (g/day) but decreased the percentage of P absorption and retention.
Dietary P level below 0.50% resulted in reduced Ca absorption and retention
(g/day) whereas increasing dietary P level above 0.50% did not affect Ca
balance. Stevenson and Unsworth (1978) reported that Ca intake, absorption
and retention were significantly higher for lambs fed high roughage than
those fed high cereal, but P intake, absorption and retention were not
significantly different. Harmon and Britton (1983) stated that Ca intake,
absorption and retention increased with increasing dietary concentrate to 50%
and then decreased till 90% concentrate, afterwards increased again. But P
intake, absorption and retention decreased with increasing dietary concentrate
till 90% and then increased.
Dietary P absorption and retention of calves increased significantly as
dietary P intake increased from 2.5 g/day in deficient P diets to 6 g/day in
adequate P diets (Challa and Braithwaite, 1988a). Also, dietary Ca absorption
and retention increased significantly on the adequate and excess P diets.
Challa and Braithwaite (1988b) found that both Ca and P absorption and
retention increased significantly with increasing dietary P supply from 0 to 9
g/day infused abomasally. Challa and Braithwaite (1989) reported that dietary
P absorption increased but P retention decreased with increasing P
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supplementation. However, Ca absorption remained fairly constant, but Ca
retention decreased with increasing P supplementation from 0 to 4.8 g/day.
Apparent Ca absorption and retention (g/day) were significantly higher
in steers fed 0.6% Ca, but Ca absorption and retention (% of intake) were
significantly lower (Kegly et al., 1991). The same authors also found that
dietary Ca 0.6% level increased P retention as percentage of both P intake and
absorption. Fredeen (1990) showed that sheep fed high Ca diet led to
significant increase in the efficiency of Ca absorption than low Ca diet.
Grandhi and Ibrahim (1990) reported that increasing dietary Ca resulted in
lowering the percent of apparent Ca absorption and retention, but the amount
of Ca absorbed and retained was constant. Also, increasing dietary P resulted
in inconsistent change in the percent of the absorption and retention of P but
the amount of P absorbed and retained was higher. Abd El-Raouf (1987)
stated that increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to 1.43% led to increase Ca
absorption and retention and slight increase in P absorption and retention.
1-1-2- Magnesium (Mg):
Magnesium intake was higher when sheep fed high roughage diets, but
Mg absorption and retention was higher when sheep fed high cereal diets
(Stevenson and Unsworth, 1978). Harmon and Britton (1983) found that Mg
balance was enhanced by feeding high concentrate diet in response to
increasing Mg intake. The animals retained 20-25% of Mg intake for
concentrate diets. Davenport et al. (1990) and Hurley et al. (1990) reported
that Mg absorption (g/day) was significantly higher when ruminants fed
dietary Mg supplementation. On contrast, chester-Jones et al. (1989) stated
that apparent absorption and retention of Mg (g/day) were lowest in lambs fed
high Mg diets (2.4% Mg).
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Magnesium absorption and retention (% of intake) decreased with
increasing dietary Ca intake from 0.43 to 1.43% (Abd El-Raouf, 1987).
Grandhi and Ibrahim (1990) stated a reduction in the percent of Mg
absorption and inconstant differences in Mg retention indicated that feeding
more Ca-P may adversely affect only the Mg absorption but not retention.
Greene et al. (1983a, b) found that increasing dietary K levels resulted in a
linear increase in fecal Mg excretion and a linear decrease in Mg absorption.
Also, lambs fed the high level of Mg absorbed and retained more total Mg
compared with feeding low level of Mg. Poe et al. (1985) and Johanson and
Powley (1990) reported that dietary Na and K supplementation resulted in
significant depression of Mg balance in sheep and cows.
1-1-3- Sodium (Na) and potassium (K):
Feeding high level of salt (NaCl) resulted in a small but significant
increase in the retention of Na in ruminant (Nelson et al., 1955). Newton et al.
(1972) and Greene et al. (1983a) found that feeding high K ration led to a
linear increase in urinary and fecal K excretion and also K absorption and
retention. However, apparent absorption and urinary excretion of Na
increased, but Na excreted in feces and retained decreased. Greene et al.
(1983b) reported that increasing dietary K level did not affect fecal K
excretion, but increased urinary K excretion and K absorption and retention.
Feeding an increasing amount of K or K plus Na did not alter
significant fecal K excretion, but increased apparent K absorption and
retention (Poe et al., 1985). Also, found that Na absorption increased by
addition of Na, but Na retention was not significantly affected by dietary
intake of K or Na as a result of increasing urinary Na excretion. Johanson and
Powley (1990) reported that high dietary K level led to small increase in fecal
K excretion, large increase in urinary K excretion and positive K balance of
13
goats. However, high dietary Na level led to small increase in fecal Na
excretion, large increase in urinary Na excretion and negative Na balance.
Patience et al. (1987) showed that increasing dietary Na intake resulted in
increased fecal and urinary Na excretion and apparent Na absorption and
retention, but decreased fecal K excretion and increased urinary K excretion.
Abd El-Raouf (1987) stated that Na absorption and retention and K retention
decreased as a result of increasing dietary Ca from 0.43 to 1.43%. Grandhi
and Ibrahim (1990) noticed that K absorption and retention were reduced by
feeding more Ca-P diets.
1-2- Micro mineral:
1-2-1- Copper (Cu):
Apparent absorption and retention of Cu were 1.1, 1.0; 13, 1.1 or 0.5,
0.4 mg/day, when dietary Cu intake was 4.0; 4.0 or 5.8 mg/day for sheep fed
perennial ryegrass; white clover or red clover, respectively (Grace, 1975).
Stevenson and Unsworth (1978) found that apparent absorption and retention
of Cu increased from -0.60 and -0.69 to 0.20 and 0.12 mg/day by decreased
dietary Cu intake from 4.0 mg/day in high roughage diet to 3.1 mg/day in
high cereal diet. Greger and Snedeker (180) reported that fecal Cu excretion
was higher for animals fed low protein diets than high protein diets. Urinary
Cu loss was small and not affected by dietary protein levels. Apparent
absorption and retention of Cu was significantly greater when animal fed high
protein rather than low protein diets. On contrast, Colin et al., (1983) showed
that fecal excretion and apparent absorption of Cu was not affected by dietary
protein intake. Absorption of Cu was 0.29, 0.30, 0.20 and 0.12 mg/day, when
dietary Cu intake was 2.04, 2.06, 1.87 and 1.90 mg/day, respectively.
The amount of Cu excreted in urine was not influenced by dietary Cu
intake, while apparent absorption and retention of Cu increased significantly
14
by feeding low Cu diets (Cymbaluk et al., 1981). Sendeker et al. (1982) found
that fecal Cu excretion was higher and apparent absorption of Cu was lower
when animals fed high Ca-P diets than moderate Ca-P diets. Urinary Cu
excretion was not significantly affected by the different levels of dietary Ca
and P. Grandhi and Ibrahim (1990) reported that feeding more Ca-P reduced
the percent absorption of Cu which may create marginal deficiency. Abd El-
Raouf (1987) showed that fecal Cu excretion tended to increase, but urinary
Cu excretion and Cu absorption did not alter with increasing dietary Ca from
0.43 to 1.43%.
1-2-2- Zinc (Zn):
Apparent absorption and retention of Zn were 1.6, 0.7; 1.9, 1.2 or 0.6,
0.4 mg/day, when dietary Zn intake was 11.8; 12.7 or 16.3 mg/day for sheep
fed perennial ryegrass; white clover or red clover, respectively (Grace, 1975).
Gomaa et al. (1993a) found that Zn retention increased with increasing
dietary Zn intake, which Zn retention prepartum was 30.0, 107.0, 37.9, 17.3
and 31.8 mg/day when dietary Zn intake by goats was 59.3, 156.9, 75.8, 52.1
and 70.8 mg/dau. However, post-partum Zn retention was 42.3, 114.8, 54.3,
35.7 and 44.0 mg/day, when dietary Zn intake was 74.0, 166.4, 84.8, 65.2 and
79.5 mg/day, respectively. Abd El-Raouf (1987) reported that fecal and
urinary Zn excretion increased from 22.17 and 1.48 to 190.22 and 2.42
mg/day, while apparent Zn absorption and retention increased from 7.33 and
5.85 to 35.88 and 33.46 mg/day with increasing dietary Zn intake from 29.5
to 226.1 mg/day. Also, who revealed that fecal and urinary Zn excretion
increased, while apparent Zn absorption and retention tended to decrease with
increasing level of dietary Ca. Sendeker et al. (1982) showed that the different
levels of dietary Ca-P had no effect on fecal and urinary Zn losses nor on
apparent Zn absorption and retention. Grandhi and Ibrahim (1990) stated that
15
feeding more Ca-P reduced the percent absorption and retention of Zn which
can create Zn deficiency if diets were inadequately supplemented.
Fecal Zn excretion was less, but urinary Zn excretion and apparent Zn
absorption was significantly greater when animals were fed high protein diets
rather than low protein diets (Greger and Snedeker, 1980). Colin et al. (1983)
found that urinary Zinc excretion was significantly greater in animals
consuming high protein diets, but fecal Zn paralleled Zn intake and not
affected by protein intake. Apparent Zn absorption was not significantly
affected by dietary protein and it was 0.43, 1.86, 1.60 and 0.11 mg/day, when
dietary Zn intake was 9.51, 19.98, 10.05 and 18.43 mg/day, respectively.
Sawnson and King (1982) reported that approximately 98% of excreted Zn
was of fecal origin and 2% was in urine. Urinary and fecal Zn excretion and
differences in Zn balance was not significantly altered by diets.
1-2-3- Manganese (Mn):
Manganese supplementation for calves resulted in high feces Mn and
low urine Mn excretion, which indicated that Mn supplementation was not
readily absorbed (Howes and Dyer, 1971). Mcleod and Robinson (1972)
found that fecal Mn excretion ranged from 103 to 162 mg/kg DM and urinary
Mn excretion ranged from 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn intake. So Mn intake was
constant and urinary Mn excretion was negligible, Mn balance was dependent
upon fecal output. Watson et al. (1973) reported that fecal and urinary Mn
excretion of lambs increased by increasing dietary Mn intake, but there were
no significant differences in apparent Mn absorption and retention when
expressed as percent of intake.
Apparent Mn absorption and retention were 1.8, 1.5; 2.3, 2.2 or 0.4, 0.3
mg/day, when dietary Mn intake was 34.6; 14.9 or 18.8 mg/day for sheep fed
perennial ryegrass; white clover or red clover, respectively (Grace, 1975).
16
Greger and Snedeker (1980) found that different dietary protein levels did not
have statistically significant effect on fecal Mn losses or apparent Mn
absorption and retention. A urinary Mn loss was less than 0.02 mg/day. Abd
El-Raouf (1987) reported that fecal and urinary Mn excretion increased from
15.65 and 0.10 to 18.60 and 0.15 mg/day, but apparent Mn absorption and
retention decreased from 4.35 and 4.25 to 1.65 and 0.05 mg/day with
increasing dietary Ca intake from 0.43 to 1.43%. Grandhi and Ibrahim (1990)
stated that Mn absorption was reduced by feeding more Ca-P which may
create Mn deficiency with inadequately supplemented diets.
1-2-4- Iron (Fe):
Absorption of Fe was greater when body Fe stores was reduced,
average Fe excretion was 86-98% in feces and 0.09% in urine as percent of Fe
intake for ruminants (Ammerman et al., 1967). Standish et al. (1971) found
that the absorption of Fe was not significantly affected by dietary Fe levels.
Numerical decrease in the percent of Fe absorption occurred when dietary Fe
level increased. Hitchcock et al. (1974) reported that Fe balance indicated
greater fecal Fe excretion and thus poorer Fe absorption, but no difference in
urinary Fe excretion. Snedeker et al. (1982) showed that apparent Fe
absorption decreased from 4.1 to 1.2% of intake with change from feeding
moderate Ca-P to high Ca-P diets. Apparent retention of Fe was positive
when animals consumed moderate Ca-P diet, but was negative when animals
consumed high Ca-P diet. Fecal Fe excretion was greatest when animals
consumed high Ca-P diet.
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2- Hair as an indicator of mineral status:
2-1- mineral concentration in hair:
2-1-1- macro mineral:
2-1-1-1- Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P):
Dietary supplementation with Ca and P increased significantly the
concentration of Ca and P in hair (Anke, 1966). Narsimhalu et al. (1986)
found that Ca and P contents in black hair of Hereford were 1790 and 281
ppm when dietary Ca and P level were 0.5 and 0.3%, respectively. Kornegay
et al. (1981) reported that Ca and P contents in hair increased from 382 and
143 to 431 and 172 ppm with increasing both Ca and P levels in diet from
100% to 125%. Abd El-Raouf (1987) showed that Ca and P contents in hair
of Friesian cows and heifers increased from 1679, 241 and 2512, 276 to 2964,
251 and 3417, 307 ppm by increasing dietary Ca and P intake from 108.8,
39.2 and 38.2, 13.9 to 156.8, 41.8 and 57.4, 14.6 g/day, respectively. On
contrast, Wysocki and Klett (1971) found that Ca and P contents in hair
decreased from 1500 and 390 to 1380 and 350 ppm as a result of increasing
dietary Ca and P level from 0.43 and 0.39 to 2.05 and 1.72%, respectively.
The use of hair analysis as a monitor of dietary mineral intake was not
likely to be precise indicator of mineral status in animals (Combs et al.,
1982). Also, who found that Ca and P contents in hair are not affected by
dietary Ca and P intake. Combs (1987) reported that the correlations between
the contents of Ca and P in hair and diet are not strong enough to make hair
analysis a sensitive indicator of Ca and P status.
2-1-1-2- Calcium/ phosphorus ratio:
Calcium to phosphorus ratio in hair ranged from 2:1 to 5:1 when
dietary Ca to P ratio was 1.1:1 indicated that hair had a tendency to
concentrate Ca to greater degree than P (Wysocki and Klett, 1971). Abd El-
18
Raouf (1987) found that Ca to P ratio in black hair of Friesian cows and
heifers was 10:1 when dietary Ca to P ratio was 3.5:1. Goldblum et al. (1953)
reported that Ca to P ratio in brown and black hair was 27:1 and 35:1,
respectively. O'mary et al. (1969) showed that Ca to P ratio in red hair of
Hereford calves and cows were 17: and 15:1, respectively.
2-1-1-3- Magnesium (Mg):
Magnesium level of hair was higher when cattle fed dietary Mg
supplementation (Anke, 1966). Narsimhalu et al. (1986) found that Mg
content in hair of Hereford cows was 394 ppm when dietary Mg level was
0.2%. Wegner and Schuh (1983) reported that Mg content in hair of Holstein
heifers was 640 ppm. O'mary et al. (1969) showed that Mg contents in red
and white hair of cows and calves were 550, 267 and 452, 325 ppm,
respectively. Abd El-Raouf (1987) stated that Mg content in hair of Friesian
cows and heifers increased from 902 and 1471 to 1244 and 1492 ppm with
increasing dietary Mg intake from 22.1 and 10.0 to 27.0 and 11.4 g/day,
respectively.
2-1-1-4- Sodium (Na) and potassium (K):
Sodium and potassium levels were higher in black hair from cattle
when the diet was supplemented with Na and K (Anke, 1966 and Regiusne et
al., 1974). Kornegay et al. (1981) found that Na and K contents in hair were
131 and 149 ppm, respectively. Abd El-Raouf (1987) reported that Na
contents in hair of Friesian cows and heifers increased from 492 and 452 to
752 and 985 ppm with decreasing dietary Na intake from 26.5 and 10.2 to
22.5 and 8.5 g/day, while K contents increased from 2722 and 2461 to 2943
and 4937 ppm by increasing dietary K intake from 361.2 and 190.2 to 386.8
and 200.0 g/day, respectively.
19
2-12- Micro mineral:
2-1-2-1- Cooper (Cu):
The diet supplemented with Cu did not influence Cu concentration in
hair (Anke, 1966 and Combs et al., 1982). Narasimhalu et al. (1966) found
that Cu content in hair of Hereford cows was 4.92 ppm, when dietary Cu level
was 19 mg/kg. Ali (1984) reported that Cu contents in hair of buffalo calves
were 8.21, 10.93, 9.48 and 9.61 ppm, when dietary Cu intake was 16.25,
34.38, 36.67 and 30.25 mg/kg DM, respectively. Reinhold et al. (1967)
showed that Cu concentration in hair of rats was 13.5 ppm. O'mary et al.
(1969) stated that Cu contents in red and white hair of cows and calves were
13.18 and 12.31 ppm, respectively.
Copper content in hair of pig increased from 12.1 to 23.8 ppm with
increasing dietary Cu from 7 to 257 ppm (Hedges and Kornegay, 1973). Abd
El-Raouf (1987) found that Cu contents in hair of Friesian cows and heifers
increased from 7.8 and 15.2 to 8.5 and 16.4 ppm by increasing dietary Cu
intake from 154 and 93 to 174 and 103 mg/day, respectively.
2-1-2-2- Zinc (Zn):
Zinc concentration in hair increased linearly by increasing dietary Zn
intake (Anke, 1966 and Combs et al., 1982). Ali (1984) found that Zn
contents in hair of buffalo calves 177.04, 100.00, 105.10 and 118.30 ppm,
when dietary Zn contents were 105.50, 86.63, 166.92 and 91.38 mg/kg DM.
Narasimhalu et al. (1986) reported that Zn content in black hair of Hereford
cows was 127 ppm when dietary Zn intake was 55 mg/kg. O'mary et al.
(1969) showed that Zn contents in red and white hair of cows and calves were
115, 120 and 131, 137 ppm, respectively.
Zinc content in hair of rats increased from 204 to 254 ppm with
increasing dietary Zn intake from 10.3 to 52.9 ppm (Combs et al., 1983).
20
Babatunde and Fetuga (1972) found that increasing dietary Zn
supplementation from 0 to 500 ppm resulted in increased Zn content in hair of
pigs from 164.1 to 256.8 ppm. Hedges et al. (1976) reported that increasing
dietary Zn from 33 to 83 ppm led to increase Zn content in hair of pigs from
163 to 218 ppm. Abd El-Raouf (1987) stated that Zn content in hair of
Friesian heifers increased from 123.5 to 171.1 ppm as a result of increasing
dietary Zn intake from 218 to 231 mg/day, while Zn content in hair of
Friesian cows has not been affected by increasing dietary Zn intake. Beeson et
al. (1977) noticed that Zn content in hair of beef cattle increased from 115 to
156 ppm by increasing Zn supplementation from 0 to 80 mg/kg.
2-1-2-3- Manganese (Mn):
The dietary supplementation with Mn increased significantly the
concentration of Mn in hair (Anke, 1966). O'mary et al. (1969) found that Mn
contents in red and white hair of cows and calves were 104.19 and 64.30 ppm,
respectively. Kornegay et al. (1981) reported that Mn content in hair of swine
ranged from 6.7 to 7.4 ppm. Hidiroglou and Spurr (1975) showed that Mn
content in hair of Shorthorn cattle dropped from 8.0 to 3.4 ppm as a result of
change from feeding grass contained 70 ppm Mn to winter feed containing
20-35 ppm Mn. Ali (1984) found that Mn contents in hair of buffalo calves
were 9.96, 17.00, 7.75 and 4.72 ppm, when dietary Mn intake were 85.75,
94.63, 112.83 and 177.50 mg/kg DM, respectively. Abd El-Raouf (1987)
reported that Mn content in hair of Friesian cows and heifers increased from
8.4 and 16.3 to 8.7 and 22.5 ppm with increasing dietary Mn intake from 525
and 255 to 553 and 261 mg/day, respectively.
2-1-2-4- Iron (Fe):
Iron content in hair did not affect by dietary Fe intake (Anke, 1966 and
Combs, 1987). O'mary et al. (1969) found that Fe contents in red and white
21
hair of cows and calves were 47, 33 and 19, 42 ppm, respectively. Narsimhalu
et al. (1986) reported that Fe content in hair of Hereford cows was 77 ppm,
when dietary Fe intake was 112 mg/kg DM. Hedges and Kornegay (1973)
found that Fe content in hair of pigs decreased from 70.9 to 61.7 ppm as a
result of increasing dietary Fe intake from 101 to 312 ppm.
The mean Fe concentration in hair of rats ranged from 8.5 to 39.9 ppm
(Reinhold et al., 1967). Kornegay et al. (1981) found that Fe content in hair of
swine ranged from 31 to 43 ppm. Combs et al. (1983) reported that Fe content
in hair of rats was 38 ppm. Burger (1974) stated that Fe content in human hair
ranged from 28.67 to 30.21 ppm. Taha and El-Katcha (1989) noticed that Fe
concentration in hair of buffalo calves ranged from 27.08 to 28.32 ppm.
2-1-3- Ash percent of hair:
Ash percents of red and white hair of cattle were 1.8 and 3.38,
respectively (Washburn et al., 1953). O'mary et al. (1969) found that ash
percent in red hair of Hereford cows and calves were 1.17-1.22 and 0.75-
1.05%, but in white hair were 0.29-0.40 and 0.25-0.58%, respectively.
Wysocki and Klett (1971) reported that ash percent in hair of ponies ranged
from 0.92 to 1.05%. Abd El-Raouf (1987) showed that ash percent in hair of
Friesian cows and heifers was 1.70 and 2.19%, respectively.
2-2- The effect of dietary calcium on mineral concentration in hair:
Dietary Ca had an antagonistic effect on the contents of P and Zn in
hair (Anke, 1966). Hedges et al. (1976) found that Zn content of hair was
lower when a higher dietary Ca level was fed. Kornegay et al. (1981) reported
that the negative correlation between Ca and Zn content of hair is further
evidence of the antagonism between Ca and Zn. The content of Mg, Na, K,
Cu and Fe did not affected by dietary Ca. abd El-Raouf (1987) showed that
dietary Ca level influence Mn metabolism through effect on Mn content in
22
hair and the correlation between Mn content in hair and dietary Ca was
negative (r = - 0.56).
2-3- The critical and normal concentrations of mineral in hair:
Hair Cu concentration below 8 ppm was associated with Cu deficiency
(Vankoestveld, 1958). Brigitte et al. (1981) found that the minimum
concentration of hair Cu with sufficient supply was 6 ppm. Anke (1967)
reported that contents of 750-800 ppm Mg, 200 ppm P, 600 ppm Na, 115 ppm
Zn, 4 ppm Mn and 7 ppm Cu in black hair of dairy cows may be regarded as
the limiting values of minerals supply. With low concentration, deficiency
symptoms are expected to occur. Neseni (1970) showed that intensively
reared heifers with hair P levels less than 200 ppm exhibited P deficiency.
Szentmihalyi et al. (1981) stated that the critical value of both Cu and Mn was
5 ppm in pigmented hair. Fisher et al. (1985) revealed that hair Mg levels
below 25 to 35 ppm in white hair and 100-125 ppm in black hair of cattle are
indicative of Mg deficiency in cattle.
Anke et al. (1981) found that normal Mn and Zn content in hair of
cows were 12 and 129 ppm, respectively. Hidiroglou and Spurr (1975)
reported that normal levels of Cu, Mn and Zn in hair were 8, 8 and 110 ppm,
respectively.
3- Mineral concentration in blood plasma:
3-1- Macro mineral:
3-1-1- Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P):
The normal level of Ca in plasma of goats ranged from 10.65 to 11.0
mg/100 ml (Papenheimer et al., 1962). Underwood (1966) stated that the
normal levels of Ca and P in serum of sheep and cattle were 9-12 and 4.5-6.5
mg/100 ml, respectively. McDowell et al. (1988) found that the normal levels
of Ca and P in serum of buffaloes were 9.2 and 4.7 mg/100 ml, respectively.
23
Dua et al. (1989) reported that normal levels of serum Ca and P were 9.88 and
6.76 mg/100 ml, respectively. McDowell and Conrad (1977) stated that the
critical levels in serum of cattle for Ca <8 and P<4.5 mg/100 ml.
The concentrations of Ca and P in plasma of lambs were 9.76-10.66
and 5.72-7.52 mg/100 ml, respectively (Harmon and Britton, 1983). El-
Halawany et al. (1988) found that serum Ca and P concentrations of Friesian
calves were 8.0-11.8 and 5.5-5.8 mg/100 ml, respectively. Bukhair and Ali
(1988) reported that the concentrations of Ca and P in plasma of buffaloes
were 7.58-9.56 and 5.11-6.05 mg/100 ml, respectively. Merkel et al. (1989)
showed that serum P levels of cattle and buffaloes were 5.24 and 3.92 mg/100
ml, respectively.
The concentrations of Ca and P in plasma of cows ranged from 7 to 10
and 3.6 to 5.5 mg/100 ml, when dietary Ca and P levels ranged from 0.52 to
1.10 and 0.48% of DM, respectively (Beitz et al., 1973). Kincaid et al. (1981)
found that plasma Ca and P concentrations of cows were 8.9-9.6 and 5.32-
6.44 mg/100 ml, when dietary Ca and P levels were 1.0-1.8 and 0.30-0.54%
of DM. Oluokun and Bell (1985a) reported that plasma Ca of cows were 9.92,
9.70 and 10.22 mg/100 ml, when dietary Ca intake were 5.13, 4.09 and 4.87
g/kg DM. Abd El-Raouf (1987) showed that serum Ca and P concentrations
of Friesian cows were 9.72 and 5.40 mg/100 ml, when dietary Ca and P intake
was 140.8 and 40.9 g/day, respectively. Gomaa et al. (1993c) stated that
plasma Ca and P concentrations of goats ranged from 8.97 to 11.04 and 5.73
to 7.55 mg/100 ml, when dietary Ca and P intake ranged from 7.3 to 11.4 and
6 to 10 g/day, respectively.
3-1-2- Magnesium (Mg):
The normal level of Mg in plasma of cattle and sheep ranged from 1.2
to 3.8 mg/100 ml (Rook and Storry, 1962). Georgievskii (1982) and Combs
24
(1987) found that the normal level of Mg in plasma of most animals ranged
from 1.8 to 3.2 mg/100 ml. McDowell et al. (1988) reported that the normal
level of Mg in serum of buffaloes was 2.3 mg/100 ml. Dua et al. (1989)
showed that the normal level of serum Mg was 2.12±0.16 mg/100 ml.
McDowell and Conrad (1977) stated that the critical level in cattle serum for
Mg <2 mg/100 ml.
Plasma Mg concentration of cows ranged from 2.2 to 2.9 mg/100 ml
(Beitz et al., 1973). Kincaid et al. (1981) found that plasma Mg concentration
of cows ranged from 2.4 to 2.8 mg/100 ml. Harmon and Britton (1983)
reported that plasma Mg concentration of lambs ranged from 2.05 to 2.47
mg/100 ml. Merkel et al. (1989) showed that Mg concentration in serum of
cattle and buffaloes were 1.99 and 2.39 mg/100 ml, respectively.
The concentrations of Mg in plasma of sheep were 2.02 and 2.48
mg/100 ml, when dietary Mg levels were 0.067 and 0.387%, respectively
(Chicco et al., 1973). Mclean et al. (1984) found that plasma Mg
concentration of ewes ranged from 0.64 to 1.18 mg/100 ml, when dietary Mg
intake ranged from 1.29 to 4.21 g/day. Oluokun and Bell (1985a) reported
that plasma Mg concentrations of cows were 1.74, 1.54 and 2.09mg/100 ml,
when dietary Mg levels were 0.25, 0.20 and 0.18% of DM, respectively. Abd
El-Raouf (1987) showed that serum Mg concentration of Friesian cows 3.43
mg/100 ml when dietary Mg intake was 25.4 g/day. Bacon et al. (1990) stated
that the concentration of Mg in plasma of Holstein calves fed deficient-Mg
diet (0.04%) was reduced below 1 mg/100 ml but remained near 2 mg/100 ml
in calves fed the same diet supplemented with Mg (0.24%). Johanson and
Powley (1990) revealed that plasma Mg concentrations were 1.05 and 1.10
mg/100 ml, when dietary Mg intake was 1.29 and 2.28 g/day, respectively.
25
3-1-3- Sodium (Na) and potassium (K):
The normal levels of Na and K in plasma of cows were 176.00 and
11.78 mg/100 ml, respectively (Georgievskii, 1982). Dua et al. (1989) found
that normal levels of Na and K in serum were 146.17 and 9.58 mg/100 ml,
respectively. Ullrey et al. (1967) reported that the concentrations of Na and K
in serum ranged from 336 to 360 and 17.80 to 21.40 mg/100 ml, respectively.
Erdman et al. (1980) showed that plasma Na and K concentrations ranged
from 338.3 to 351.7 and 16.2 to 20.5 mg/100 ml, respectively. Hopkinson et
al. (1991) noticed that plasma Na and K concentrations were 160.6 and 7.79
mg/100 ml, respectively.
The concentrations of K in plasma of cows were 7.52, 7.18 and 7.49
mg/100 ml, when fed dietary K contents were 19.85, 18.79 and 17.55 g/kg
DM, respectively (Oluokun and Bell, 1985a). Pradhan and Hemeken (1968)
found that plasma Na and K concentrations of cows were 317, 20.7 and 321,
19.1 mg/100 ml, when fed K-deficient diet (0.06-0.15%) and K-adequate diet
(0.80%), respectively. Abd El-Raouf (1987) reported that the concentrations
of Na and K in serum of Friesian cows were 360.09 and 49.59 mg/100 ml,
when dietary Na and K intake were 23.8 and 378.3 g/day, respectively.
Waterman et al. (1991) showed that plasma Na and K concentrations of cows
were 159.72, 10.07 and 17.17, 10.07 mg/100 ml, when dietary Na and K
levels were 0.35, 1.09 and 0.52, 1.38% of DM, respectively. Shalit et al.
(1991) reported that plasma Na and K concentrations were 157.3, 7.41 and
152.9, 7.6 mg/100 ml, when dietary Na and K levels were 0.71, 4.08 and 0.32,
1.83% of DM, respectively.
26
3-2- Micro mineral:
3-2-1- Copper (Cu):
The normal level of Cu in healthy cows was 76.8 Ug/100 ml in whole
blood and 89.1 Ug/100 ml in plasma and the critical level was 60 Ug/100 ml
in plasma (Vankoestveld and Boagertdt, 1960). Underwood (1966) found that
the normal level of Cu in serum of sheep and cattle was 80-120 Ug/100 ml.
Georgievskii (1982) reported that the normal levels of Cu in plasma of cattle
and sheep were 91 and 115 Ug/100 ml, respectively. McDowell et al. (1988)
showed that the normal level of plasma Cu of buffaloes was 67 Ug/100 ml.
Auer et al. (1989) stated that normal level of Cu in plasma was 88-130
Ug/100 ml. McDowell and Conrad (1977) noticed that the critical level of
cattle serum for Cu <65 Ug/100 ml.
The concentration of Cu in serum ranged from 123 to 198 Ug/100 ml
(Ullery et al., 1967). El-Gindy (1976) stated that plasma Cu concentration of
buffaloes was 78.6-100.0 Ug/100 ml. Anderson et al. (1976) found that
plasma Cu concentration of rats ranged from 143 to 200 Ug/100 ml. Parshad
et al. (1979) reported that the concentration of Cu in plasma of buffaloes was
77.30-87.61 Ug/100 ml. Mbofung and Altinmo (1985) showed that plasma Cu
levels ranged from 115.6 to 129.0 Ug/100 ml. Charmley and Ivan (1989)
found that plasma Cu level ranged from 92 to 117 Ug/100 ml. Merkel et al.
(1989) reported that serum Cu concentrations of cattle and buffaloes were 59
and 79 Ug/100 ml, respectively.
The concentrations of Cu in plasma of pigs were 250, 272 and 213
Ug/100 ml, when dietary Cu intake were 13, 258 and 499 ppm (Klinekorne et
al., 1972). Ali (1984) found that serum Cu concentrations of buffalo calves
were 39, 34, 35 and 26 Ug/100 ml, when dietary Cu levels were 1.96, 16.25,
34.38, 36.67 and 30.25 mg/kg DM, respectively. Abd El-Raouf (1984)
27
reported that serum Cu concentration of Friesian cows was 95.68 Ug/100 ml,
when dietary Cu intake was 167 mg/day.
3-2-2- Zinc (Zn):
The normal level of Zn in serum of cattle and sheep was 80-120
Ug/100 ml (Underwood, 1966). Georgieveskii (1982) found that the normal
level of Zn in plasma was 100-200 Ug/100 ml. McDwell and Conrad (1977)
reported that critical level in cattle blood serum for Zn <80 Ug/100 ml. Ullrey
et al. (1967) showed that serum Zn concentration ranged from 54 to 141
Ug/100 ml. Fahmey et al. (1979) stated that plasma Zn concentration of
buffaloes ranged from 78.57 to 98.80 Ug/100 ml. Parshad et al. (1979)
noticed that plasma Zn concentration of buffaloes ranged from 147 to 179
Ug/100 ml. Mbofung and Atimo (1985) revealed that plasma Zn level was
66.6-112.0 Ug/100 ml. McDowell et al. (1988) found that serum Zn
concentration was 86 Ug/100 ml. Auer et al. (1980) reported that plasma Zn
level ranged from 51 to 119 Ug/100 ml.
The concentrations of Zn in plasma of cows were 210, 320, 400 and
750 Ug/100 ml when fed ration with 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm of Zn
supplementation (Miller et al., 1965a). Wilkins et al. (1972) found that
plasma Zn were 211, 107 and 110 Ug/100 ml, when dietary Zn content were
1, 10 and 60 ppm, respectively. Ali (1984) reported that serum Zn
concentrations were 58, 68, 43, 58 and 26 Ug/100 ml, when dietary Zn
contents were 5.76, 105.50, 86.63, 166.92 and 91.18 mg/kg DM. Abd El-
Raouf (1987) showed that serum Zn of Friesian cows was 115.10 Ug/100 ml,
when dietary Zn intake was 529 mg/day. Gomaa et al. (1993c) stated that
plasma Zn were 430, 680, 630 and 430 Ug/100 ml, when dietary Zn intake by
goats were 74.0, 166.4, 84.8, 65.2 and 79.5 mg/day, respectively.
28
3-2-3- Manganese (Mn):
Plasma Mn concentration was 1 ppm (Cotzias, 1958). Vanderhorst
(1960) found that mean values of Mn in blood of cattle ranged from 10 to 28
Ug/100 ml. Rojas et al. (1965) reported that Mn concentration in whole blood
was 2.78 Ug/100 ml. Sullivan et al. (1979) found that serum Mn
concentration ranged from 0.6 to 1.6 Ug/100 ml. Georgievskii (1982) showed
that the concentration of Mn in whole blood averages 5-10 Ug/100 ml.
Majewski et al. (1990) reported that blood Mn levels varied from 3.15 to 3.35
Ug/100 ml.
The concentrations of Mn in plasma of sheep were 16 and 22 Ug/100
ml, when dietary Mn levels were 30 and 430 ppm, respectively (Watson et al.,
1973). Ali (1984) found that Mn concentration in serum of buffalo calves
were 3.4, 4.8, 5.0, 2.8 and 4.9 Ug/100 ml, when dietary Mn contents were 0,
85.75, 94.63, 112.83 and 177.51 mg/kg DM, respectively. Black et al. (1985)
reported that serum Mn concentrations of sheep were 4.43, 5.77, 8.30, 7.60
and 16.10 Ug/100 ml, with added Mn oxide 0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000
ppm, while were 4.33, 7.07, and 14.40 Ug/100 ml, when added Mn carbonate
2000, 4000 and 8000 ppm, respectively.
3-2-4- Iron (Fe):
The normal level of plasma Fe ranged from 49 to 197 Ug/100 ml
(Furugouri, 1970). Furugouri (1972) found that plasma Fe concentration of
pigs ranged from 70 to 81 Ug/100 ml. Hidiroglou (1983) reported that plasma
Fe concentration of sheep ranged from 34 to 111 Ug/100 ml. Mbofung and
Atinmo (1985) showed that plasma Fe ranged from 73 to 89 Ug/100 ml. Sehr
(1989) stated that plasma Fe concentration ranged from 68 to 188 Ug/100 ml.
Drew et al. (1990) found that plasma Fe concentration of pigs was 298
29
Ug/100 ml. Bosted et al. (1991) reported that plasma Fe concentration of
calves was 72 Ug/100 ml.
The concentration of Fe in plasma ranged from 115 to 153 Ug/100 ml,
while in serum ranged from 110 to 200 Ug/100 ml (Georgievskii, 1982).
Pathak an Janakiraman (1989) found that serum Fe concentration of buffaloes
ranged from 185.60 to 274.47 Ug/100 ml. Prabowo et al. (1988) reported that
serum Fe concentration were 188, 194, 203 and 207 Ug/100 ml, when dietary
Fe intake were 154, 454, 754 and 1354 ppm, respectively.
4- Mineral concentration in milk:
4-1- Macro mineral:
4-1-1- Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P):
The contents of Ca in milk ranged from 1.34 to 1.47 g/kg for cows and
from 1.78 to 1.85 g/kg for buffaloes (Moneeb, 1957). Salama (1969) found
that Ca contents in milk of cattle and buffaloes were 1.34 and 1.99 g/kg,
respectively. Oluokun and Bell (1985b) reported that Ca concentrations in
cow's milk were 1.79, 1.79 and 1.62 g/kg, when dietary Ca contents were
4.11, 3.66 and 5.35 g/kg DM, respectively. Brodison et al. (1989) showed that
P content in milk of cows ranged from 0.91 to 0.97 g/kg.
The contents of Ca and P in milk of cattle ranged from 1.33 to 1.37 and
0.95 to 0.99 g/kg, respectively (Nickerson, 1960). Kamal et al. (1961) found
that Ca and P concentrations in milk of cows ranged from 1.30 to 1.36 and
0.86 to 0.98 g/kg, respectively. Akinsoyinu and Akinyele (1979) reported that
Ca and P contents in milk of cows were 2.01 and 1.18 g/kg, respectively.
Akinsoyinu (1981) showed that the level of Ca and P in milk of cows was
1.30 and 0.93 g/kg, respectively. Barabanshchikov et al. (1982) showed that
Ca and P contents in milk of cows ranged from 1.23 to 1.29 and 1.05 to 1.12
g/kg, respectively. Kume et al. (1987) stated that Ca and P contents in cow's
30
milk were 1.18 and 0.93 g/kg, respectively. Joshi and Singh (1983) noticed
that Ca and P concentrations in milk of cows and buffaloes were 1.28, 0.95
and 2.05, 1.25 g/kg, respectively. Merkel et al. (1990) found that Ca and P
contents in cows and buffaloes milk were 0.9, 0.7 and 2.0, 1.1 g/kg,
respectively. Farag et al. (1992) reported that Ca and P contents in milk of
cows and buffaloes were 1.25, 1.10 and 1.75, 1.24 g/kg, respectively.
The concentrations of Ca and P in milk of goats ranged from 1.05 to
1.50 and 0.85 to 0.90 g/kg, respectively (Muschen et al., 1988). Gomaa et al.
(1993b) reported that Ca and P contents in milk of goats ranged from 1.36 to
1.59 and 0.67 to 0.87 g/kg, respectively.
4-1-2- Magnesium (Mg):
The content of Mg in milk ranged from 0.12 to 0.18 g/kg (Kamal et al.,
1961). Nickerson (1960) found that Mg content in cow's milk ranged from
0.07 to 0.10 g/kg. Rook and Storry (1962) reported that cow's milk contained
on the average 0.12 g/kg. Salih et al. (1985) showed that Mg content in milk
of cattle was 0.22 g/kg. Oluokun and Bell (1985b) stated that Mg contents in
cow's milk were 0.08, 0.09 and 0.08 g/kg, when dietary Mg levels were 2.60,
1.80 and 1.58 g/kg DM, respectively.
The contents of Mg in milk of cows and buffaloes ranged from 0.22 to
0.25 and 0.26 to 0.29 g/kg, respectively (Moneeb, 1957). Salama (1969)
found that Mg contents in milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.13 and 0.21
g/kg, respectively. Kume et al. (1987) reported that the contents of Mg in
milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.13 and 0.17 g/kg, respectively. Merkel et
al. (1990) showed that Mg contents in milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.07
and 0.14 g/kg, respectively. Farag et al. (1992) found that Mg contents in
milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.14 and 0.22 g/kg, respectively.
31
Ychroniadou and Vafopoulou (1985) reported that Mg content in goat's milk
was 0.09 g/kg.
4-1-3- Sodium (Na) and potassium (K):
The contents of Na and K in milk were 0.50 and 1.44 g/kg, respectively
(Nickerson, 1960). Kamal et al. (1961) found that Na and K contents of milk
ranged from 0.44 to 0.57 and 1.73 to 1.85 g/kg, respectively. Sasser et al.
(1966) reported that K content in cow's milk ranged from 1.50 to 1.74 g/kg.
Akinsoyinu and Akinyele (1979) stated that Na and K contents in milk of
cows were 0.65 and 1.57 g/kg, respectively. Salih et al. (1985) showed that K
content in cow's milk was 1.0 g/kg. Salih et al. (1987) noticed that K content
in cow's milk was 1.10 g/kg.
The contents of Na and K in milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.63,
1.25 and 0.36, 0.95 g/kg, respectively (Lampert, 1975). Merkel et al. (1990)
found that Na and K contents in milk of cattle and buffaloes were 0.7, 1.0 and
0.4, 0.6 g/kg, respectively. Farag et al. (1992) found that Na and K contents in
milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.50, 1.73 and 0.49, 1.32 g/kg, respectively.
Haenlein (1980) reported that Na and K contents in goat's milk ranged from
0.35 to 0.42 and 1.62 to 2.28 g/kg, respectively. Migdal et al. (1990) showed
that Na and K contents in goat's milk were 0.32 and 0.96 g/kg, respectively.
The concentrations of Na and K in cow's milk were 0.59, 1.45 and 0.75,
1.28 g/kg, when cows fed adequate K (0.86%) and deficient K (0.08-0.15%),
respectively (Pradhan and Hemeken, 1968). Dennis et al. (1976) found that
Na and K contents in cow's milk were 0.57, 1.59; 0.61, 1.60 and 0.62, 1.59
g/kg, when dietary K levels were 0.45; 0.55 and 0.66% of DM, respectively.
Dennis and Hemeken (1978) reported that Na and K contents in cow's milk
were 0.50, 1.31; 0.45, 1.51 and 0.49, 1.40 g/kg, when dietary K levels were
0.46; 0.69 and 0.97%, respectively. Oluokun and Bell (1985b) showed that K
32
contents in cow's milk were 0.68, 0.69 and 0.62 g/kg, when dietary K contents
were 23.66, 28.73 and 18.04 g/kg DM, respectively.
4-2- Micro mineral:
4-2-1- Copper (Cu):
The range and average content of Cu in milk were 0.044-0.190 and
0.086 mg/kg (Murthy et al., 1972). Murphy et al. (1977) found that Cu level
of milk ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 mg/kg. Salih et al. (1985) reported that Cu
content in cow's milk was 0.32 mg/kg. Salih et al. (1985) showed that Cu
concentration in cow's milk was 0.34 mg/kg. Ali (1984) indicated that Cu
content in buffalo's milk was 0.28 mg/kg. Lampert (1975) found that Cu
content in milk of cows and buffaloes ranged from 0.05 to 0.20 mg/kg.
Merkel et al. (1990) reported that Cu contents in milk of cattle and buffaloes
were 0.30 and 0.40 mg/kg, respectively. Farag et al. (1992) reported that Cu
contents in milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.19 and 0.22 mg/kg,
respectively.
The content of Cu in goat's milk was 0.60 mg/kg (Akinsoyinu et al.,
1979). Haenlen (1980) found that Cu concentration in goat's milk ranged from
0.10 to 0.70 mg/kg, while Migdal et al. (1990) reported 1.27 mg/kg in goat's
milk.
4-2-2- Zinc (Zn):
The average level of Zn in milk was about 4 mg/kg (Miller et al.,
1965a). Parkash and Jenness (1967) found that Zn content in cow's milk
ranged from 3-6 mg/kg. Murthy et al. (1972) reported that the range and
average contents of Zn in cow's milk were 2.40-5.10 and 3.28 mg/kg,
respectively. Salih et al. (1985) showed that Zn content in cow's milk was 4.2
mg/kg. Salih et al. (1987) stated that the concentration of Zn in cow's milk
33
ranged from 3.75 to 4.51 mg/kg. Ali (1984) concluded that Zn concentration
in buffalo's milk was 8.4 mg/kg.
The concentration of Zn in milk of cows and buffaloes ranged from 3-5
mg/kg (Lampert, 1975). Merkel et al. (1990) found that Zn contents in milk
of cattle and buffaloes were 2.96 and 3.91 mg/kg, respectively. Akinsoyinu et
al. (1979) reported that the concentration of Zn in goat's milk ranged from
3.10 to 4.86 mg/kg. Migdal et al. (1990) showed that Zn level in goat's milk
was 7.92 mg/kg.
Decreasing dietary Zn from atypical 40 to 17 ppm reduced milk Zn
content from 4.2 to 2.3 mg/kg, whereas increasing dietary Zn from 44 to 1279
ppm elevated milk Zn from 4.2 to 8.4 mg/kg (Miller et al., 1965b and Miller,
1975). Neathery et al. (1973) found that Zn content of milk decreased from
8.0 to 5.2 mg/kg as dietary Zn intake decreased from 695 to 295 mg/day.
Gomaa et al. (1993b) reported that Zn contents in goat's milk were 3.6, 5.0,
4.8, 5.3 and 5.0 mg/kg, when dietary Zn intake were 74.0, 166.4, 84.8, 65.2
and 79.5 mg/day, respectively.
4-2-3- Manganese (Mn):
The concentration of Mn in bovine milk was 0.010-0.015 mg/kg
(Thomas, 1970). Murthy et al. (1972) found that the range and average of Mn
contents in cow's milk were 0.033-0.211 and 0.091 mg/kg, respectively. Salih
et al. (1985) reported that Mn content in cow's milk was 0.09 mg/kg.
Moreover, Salih et al. (1987) showed that cow's milk contained 0.089 mg/kg.
The content of Mn in milk of cows and buffaloes ranged from 0.02 to
0.05 mg/kg (Lampert, 1975). Farag et al. (1992) found that Mn contents in
milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.038 and 0.042 mg/kg, respectively.
Akinsoyinu et al. (1979) found that Mn content in goat's milk was 0.05
34
mg/kg. Haenlein (1980) reported that Mn concentration in goat's milk ranged
from 0.07 to 0.09 mg/kg.
4-2-4- Iron (Fe):
Iron concentration in milk of cows and goats was about 0.5 mg/kg
(Thomas, 1970). Merthy et al. (1972) found that the range and average of Fe
contents in milk of cows were 0.20-1.31 and 0.64 mg/kg, respectively.
Murphy et al. (1977) reported that Fe content in cow's milk ranged from 0.10
to 0.30 mg/kg. Salih et al. (1985) showed that Fe content in cow's milk was
0.51 mg/kg. Salih et al. (1987) noticed that Fe concentration in cow's milk
ranged from 0.89 to 1.20 mg/kg.
The concentration of Fe in milk of cattle and buffaloes ranged from
0.20 to 0.40 mg/kg (Lampert, 1975). Farag et al. (1992) found that Fe
contents in milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.48 and 1.22 mg/kg,
respectively. Akinsoyinu et al. (1979) found that Fe level in goat's milk
ranged from 0.30 to 0.67 mg/kg. Haenlen (1980) reported that the
concentration of Fe in goat's milk ranged from 0.10 to 0.70 mg/kg. Migdal et
al. (1990) showed that Fe content in goat's milk was 7.42 mg/kg.
5- The effect of high dietary calcium level on mineral utilization:
5-1- Macro mineral:
5-1-1- Calcium (Ca):
The efficiency of Ca utilization depended on Ca intake and Ca
absorption appears to be a function of need for Ca in relation to Ca supply in
the ration (Ward et al., 1972). Ammerman and Godrich (1983) and Richter et
al. (1990) found that high dietary Ca intake led to decrease apparent Ca
absorption and balance. Chicco et al. (1973) reported that Ca absorpation by
sheep decreased with increasing dietary Ca level from 0.13 to 0.42%.
Szyszkowska and Pres (1988) stated that Ca retention decreased from 7.2 to
35
6.5 g/day due to increasing dietary Ca level from 0.85 to 1.10%. On contrast,
Abd El-Raouf (1987) showed that Ca absorption by wethers increased from
1.01 to 3.83 g/day as a result of increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to
1.43%.
The concentration of Ca in serum of pigs increased from 7.52 to 13.42
mg/100 ml by increasing dietary Ca level from 0.4 to 1.6% (Miller et al.,
1962). Chicco et al. (1973) found that increasing dietary Ca intake from 0.13
to 0.42% led to increase plasma Ca concentration of sheep from 10.10 to
10.73 mg/100 ml. On contrast, Beitz et al. (1973) reported that plasma Ca
concentration of dairy cows decreased from 7.0 to 6.5 mg/100 ml by
increasing dietary Ca level from 0.52 to 1.10%. Abd El-Raouf (1987) showed
that plasma Ca concentration of Merino wethers decreased from 9.86 to 8.88
mg/100 ml with increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to 1.43%. Also,
Szyszkowska and Pres (1988) stated that increasing dietary Ca level from
0.85 to 1.10% led to decrease plasma Ca concentration from 12.2 to 10.5
mg/100 ml. Moreover, Crookshank et al. (1966) noticed that serum Ca
concentration of lambs increased from 9.00 to 10.48 mg/100 ml by increasing
dietary Ca level from 0.17 to 0.33% and decreased again to 10.40 mg/100 ml
with increasing dietary Ca level to 0.47%. However, Kincaid et al. (1991)
shown that increasing dietary Ca level did not influence the concentration of
Ca in plasma or serum. Oluekun and Bell (1985b) found that increasing
dietary Ca level from 3.66 to 5.35 g/kg led to decrease milk Ca content from
57.74 to 52.15 meq/liter.
5-1-2- Phosphorus (P):
High dietary Ca level had an inhibitory effect on P absorption (Durand
et al., 1982). Field et al. (1984) reported that the addition of Ca to the diet
reduced the efficiency of the absorption of P supplement. Forbes (1963) found
36
that increasing dietary Ca level from 0.40 to 0.80% depressed P gain in
animals fed the low P diets. Abd El-Raouf (1987) showed that P absorption
and retention were slightly increased by increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43
to 1.43.
Increasing dietary Ca level from 0.4 to 1.6% led to decrease serum P
concentration of pigs from 11.38 to 8.02 mg/100 ml (Miller et al., 1962).
Crookshank et al. (1966) found that increasing dietary Ca level from 0.17 to
0.47% resulted in decreased serum P concentration of lambs from 10.28 to
7.62 mg/100 ml. Also, Chicco et al. (1973) reported that plasma P
concentration of lambs decreased from 9.20 to 8.37 mg/100 ml as a result of
increasing dietary Ca level from 0.14 to 0.42%. On contrast, Abd El-Raouf
(1987) found that plasma P of sheep increased from 4.77 to 5.27 mg/100 ml
by increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to 1.43%. However, Kincaid et al.
(1981) stated that serum P concentration of cows was not affected by
increasing dietary Ca level from 1.0 to 1.8%.
5-1-3- Magnesium (Mg):
Magnesium deficiency is exacerbated by a diet high in Ca (Tufts and
Greenberg, 1938). Toothill (1962) found that there is a good evidence that
high level of Ca in the diet of animals interfere with Mg absorption. Alcock
and Mac Intyre (1962) reported that there is a reciprocal compensatory
absorption of Ca or Mg from a diet deficient in the other element. Abd El-
Raouf (1987) stated that Mg retention decreased from 0.48 to 0.44 g/day with
increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to 1.43%, respectively.
Increasing dietary Ca level from 0.40 to 0.80% led to decrease serum
Mg concentration in the rats from 1.63 to 1.30 mg/100 ml (Forbes, 1964).
Crookshank et al. (1966) found that serum Mg concentration of lambs
decreased from 2.96 to 2.62 mg/100 ml with increasing dietary Ca level from
37
0.17 to 0.47%. Also, Chicco et al. (1973) reported that serum Mg
concentration of sheep decreased from 2.34 to 2.16 mg/100 ml as a result of
increasing dietary Ca level from 0.13 to 0.43%. Moreover, Abd El-Raouf
(1987) that plasma Mg concentration of sheep decreased from 3.30 to 3.06
mg/100 ml due to increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to 1.43%. However,
Kincaid et al. (1981) reported that increasing dietary Ca level from 1.0 to
1.8% did not affect plasma Mg concentration of cows, which was about 2.5
mg/100 ml. Oluckun and Bell (1985a,b) stated that plasma Mg concentration
in cows increased from 1.28 to 1.74 meq/ liter, but milk Mg content decreased
from 7.53 to 6.57 meq/ liter as a result of increasing dietary Ca level from
3.66 to 5.35 g/kg.
5-1-4- Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K):
Increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to 1.43% resulted in decreased
Na and K retention from 0.50 and 1.31 to 0.02 and 0.62 g/day and decreased
plasma Na and K concentration in sheep from 375.67 and 34.70 to 347.89 and
Daily feed intake, chemical composition and mineral concentration are
presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3.
41
1-2- Collection of samples: 1-2-1- Feedstuffs:
Samples of concentrate mixture, berseem and rice straw were taken at the beginning, middle and end of the experiment. Samples were dried, ground and prepared for both chemical analysis and mineral determinantion.
1-2-2- Faeces: Fresh faeces from each ram was weighed daily and sample of about
25% of the weight was taken and dried in a forced air oven at 70 oC for 24 hours. Dried samples were composted for each ram. The representative samples were taken at the end of experiment and ground, then prepared for
chemical analysis and mineral determination.
Table (1). Daily feedstuffs intake of winter and summer rations by sheep.
The data obtained from chemical analysis and minerals determination
were statistically analyzed according to Snedecor and Cochran (1980).
Significance was determined by multiple range test (Duncan, 1955).
46
IV- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1- Mineral utilization by sheep:
1-1- Macro mineral:
1-1-1- Calcium (Ca):
Data presented in Table (5) indicated that Ca consumption by sheep
during winter and summer rations was 15.60 and 16.37 g/day, respectively.
Results revealed that Ca intake appears to be affected by the ration intake
(Table 1) and Ca content in the components of the ration (Table 3). Dietary
Ca intake from both rations was higher than the recommended requirements
for sheep (0.40-0.55%, Georgievskii, 1982).
Calcium excreted in feces during feeding winter and summer rations
were 9.70 and 10.28 g/day, respectively, which increased with increasing
dietary Ca intake. These results agree with that obtained by Abd El-Raouf
(1987) who found that fecal Ca excretion by sheep increased by increasing
dietary Ca from 0.43 to 1.43%. Moreover, Martin and Deluca (1969)
indicated that a large amount of Ca was re-secreted into the intestinal lumen
and mostly lost in feces while urinary Ca excretion remained relatively
constant. However, fecal Ca varies widely in response to diet, suggesting that
Ca levels are well controlled at the level of absorption.
Although dietary Ca intake (g/day) by sheep of both rations was high,
yet Ca absorption and retention increased as a result of increasing dietary Ca
intake, which increased from 5.90 and 3.75 g/day in winter ration to 6.09 and
3.82 g/day in summer ration, respectively. Similar results obtained by Abs El-
Raouf (1987) who found that Ca absorption and retention increased from 1.01
and 0.87 to 3.83 and 3.59 g/day by increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to
1.43%. Wasserman and Taylor (1969) proposed that total Ca absorption was
47
regulated by passive diffusion process independent of intestinal concentration
and also regulated by Ca requirement of the body. This may be due to the
regulation of blood Ca level, which controlled by two hormones, parathyroid
hormone and calcitonin. When blood Ca level drops parathyroid hormone is
produced and stimulates the production of 1, 25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol,
the active form of vitamin D (Deluca, 1974). 1, 25- dihydroxy cholecalciferol
increased blood Ca level by increasing intestinal absorption of Ca and in
conjunction with parathyroid hormone decreases loss of Ca in urine. When
high level of Ca in the blood occurs, the production of parathyroid hormone,
thus reducing absorption of Ca from the intestines and resorption from bone
(Ammerman and Goodrich, 1983).
Table (5). Calcium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations.
Item Winter ration Summer ration
g/day
Intake 15.60 16.37 Excretion
Feces 9.70 10.28 Urine 2.15 2.27 Total 11.85 12.55
Apparent absorption 5.90 6.09 Net retention 3.75 3.82
% of intake Excretion
Feces 62.18 62.80 Urine 13.78 13.87 Total 75.96 76.66
Apparent absorption 37.82 37.20 Net retention 24.04 23.34 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.
48
1-1-2- Phosphorus (P):
The effect of traditional winter and summer rations on P metabolism by
sheep is shown in Table (6). There was significant difference (P<0.05) for P
intake between winter and summer rations, which was 4.08 and 5.13 g/day,
respectively. Fecal P excretion was higher, which was ranged from 110.14 to
131.62% of P intake. It may be due to increasing dietary Ca intake (1.29-
1.34%) or wide Ca: P ratio (3.2-3.8: 1) and the major route of P excretion
occurs through feces. Similar results obtained by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who
found that fecal P excretion was higher when sheep fed high dietary Ca level
(1.43%). Phosphorus absorption and retention were -1.29 and -1.59 d/day and
-0.52 and -0.87 g/day in winter and summer rations, respectively.
Table (6). Phosphorus balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations.
Item Winter ration Summer ration
g/day
Intake 4.08a 5.13b Excretion
Feces 5.37 5.65 Urine 0.30 0.35 Total 5.67 6.00
Apparent absorption -1.29a -0.52b Net retention -1.59a -0.87b
% of intake Excretion
Feces 131.62 110.14 Urine 7.35 6.82 Total 138.97 116.96
Apparent absorption -31.62 -10.14 Net retention -38.97 -16.96 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.
49
The present results may be due to increasing dietary Ca, Mg, K and Fe
level or wide Ca: P ratio in both rations, which have adverse effect on P
absorption or retention. These results was in agreement with that obtained by
Abd El-Raouf (1987) who found that P absorption and retention tended to
decrease in sheep fed high dietary Ca level (1.43%). Georgievskii (1982) and
Durand et al. (1982) observed an inhibitory effect of dietary Ca, Mg, K and
Fe on the absorption and retention of P owing to the formation of insoluble
phosphorus.
1-1-3- Magnesium (Mg):
Dietary Mg intake during winter ration was significantly (P<0.05)
lower than during summer ration as shown in Table (7), being 5.00 and 6.73
g/day, respectively. Fecal Mg excretion increased significantly (P<0.05) from
2.88 g/day in winter ration to 3.38 g/day in summer ration. The present results
agree with that obtained by Chester-Jones et al. (1989) who found that
absorption and retention were significantly (P<0.05) higher for sheep fed
summer ration (3.35 and 3.04 g/day) than those fed winter ration (2.12 and
1.87 g/day). Similar results were obtained by Chester-Jones et al. (1989) who
reported that apparent Mg absorption expressed as g/day increased as dietary
Mg increased to 1.2%. Magnesium excreted in feces was higher than Mg
absorption (% intake) as a result of increasing dietary Ca intake. These results
agreed with that obtained by Geogievskii (1982) who found an antagonism
effect of dietary Ca on Mg absorption.
50
Table (7). Magnesium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations.
Item Winter ration Summer ration
g/day Intake 5.00a 6.73b
Excretion Feces 2.88a 3.38b Urine 0.25 0.31
Total 3.13a 3.69b Apparent absorption 2.12a 3.35b
Net retention 1.87a 3.04b
% of intake
Excretion Feces 57.60 50.22 Urine 5.00 4.61
Total 62.60 54.83 Apparent absorption 42.40 49.78
Net retention 37.40 45.17 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.
1-1-4- Sodium (Na):
Sodium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations are presented
in Table (8). Sodium intake during winter and summer rations by sheep was
7.95 and 8.69 g/day, respectively. Fecal and urinary Na excretion increased
with increasing dietary Na intake, being 0.24 and 3.00 g/day in winter ration
and 0.30 and 3.50 g/day in summer ration, respectively. These results agree
with that obtained by Nelson et al. (1955) who reported that fecal and urinary
Na excretion was higher when steers fed high salt diets. Moreover, increasing
dietary Ca intake resulted in increased excretion of Na in both feces and urine.
Similar results have also been reported by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who
observed that fecal and urinary Na excretion of sheep was increased by
51
increasing dietary Ca up to 1.43%. Sodium retention by sheep significantly
increased (P<0.05) with increasing dietary Na intake, which increased from
4.71 g/day in winter ration to 4.89 g/day in summer ration. These results are
in accordance with that obtained by Nelson et al. (1955) who reported feeding
the high level of salt led to a significant increase (P<0.05) in the retention of
Na. Moreover, Na retention (% of intake) decreased from 59.25% in winter
ration to 56.27% in summer ration. This may be due to increasing dietary Ca
intake in summer ration than in winter ration. The present result agreed with
that obtained by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who stated that Na retention decreased
from 46.30 to 31.91% of Na intake with increasing dietary Ca from 0.43 to
1.43%.
Table (8). Sodium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations.
Item Winter ration Summer ration
g/day
Intake 7.95a 8.69b Excretion
Feces 0.24 0.30 Urine 3.00a 3.50b Total 3.24a 3.80b
Apparent absorption 7.71a 8.39b Net retention 4.71a 4.89b
% of intake Excretion
Feces 3.02 3.45 Urine 37.74 40.28 Total 40.76 43.73
Apparent absorption 96.98 96.55 Net retention 59.25 56.27 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.
52
1-1-5- Potassium (K):
Potassium absorption and balance data are presented in Table (9). The
excretion of K in feces slightly increased from 0.50 to 0.58 g/day, while K
excretion in urine significantly increased (P<0.05) from 6.50 to 7.27 g/day as
a result of significant (P<0.05) increase in K intake by sheep from 35.77
g/day during winter ration to 37.80 g/day during summer ration. Moreover, K
absorption and retention increased with increasing dietary K intake, which
increased from 35.27 and 28.77 g/day in winter ration to 37.22 and 29.95
g/day in summer ration, respectively. The previous results are in agreement
with those obtained by Greene et al. (1983a) who found that feeding high K
ration resulted in a linear increase in fecal and urinary K excretion and also K
absorption and retention.
Table (9). Potassium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations.
Item Winter ration Summer ration
g/day
Intake 35.77a 37.80b
Excretion
Feces 0.50 0.58
Urine 6.50a 7.27b
Total 7.00a 7.85b
Apparent absorption 35.27a 37.22b
Net retention 28.77a 29.95b
% of intake
Excretion
Feces 1.40 1.53
Urine 18.17 19.23
Total 19.57 20.77
Apparent absorption 98.60 98.47
Net retention 80.43 79.23 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.
53
However, K absorption and retention (% of intake) decreased from
98.60 and 80.43% in winter ration to 98.47 and 79.23% in summer ration with
increasing dietary Ca intake from 15.60 to 16.37 g/day. Similar results were
obtained by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who stated that K retention (% of intake)
decreased by increasing dietary Ca.
1-2- Micro mineral:
1-2-1- Copper:
The absorption and retention of Cu for sheep fed traditional winter and
summer rations are shown in Table (10). Copper intake by sheep significantly
increased (P<0.05) from 13.32 mg/day in case of winter ration to 16.04
mg/day in summer ration. Fecal Cu excretion increased from 7.51 mg/day in
winter ration to 8.20 mg/day in summer ration and also, Cu absorption
increased from 5.81 mg/day by using winter ration to 7.84 mg/day in summer
ration as a results of increasing dietary Cu intake. The present results are in
accordance with that found by Cymbaluk et al. (1981) who reported that fecal
Cu excretion and absorption increased by increasing dietary Cu intake.
Moreover, fecal Cu excretion was higher than Cu absorption (as percent of
intake) due to that dietary Ca had antagonism effect on Cu absorption.
1-2-2- Zinc (Zn):
The effect of winter and summer rations on Zn absorption is presented
in Table (11). Dietary Zn intake by sheep significantly increased (P<0.05)
from 70.49 mg/day in winter ration to 82.80 mg/day in summer ration. The
excretion of Zn in feces and urine increased significantly (P<0.05) from 77.96
and 4.02 mg/day in winter ration to 88.08 and 4.79 mg/day in summer ration
due to increasing dietary Zn intake. Moreover, apparent Zn absorption and
retention showed negative balance, which were -7.47 and -11.49 mg/day in
winter ration and -5.28 and -10.07 mg/day in summer ration, although dietary
Zn intake was covered the recommended requirements for sheep (50-60 ppm,
ARC, 1980).
54
Table (10). Copper balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. Item Winter ration Summer ration
mg/day Intake 13.32a 16.04b Excretion
Feces 7.51a 8.20b Urine 0.73a 0.84b Total 8.24a 9.04b
Apparent absorption 5.81a 7.84b Net retention 5.08a 7.00b % of intake Excretion
Feces 56.38 51.12 Urine 5.48 5.24 Total 61.86 56.36
Apparent absorption 43.62 48.88 Net retention 38.14 43.64 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.
Table (11). Zinc balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. Item Winter ration Summer ration
mg/day Intake 70.49a 82.80b Excretion
Feces 77.96a 88.08b Urine 4.02a 4.79b Total 81.98a 92.87b
Apparent absorption -7.47a -5.28b Net retention -11.49a -10.07b % of intake Excretion
Feces 110.60 106.38 Urine 5.70 5.79 Total 116.30 112.16
Apparent absorption -10.60 -6.38 Net retention -16.30 -12.16 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.
55
These results may be due to the higher concentrations of Ca (1.29-
1.34%), Na (0.68%), K (3%) and Fe (410-418 ppm) in winter and summer
rations more than the recommended requirements, which may be effect on Zn
absorption or retention. The previous results are in accordance with that
obtained by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who found that fecal and urinary Zn
excretion increased with increasing dietary Ca and Zn intake, while Zn
absorption and retention decreased with increasing dietary Ca intake.
Georgievskii (1982) and Abd El-Raouf and El-Leithi (1992) reported that
increasing dietary Ca, Na, K and Fe intakes reduced Zn absorption and
retention in ruminants, which had antagonism effect on Zn absorption.
1-2-3- Manganese (Mn):
Data presented in Table (12) indicated that dietary Mn intake by sheep
significantly increased (P<0.05) from 60.76 mg/day in winter ration to 74.90
mg/day in summer ration. The excretion of Mn in feces and urine increased
from 68.98 and 2.66 mg/day in winter ration to 83.61 and 2.95 mg/day in
summer ration, respectively as a result of increasing dietary Mn intake. These
results agreed with that obtained by Watson et al. (1973) who found that fecal
and urinary Mn excretion of lambs increased with increasing dietary Mn
intake. Although dietary Mn intake by sheep was within the recommended
requirements of sheep (40-60 ppm, ARC, 1980), the apparent absorption and
retention of Mn was negative, which was -8.22 and -10.88 mg/day in winter
ration and -8.71 and -11.66 mg/day in summer ration. These results were
probably due to increasing the level of dietary Ca (1.29-1.34%), Mg (0.43-
0.53%) and Na (0.68%), which reduced the availability of Mn. Similar results
were observed by Abd El-Raouf (1987), which revealed tthat Mn absorption
and retention decreased with increasing dietary Ca from 0.43 to 1.43%.
56
Geogrievskii (1982) reported an antagonism effects of dietary Ca, Mg and Na
on Mn absorption.
Table (12). Manganese balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations.
Item Winter ration Summer ration
mg/day
Intake 60.76a 74.90b
Excretion
Feces 68.96a 83.61b
Urine 2.66a 2.95b
Total 71.64a 86.56b
Apparent absorption -8.22 -8.71
Net retention -10.88 -11.66
% of intake
Excretion
Feces 113.53 111.63
Urine 4.38 3.94
Total 117.91 115.57
Apparent absorption -13.53 -11.63
Net retention -17.91 -15.57 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.
1-2-4- Iron (Fe):
Iron balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations are presented in
Table (13). Iron intake by sheep increased significantly (P<0.05) from 478.70
mg/day in winter ration to 529.48 mg/day in summer ration, which resulted in
a significant (P<0.05) increase in fecal and urinary Fe excretion from 266.85
and 3.38 mg/day in winter ration to 288.45 and 4.76 mg/day in summer
ration, respectively. These results are in agreement with that obtained by
Hitchcock et al. (1974) who found that fecal Fe excretion increased with
57
increasing dietary Fe intake. Drew et al. (1990) reported that urinary Fe
excretion increased by Fe supplementation.
Table (13). Iron balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations.
Item Winter ration Summer ration
mg/day
Intake 478.70a 529.48b
Excretion
Feces 226.85a 288.45b
Urine 3.38a 4.76b
Total 270.23a 293.21b
Apparent absorption 211.85a 241.03b
Net retention 208.47a 236.27b
% of intake
Excretion
Feces 55.75 54.48
Urine 0.71 0.90
Total 56.45 55.38
Apparent absorption 44.26 45.52
Net retention 43.55 44.62 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.
Apparent Fe absorption and retention increased significantly (P<0.05)
from 211.85 and 208.47 mg/day in winter ration to 241.03 and 236.27 mg/day
in summer ration as resulted by increasing dietary Fe intake, respectively.
Similar results obtained by Hitchcock et al. (1974) who found that Fe
absorption and retention increased with increasing Fe intake. Although dietary
Fe intake being 6-8 times higher than the requirements of sheep (50-70 ppm,
ARC, 1980), contributing to the increased Fe intake, Fe absorption (% of
intake) was nearly similar and did not influence by increasing dietary Fe
58
intake. The percent of Fe absorption decreased when dietary Fe level
increased (Standish et al., 1971). Increasing amount of dietary Fe is prevented
from entering the body by a regulating mechanism mediated by the mucosal
cells of gastro-intestinal tract and that Fe absorption is therefore controlled by
body Fe stors and requirements (Ammerman et al., 1967). It has long been
held that the absorption of Fe is to a large extent independent of the dietary
source, the efficiency of absorption being increased during periods of Fe need
and decreased during the periods of Fe overload (McDoland et al., 1987). Iron
absorption was lower than fecal Fe excretion (% of intake), it may be due to
the high dietary Ca level (1.29-1.34%). These results agreed with that
obtained by Georgievskii (1982) who found an antagonism effect of dietary
Ca on Fe absorption.
2- Hair as an important indicator of mineral status of Friesian and
buffalo cows and their growing heifers:
2-1- Macro mineral:
2-1-1- Calcium (Ca):
The content of Ca in hair of Friesian and buffaloes as influenced by
dietary Ca intake in winter and summer rations is presented in Table (14).
Calcium content in hair of Friesian cows (FC) and heifers (FH) increased
from 2147 and 2154 to 2221 and 2393 ppm, while in hair of buffalo cows
(BC) and heifers (BH) significantly increased (P<0.05) from 1455 and 1581
to 1729 and 1958 ppm, when dietary Ca intake by cows and heifers increased
from 137.76 and 86.94 g/day in winter ration to 155.28 and 103.52 g/day in
summer ration, respectively. These results confirmed by increasing Ca
absorption by sheep with increasing dietary Ca intake (Table 5). Moreover,
the present results agreed with the finding of Hedges et al. (1976) who found
that increasing dietary Ca level (1.4% of DM) resulted in higher Ca content in
59
hair. The correlation between dietary Ca intake and Ca content of hair was
0.38, thus it may be concluded that Ca content of hair was more sensitive
indicator of Ca intake.
2-1-2- Phosphorus (P):
Phosphorus content in hair of Friesian and buffaloes as affected by P
intake is presented in Table (14). The concentration of P in hair of FH and BH
significantly increased (P<0.05) from 168 and 140 to 184 and 151 ppm, but in
hair of FC and BC increased from 165 and 140 to 175 and 149 ppm as dietary
P intake by heifers and cows increased from 22.92 and 36.92 g/day in winter
ration to 29.34 and 44.01 g/day in summer ration, respectively. The present
results are in accordance with that of Kornegay et al. (1981) who stated that P
content in hair of pigs was higher when fed high P diet. Obviously hair P
content (Table 16) in the present study is lower than the critical level in black
hair of Friesian cows (200 ppm, Anke, 1967). It may be due to high levels of
dietary Ca (1.16-1.27%), Mg (0.43-0.46%), K (2.74-2.94%) and Fe (323-373
ppm) than the recommended requirements for animals (NRC, 1978), or wide
Ca: P ratio (3.5-3.8: 1) than the optimum ratio (1.5-2.0: 1). These results are
in accordance with those obtained by Field et al. (1984) who reported that the
addition of Ca to the diet reduced the efficiency of P absorption. Durand et al.
(1982) and Georgieveskii (1982) also observed an inhibitory effect of dietary
Ca, Mg, K and Fe on P absorption. Moreover, results in Table (6) showed a
negative P absorption and retention in rams fed the same diets of Friesian and
buffaloes. Hair P content is therefore a good indicator of P status in Friesian
and buffalo cows and their growing heifers.
60
Table (14). Effect of macro mineral intake during winter and summer rations
on macro minerals concentration in hair of Friesian and buffalo
The effect of diet on Mg content in hair of Friesian and buffaloes is
presented in Table (14). The concentration of Mg in hair of FH, BH, FC and
BC significantly increased (P<0.05) from 1346, 850, 1144 and 720 to 1478,
899, 1289 and 870 ppm by increasing dietary Mg intake by heifers and cows
from 30.70 and 47.63 g/day in winter ration to 41.04 and 61.56 g/day in
61
summer ration, respectively. Results in the present study agreed with those
obtained by Anke (1966) who found that moderate increase in dietary Mg
resulted in increasing Mg content in hair of cattle. Moreover, hair Mg content
(Table 16) was higher than the critical level (750-800 ppm, Anke, 1967) for
black hair of Friesian. These results were supported by the positive Mg
balance (Table 7). In the present study the correlation between Mg intake and
hair Mg content was 0.38. So, it could be concluded that Mg content of hair is
a better indicator of Mg supply in diet.
2-1-4- Sodium (Na):
Data in Table (14) indicated that Na content in hair of Friesian and
buffaloes were affected by both winter and summer rations. Increasing dietary
Na intake by heifers and cows from 47.45 and 72.78 g/day in winter ration to
58.36 and 87.54 g/day in summer ration resulted in significant increase
(P<0.05) in the content of Na in hair of FH, BH, FC and BC from 1684, 1678,
1705 and 1546 to 2096, 1947, 1925 and 1925 ppm, respectively. Similar
results were reported by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who found that Na content in
hair of cattle increased by increasing dietary Na intake. Moreover, it clear
from Table (8) that Na retention increased by increasing dietary Na intake.
Hair Na content (Table 16) was higher than the critical level of Na in black
hair of cattle (600 ppm, Anke, 1967) as a result of the high level of dietary Na
intake. The correlation between Na intake and Na content of hair was positive
(r = 0.45). This result illustrated that Na content of hair is more sensitive
indicator of dietary Na intake.
2-1-5- Potassium (K):
The contents of K in hair of Friesian and buffaloes as influenced by the
winter and summer rations are revealed in Table (14). The concentration of K
in hair of FH, BH, FC and BC significantly increased (P<0.05) from 4977,
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4210, 4431 and 4384 to 5654, 4749, 5447 and 4594 ppm with increasing
dietary K intake by heifers and cows from 206.96 and 320.13 g/day in winter
ration to 244.32 and 366.48 g/day in summer ration, respectively. Similar
results were found by Anke (1966) who reported that hair K content of cattle
increased with dietary K supplementation. Moreover, the retention of K by
sheep was positive and increased with increasing dietary K intake (Table 9).
The correlation between K intake and K content of hair was 0.64, which may
explain that K concentration in hair is more sensitive indicator for dietary K
intake of Friesian and buffaloes.
2-2- Micro mineral:
2-2-1- Cooper (Cu):
Copper contents in hair of Friesian and buffaloes as affected by dietary
Cu intake are presented in Table (15). The content of Cu in hair of FH, BH,
FC and BC slightly increased from 8.91, 9.02, 8.31 and 8.69 to 9.19, 9.46,
8.71 and 9.00 ppm as a result of increasing dietary Cu intake by heifers and
cows from 76.47 and 121.07 mg/day in winter ration to 97.00 and 145.50
mg/day in summer ration, respectively. Hedges and Kornegay (1973) found
linear increase in Cu content of hair by feeding high dietary Cu level.
Moreover, it is obvious from Table (16) that Cu content of hair was higher
than the critical level (7 ppm, Anke, 1967), which Cu balance by sheep was
positive (Table 10). The positive correlation between Cu intake and Cu
content of hair was 0.42. So, hair Cu content is a better indicator of dietary Cu
intake.
2-2-2- Zinc (Zn):
The concentration of Zn in hair of Friesian and buffaloes as affected by
dietary Zn intake is shown in Table (15). Zinc content in hair of FH and BH
increased significantly (P<0.05) from 107.53 and 104.29 to 110.11 and
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108.24 ppm, while in hair of FC and BC increased from 104.23 and 103.63 to
105.27 and 104.31 ppm with increasing dietary Zn intake by heifers and cows
from 402.33 and 636.87 mg/day in winter ration to 503.06 and 754.59 mg/day
in summer ration, respectively. Beeson et al. (1977) found that hair Zn
content increased linearly by increasing dietary Zn intake. The content of Zn
in hair of Friesian and buffaloes (Table 16) was lower than the critical level
(115 ppm, Anke, 1967). The higher levels of dietary Ca, Na, K and Fe (Tables
14 and 15) may have resulted in a decreased Zn content of hair. These results
are confirmed by the negative correlation between Ca intake and Zn content
of hair (r = -0.71). Moreover, Zn balance was negative in rams fed the same
rations as Friesian and buffaloes (Table 11). The present results are in
agreement with those obtained by Hedges et al. (1976) who found that pigs
fed high Ca diets had lower Zn content in hair. Kornegay et al. (1981)
reported that there was a negative correlation between Ca and Zn contents in
hair of pigs. Geovgievskii (1982) stated that high dietary Ca, Na, K and Fe
resulted in reduced Zn absorption. Hair Zn content is therefore a good
indicator of Zn status in Friesian and buffalo cows and their growing heifers.
2-2-3- Manganese (Mn):
The content of Mn in hair of Friesian and buffaloes as influenced by
diet is presented in Table (15). The content of Mn in hair of FH, BH and FC
significantly increased (P<0.05) from 6.58, 6.15 and 6.10 to 7.27, 6.92 and
6.90 ppm while in hair of BC increased from 6.02 to 6..40 ppm as a result of
increasing dietary Mn intake by heifers and cows from 324.94 and 543.53
mg/day in winter ration to 408.22 and 612.33 mg/day in summer ration,
respectively. These results agreed with the findings of Anke (1966) who
found that hair Mn content increased by increasing dietary Mn intake. The
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content of Mn in hair of Friesian and buffaloes (Table 16) was lower than the
critical level of Mn in black hair of cattle (12 ppm, Anke et al., 1981).
Increasing dietary Ca, Mg and Na levels (Table 14) led to a decrease in
hair Mn content. Also, the negative correlation between Ca intake and Mn
content of hair was – 0.64. These results agreed with that obtained by Abd El-
Raouf (1987) who found that high dietary Ca level in cattle affects on Mn
metabolism through effect on Mn content in hair and the correlation between
Mn content in hair and dietary Ca intake was negative (r = -0.56). Also,
confirmed by negative absorption and retention of Mn by sheep (Table 12).
Lassiter et al. (1970) and Georgievskii (1982) stated that dietary Ca, Mg and
Na levels have antagonism effect on Mn metabolism through its effect on Mn
absorption and retention. It may be concluded that Mn content of hair is more
sensitive indicator for dietary Mn status in Friesian and buffalo cows and their
growing heifers.
2-2-4- Iron (Fe):
The effect of dietary Fe on the content of Fe in hair of Friesian and
buffaloes is presented in Table (15). Iron content in hair of FH, BH, FC and
BC tended to increase from 26.99, 22.76, 37.34 and 25.38 to 27.18, 23.51,
38.14 and 25.77 ppm by increasing Fe intake by heifers and cows from
2431.00 and 4060.94 mg/day in winter ration to 2875.92 and 4313.88 mg/day
in summer ration, respectively. This result agreed with those obtained by
Hedges and Kornegay (1973) who reported that increasing dietary Fe intake
did not significantly affect the level of Fe in hair of pigs.
2-3- Ash percent:
Ash percent in hair of Friesian and buffaloes were not significantly
(P<0.05) influenced by the different rations as shown in Table (15). Ash
percent in hair of FH, BH, FC and BC tended to increase from 2.30, 2.00,
65
2.10 and 1.90 in winter ration to 2.38, 2.03, 2.18 and 1.95 in summer ration,
respectively. This conclusion is supported by results obtained by Wysocki and
Klett (1971).
Table (15). Effect of micro mineral intake during winter and summer rations
on micro minerals concentration in hair of Friesian and buffalo
cows and their growing heifers.
Elements Ration
*
Intake
mg/day FH* BH*
Intake
mg/day FC* BC*
Copper 1 76.47 8.91b 9.02bc 121.07 8.31a 8.69ab
ppm 2 97.00 9.19cd 9.46d 145.50 8.71ab 9.00bc
Zinc 1 402.33 107.53b
104.29a 636.87 104.23a 103.63a
ppm 2 503.06 110.11c
108.24b
c
754.59 105.27a
b
104.31a
Manganes
e
1 324.94 6.58ab 6.15a 543.53 6.10a 6.02a
ppm 2 408.22 7.27c 6.92bc 612.33 6.90bc 6.40ab
Iron 1 2431.0
0
26.99 22.76 4060.9
4
37.34 25.38
ppm 2 2875.9
2
27.18 23.51 4313.8
8
38.14 25.77
Ash 1 2.30c 2.00ab 2.10b 1.90a
% 2 2.38c 2.03ab 2.18b 1.95a
* Ration 1= winter ration (concentrate mixture + berseem + rice straw). Ration 2= summer ration (concentrate mixture + rice straw). ** FH= Friesian heifers, BH= Buffalo heifers, FC= Friesian cows and BC= Buffalo cows. *** Values for each element in the same horizontal or vertical line not followed by the
same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level. **** Recommended requirements of cattle for trace minerals (ppm) Cu= 10, Zn= 40, Mn=
40 and Fe= 50 (NRC, 1978).
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Table (16). Average concentration of minerals in hair of Friesian and buffalo