Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 1 Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo Planeamento e Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana João de Abreu e Silva Sessão 4: - Instituições: Agentes, Desenho Institucional e Contratualização (agradecimentos: Prof Rosário Macário pelos slides desta aula)
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Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo · Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 4 Supply side agents Infrastructure Operators
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Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 1
Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo
Planeamento
e Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana João de Abreu e Silva
Sessão 4:
- Instituições: Agentes, Desenho Institucional e
Contratualização (agradecimentos: Prof Rosário Macário pelos slides desta aula)
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 2
Os agentes da Mobilidade
Mobility agents can be organized into several groups:
Demand side (active, passive, framework)
Supply side (infrastructure, services, technology)
External elements
Organization and regulation side
Organization and regulation agents have a double mission
Represent State and community interests
Organize the system in such a way that relationships between the
various agents are fair and promote system efficiency and stability
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 3
Demand side agents
“Active” demand side:
People (individuals or groups) who wish to move to certain places
Freight Forwarders
“Passive” demand side
Entities wishing to be the destination of moving people
Freight clients
Framework (creating incentives and defining choice ranges)
Agents defining land-use and activities
Supply side agents
Organization and regulation agents
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 4
Supply side agents
Infrastructure
Operators / Managers of Linear Networks
Operators / Managers of Terminals (incl. Parking)
Services
Transport Operators
Traffic Managers
Supervision and enforcement institutions
Supply and maintenance services for vehicles and travellers
Information suppliers for users and other service suppliers
Banks and Financing institutions
Technology
Infrastructure design and construction industry
Industry and distribution of vehicles, accessories and consumables
Information and communication technology suppliers
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 5
External elements
This group includes those who are negatively affected by transportation (those who are positively affected turn into agents as a way of maximizing their own benefits)
Directly affected (self-interests)
User associations
Accident victims
Groups affected by noise and emissions
Communities that have been separated by linear infrastructures
Indirectly affected (moral interests)
Pressure groups
For the environment
For safety
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 6
Conflicts of interests
The variety of interests we can become aware of from the list of
involved agents easily leads to the perception of the latent conflicts
of interests
Full satisfaction (or even incentive) of demand vs. Demand moderation
Speed vs. Safety
Improved Performance vs. Lower service costs
User-pays or transport for all?
Environment protection vs. (Nearly) Universal access to car ownership
Public PT Operators (easier integration) vs. Private PT Operators
(higher efficiency)
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 7
Organization and regulation side agents
Planning institutions
Of transport networks
Of land-use
Tax authorities
On vehicles, accessories and consumables
On transport services
Technical/safety authorities
Infrastructure construction standards
Vehicle approval standards
Driver licensing standards
Driving rules
Organization and regulation authorities for the services markets
Access to the profession
Access to the market
Service pricing structure
Operator remunerations
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 8
Tensions in the exercise of authority
(examples)
Division of power and responsibility between (European), national,
regional and local levels
Engagement between land-use and transport authorities
Levels of autonomy of service suppliers (supply planned by
authorities, operator initiative, hybrid system)
Taxation indexed to ownership, right of use or effective use
Subsidization levels of transport services, targets and sources of
those subsidies
Mechanisms for the promotion of safety and efficiency in the
various components of supply
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 9
Institutional design
Institutional design is:
Definition of (Public Administration, hybrid or associative) bodies
Allocation of shares of power (missions) to each one of those bodies
Allocation of resources to the bodies, for the fulfilment of those missions
Definition of rules of engagement between bodies in the domains with reciprocal implications
Inevitably, each body will behave:
In the defence of the fulfilment of their entrusted missions
In reinforcement of their assertion of power
A good institutional design is essential for a stable and efficient system functioning
Although institutional design specification reflects the relative power of the existing powers, the evaluation of its stability and the predictable biases can be carried out based on Game Theory
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 10
Agents, Institutional Design and Urban Mobility
Management
Institutional design a particularly interesting subject for Transport Policy
But its analysis and understanding can be determinant for the identification of poorly resolved tensions at the Urban Mobility and management level
As with any Urban Mobility problem, it is necessary to
Identify the most relevant agents
Understand their interests and their effective power to influence institutional decision-makers
Explore alternative ways of satisfying the legitimate interests of each agent group, while penalizing as little as possible the equally legitimate interests of all the others
Frequently, the solution will require changes in the organization and/or supporting technology
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 11
INFLUENCE (MANAGE)
MOBILITY
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 12
Mode choice
Factors of mode choice
Private transport
Vehicle availability
Trips subject to others’ needs (bring/collect family members, reduced
mobility citizens,...)
...
Public transport
Proximity of stops to Origin and Destination
Supply compatible with the trip (in frequency, time of day – journey to vs
from, in quality, ...)
....
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 13