Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly G404 Geobiology Pterodactylus and Archaeopteryx, Jurassic, Germany (painting from G. S. Paul, reproduced in Farlow and Brett-Surman, The Complete Dinosaur) Reading: Benton, Chapters 9 & first half of 10 Feathery dinosaurs and warm fuzzies Mesozoic vertebrates II
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Pterodactylus and Archaeopteryx, Jurassic, Germany (painting from G. S. Paul, reproduced in Farlow and Brett-Surman, The
Complete Dinosaur)
Reading: Benton, Chapters 9 & first half of 10
Feathery dinosaurs and warm fuzziesMesozoic vertebrates II
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(Kardong, Vertebrates)
Vertebrate diversity through time
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Norell and Xu, 2005. Annual reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences , 33: 277-299.
Relationships of birds within Theropoda
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Romer, 1966. Vertebrate Paleontology
Avian osteologySpecialized terms:
pygostyle - last caudal vertebra (insertion point for tail feathers)
tarsometatarsus - fused tarsal and metatarsal bones
carpometacarpus - fused carpal and metacarpal bones
furcula (wishbone) - fused clavicles
synsacrum - large sacrum fused to long series of dorsal vertebrae
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Kardong, Vertebrates
Avian skullReduction of number of bones, fusion of bones, evolution of cranial kinesis (joints in the skull) to permit upper beak movement
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Living birds
Palaeognathae
Tinamous, kiwis, cassowaries, emus, rheas, and ostriches, plus extinct moas and others
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
From Luo, 2007, Nature, 450: 1011-1019
Mesozoic mammaliform specializationsDiverse in Jurassic, reduced in Cretaceous, divers in Cenozoic
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
From Luo, 2007, Nature, 450: 1011-1019
Mammaliaform radiation310 Mesozoic genera
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Scientific papers for further readingElzanowski, A. 2001. A new genus and species for the largest specimen of Archaeopteryx. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 46: 519-532.
Louchart, A. and L. Viriot. 2011. From snout to beak: the loss of teeth in birds. Trends in Evolution and Ecology, 1452.
Luo, Z-X. 2007. Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution. Nature, 450: 1011-1019.
Norell, M.A. and X. Xu. 2005. Feathered dinosaurs. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 33: 277-299.