Metabolic Disorders Note

7/30/2019 Metabolic Disorders Note

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Metabolic DisordersMetabolic Disorders

Amin Ahmadzadeh

Department of Animal and VeterinaryScience

University of Idaho

Sources: Dairy Cattle Science, 1st edition. Editor Tyler

Slides courtesy of Dr. H.D. Tyler, Iowa State University


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Acquired Metabolic DisorderAcquired Metabolic Disorder

Metabolic disorder of early postpartumMetabolic disorder of early postpartum

cows:cows:

Fostered by management practices that areFostered by management practices that areaimed at greater productionaimed at greater production

Related to ------------------------------------------- Mgt.Related to ------------------------------------------- Mgt.

Related to ---------------------------------------------Related to ---------------------------------------------


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What is the Transition Period?What is the Transition Period?

Traditionally thought of as the period fromTraditionally thought of as the period fromdry off until parturitiondry off until parturition

More correctly identified as these 4More correctly identified as these 4

separate physiological states the cowseparate physiological states the cow

undergoes:undergoes:

Late LactationLate Lactation

Dry periodDry period

ParturitionParturition

Early LactationEarly Lactation


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Why a Transition Period?W

hy a Transition Period?

Dry cow diets are often bulky and low in

nutrient density No production requirement

When cows freshen, they are introduced

immediately to a very dense (hot) ration

This will lead to many problems if not

handled properly


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0 150 250

Days in milk

ProfitablePeriod Breakeven

PeriodDry

Period

Traditio

nal

305 Parturition

MoreCorrect

50205

Late Dry

Parturitio

nEarly


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Fig 48-1. Metabolic disorders often occur in apredictable sequence or cascade (Courtesy of


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Milk Fever (MF)Milk Fever (MF)

Etiology:Etiology:

Onset of lactation (usually first 72 hrOnset of lactation (usually first 72 hrpostpartum)postpartum)

Low ----------------------Low ----------------------

Normal:10mg/dLNormal:10mg/dL

MF: ------------ mg/dLMF: ------------ mg/dL

Affects older cows and Jersey breedAffects older cows and Jersey breedmore oftenmore often


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MFMF

Clinical symptoms:Clinical symptoms: StaggeringStaggering

Downer cow unable to riseDowner cow unable to rise

Head displacement to the sideHead displacement to the side

-------------------,------------------- ,-----------------------

Complications: RP, DA, bloat, etc.Complications: RP, DA, bloat, etc.

Delayed treatment:Delayed treatment:

Slower response to treatmentSlower response to treatment

Coma and deathComa and death

Cows with milk fever will typicallytuck their head back against theirflank (Courtesy of University ofIllinois)


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Low Blood Ca (below ~ 7 mg/dL)Low Blood Ca (below ~ 7 mg/dL)

Low feed intake

Low Rumen fill

>> rumen position

Low muscle tone>> uterine prolapse,

>> retained placenta

High VFA level to the intestine

>> Displacement abomasum

High blood cortisol

>> immunosuppression

Low blood insulin

>> lower glucose uptake>> exacerbate lipid metabolism

>>Ketosis


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Treatment of MFTreatment of MF

Restoration of Ca ASAPRestoration of Ca ASAP ------------------------------------------------ 250-500 ml250-500 ml

Can be administered s.c. in multiple sitesCan be administered s.c. in multiple sites

Retreat 8-12 hr later, if neededRetreat 8-12 hr later, if needed

Combination withCombination with ------------------ in severe casesin severe cases

Cows with previous experienceCows with previous experience

Ca gel orally 1 dayCa gel orally 1 day beforebefore and I dayand I day afteraftercalvingcalving

Vit. D or 1,25 dihydroxy vit D, 8 days beforeVit. D or 1,25 dihydroxy vit D, 8 days before

calving, s.c.calving, s.c.


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Blood

Ca

Colostrum

and milk

PTH

Intestine

Ca

Kidney

1,25 dihydroxy Vit. D

------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------


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blood and urine pH =blood and urine pH = DietaryDietary cationcation and Dietaryand Dietary anionanionBalance between [+] charges and [-] chargesBalance between [+] charges and [-] charges

Major dietary ions that contribute to bloodMajor dietary ions that contribute to blood

and urine pH areand urine pH are KK++, Na, Na++, and, and ClCl--

High blood pHHigh blood pH

High [KHigh [K++] ion in blood] ion in blood

Dietary K and NaDietary K and Na

Ca metabolismCa metabolismPTH malfunction and low blood CaPTH malfunction and low blood Ca


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What can we do?What can we do?

1)1) ------------------------------------------------------------------

2)2) Withhold KWithhold K++ fertilization from a filed that is in itsfertilization from a filed that is in its

last year of production and use that crop for drylast year of production and use that crop for dry

cows ?!cows ?!

3) ----------------------------------------- (full bloom) and(full bloom) and

use late cuttingsuse late cuttings

4) ------------------------------------- is not a bad optionis not a bad option

5)5) Find low KFind low K++ hay source and combine with cornhay source and combine with corn

silage (ration with < 2% Ksilage (ration with < 2% K++))


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Ketosis

4.6% of U.S. Cows (NAHMS, 1996)

Energy demand skyrockets and more

often than not cannot be met by intake

alone

Mobilization of body reserves ensues


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Ketosis (fresh-cow disease)Ketosis (fresh-cow disease)

Etiology:Etiology:

Occurs during theOccurs during the ------------------------postpartumpostpartum

Ketone bodies accumulate in the body fluidKetone bodies accumulate in the body fluid

Highly associated withHighly associated with ------------------------------

Affects high producing cows and cows that areAffects high producing cows and cows that are

over conditioned during dry periodover conditioned during dry period


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acetocaetateacetocaetate andand -hydoxybutyrte-hydoxybutyrteare ketones and can be toxicare ketones and can be toxic

Clinical signs:Clinical signs:

Abrupt drop in milk productionAbrupt drop in milk production

Loss of appetiteLoss of appetite

-------------- smelling breathsmelling breath

----------------------------

Lack of coordinationLack of coordination

Weight lossWeight loss

Diagnosis:Diagnosis:

Smell of breathSmell of breath

-------------------------------------

------------------------

(Ketostix, Chemstrip 9)(Ketostix, Chemstrip 9)

Looking for otherLooking for other

problemsproblems

(e.g. mastitis, indigestion,(e.g. mastitis, indigestion,

DA, etc)DA, etc)


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Liver overload and inhibition of FA oxidationLiver overload and inhibition of FA oxidation

Accumulation ofAccumulation oftriglyceridestriglycerides within hepatocytewithin hepatocyte

Conversion of acetyl-CoA toConversion of acetyl-CoA to

acetocaetateacetocaetate andand -hydoxybutyrte-hydoxybutyrte

Decrease in feed intakeDecrease in feed intake

(3 wks before and 4 wks after calving(3 wks before and 4 wks after calving))

Mobilization of body fatMobilization of body fat

Increase in blood fatty acidsIncrease in blood fatty acids

1) - EB & 2)Stress of calving)1) - EB & 2)Stress of calving)


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TreatmentTreatment

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

500 mL of 50% Dextrose solution (i.v.)500 mL of 50% Dextrose solution (i.v.)

Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)Glucocorticoid injection (Dexametasone)

Oral administration propylene gycol (PG)Oral administration propylene gycol (PG)

----------------- days before calving----------------- days before calving

PG increase gulcose, reduces insulin>>PG increase gulcose, reduces insulin>>

reduces fat mobilizationreduces fat mobilization


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Management and PreventionManagement and Prevention

------------------------------ must not bemust not becompromised before and after cavingcompromised before and after caving

Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow-Be aggressive in treating other fresh-cow-

diseases (e.g. milk fever, retained placenta,diseases (e.g. milk fever, retained placenta,

etc.)etc.)

Adjusting the diet ofAdjusting the diet of--------------------------------------------------------------

by increasing appropriate amount ofby increasing appropriate amount of

concentrates in the ration.concentrates in the ration.


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Displaced Abomasum (DA)Displaced Abomasum (DA)

Refers to repositioning of abomasum from theright ventral abdominal wall

Twisting and displacement slows or stops flow

of digesta

------------------------ leads to bloat appearance

Pinging detected with stethoscope by thumping the cow

near the last rib and listening on the left flank

Displacements may be left or right sided (RDA,

LDA)

Most are left sided


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Displaced AbomasumDisplaced Abomasum

Symptoms

Dramatically ------------------------------

Drastic decrease-------------------------

Cows appear to be in pain

Most often diagnosed within 14 days

postpartum


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Displaced Abomasum TreatmentDisplaced Abomasum Treatment

Non-surgical treatment Rolling cow over, taking on rough trailer

ride

Locating the abomasum, remove gas fromabomasum, toggle

May only provide temporary relief

Surgical treatment Pull abomasum into place and attach it

surgically to body wall


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Displaced AbomasumDisplaced Abomasum

Prevention

Prevent other-----------------------

Cows should be in proper body condition at

parturition

Maximize---------------------

Prevent-----------------------


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DystociaDystocia

Over-conditioningOver-conditioning risk substantiallyrisk substantially Due to:Due to:

High stress, Twins, etc.High stress, Twins, etc.

12x as likely to retain placenta12x as likely to retain placenta

4.9x as likely to have metritis4.9x as likely to have metritis

Most often accompanied by the cascadeMost often accompanied by the cascade

of fresh problemsof fresh problems


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AcidosisAcidosis

Introduction to an energy dense diet willIntroduction to an energy dense diet will

lead to acidosis if not properly adjustedlead to acidosis if not properly adjusted

Ruminal populations ill-suited to denseRuminal populations ill-suited to dense

rations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow dietrations after ~8 weeks on a dry cow diet

Gram - toxinsGram - toxins immune functionimmune function


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Retained Placenta (RP)Retained Placenta (RP)

Failure of fetal membranes to be expelledfrom the uterus within twelve hours

Dystocia and twinning increases incidence of

retained placenta

More common in older cows

Increased incidence with fat cow syndromeand hypocalcemia, among other things


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Retained PlacentaRetained Placenta

Prevention Proper nutrition specially during dry

period Supplementation with selenium

Adequate amounts of vitamin A and fiber

Proper body condition at calving Over-conditioned cows are at an increased risk of

RPs

Reduce dystocia Assisted deliveries increase risk of RPs


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DO NOT YOUR FORGET YOUR DRY COWDO NOT YOUR FORGET YOUR DRY COW

ESPECIALLY DURING THE 3 WEEKS BEFOREESPECIALLY DURING THE 3 WEEKS BEFORECALVING!!CALVING!!

THEY ARE GOING TO BECOME YOURTHEY ARE GOING TO BECOME YOUR

LACTATING COWS!!LACTATING COWS!!


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Milk Losses Due to Fresh-CowMilk Losses Due to Fresh-Cow

DisordersDisorders

Milk Loss Lost Milk

Fresh-Cow Problem (% of daily (# lost during first Economic Loss

(Incidence Rate) milk Yield) 30d per 100 cows) ($10/ cwt)

Milk Fever (6%) 4.7% 609 $60.90

Displaced Abomasum (3%) 16.0% 1037 $103.70

Retained Placenta (8%) 4.1% 709 $70.90

Ketosis (5%) 7.6% 821 $82.10

Metritis (8%) 3.8% 657 $65.70Total 3833 $383.30 per

100 cows

NAHMS, 1996; JDS, 1995 78:1693

Does not include costs of treatments, etc.

Metabolic Disorders Note

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