Merlin D. Lindemann · 2018-02-21 · Sunflower meal 9.6 5 Copra meal 1.8 1 Palm kernel meal 3.6 2 Peanut meal 5.4 3 Fish meal 6.1 4 Total 173.9 100 Soy Stats (2001) Component Soybean

Merlin D. LindemannUniversity of Kentucky, Lexington

[email protected]

February 2, 2018

IPPE - Atlanta

• Global food demand

• Value of animal protein in our diet

• Rendered products (discussing primarily protein)

– A perspective of progress

– Least cost formulation

– ? New opportunities

3

Adapted from Table 2.4 in FAO (2006)

Population data and projections

Population (million) Growth rates, % per annum

2015 2030 2050 1970-2000 2000-2050

World (UN) 7,197 8,130 8,919

World (countries with FBS) 7,166 8,091 8,871 1.7 0.8

Developing countries 5,802 6,709 7,509 2.0 0.9

South Asia 1,685 1,972 2,208 2.2 1.0

East Asia 2,119 2,256 2,256 1.5 0.4

Industrial Countries 965 1,003 1,019 0.7 0.2

Transition Countries 399 380 343 0.5 -0.4

4Adapted from Table 2.4 in FAO (2006)

0

1500

3000

4500

6000

7500

9000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

mill

ion

Year

World (UN) Developing countries South Asia

East Asia Industrial Countries Transition Countries

• “A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity. An optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty.”

-Winston Churchill-

5

kg/person/year 1969/71 1999/01 2030 2050

Cereals, food 148.7 165.4 165 162

Roots and tubers 83.7 69.4 75 75

Vegetable oils and oilseeds (oil eq.) 6.8 12.0 16 17

Meat (carcass weight) 26.1 37.4 47 52

Milk and dairy (fresh milk eq.) 1 75.3 78.3 92 100

Total food (kcal/person/day) 2,411 2,789 3,040 3,130

6

World

1 Butter is excluded.

Adapted from Table 2.7 and 2.8 in FAO (2006)

kg/person/year 1969/71 1999/01 2030 2050

Cereals, food 152.2 186.7 176 162

Roots and tubers 96.6 65.8 61 53

Vegetable oils and oilseeds (oil eq.) 3.5 10.6 15 17

Meat (carcass weight) 9.2 39.8 62 73

Milk and dairy (fresh milk eq.) 1 3.7 11.3 21 24

Total food (kcal/person/day) 2,012 2,872 3,190 3,230

7

East Asia

Adapted from Table 2.7 and 2.8 in FAO (2006)

1 Butter is excluded.

8

Adapted from Table 3.7 in FAO (2006)

Production Consumption

1999/2001 1999/2001

1000 tonnes

Bovine 59,378 58,549

Ovine 11,337 11,187

Pig meat 90,666 90,818

Poultry meat 68,331 67,447

Total meat 229,713 228,000

World

9Adapted from Table 3.7 in FAO (2006)

Production Consumption

1999/2001 1999/2001

1000 tonnes

Bovine 29,364 29,239

Ovine 7,865 8,102

Pig meat 52,646 53,053

-excl. China 12,133 12,777

Poultry meat 35,591 36,053

Total meat 125,466 126,447

-excl. China 65,168 66,857

-excl. China and Brazil 49,805 53,314

Developing countries

A growing population –that desires animal protein!







12

Is

“Change in the Commodity Composition of Food”

important

for society?

• Children with meat supplement had greater gains on Raven’s Progressive Matrices than all other groups (no impact of energy and milk). 13

Raven’s Scores by Group Over Time

• Study in rural Kenya with 555 children (age 6).

• 4 feeding interventions (21 mo) and cognitive tests.

Whaley et al., 2003

• Decreased cognitive function and diminishedlearning ability affect the productivity, not onlyof individuals, but collectively, of societies andwhole nations, particularly in the developingworld and among disadvantaged communitiesin the affluent nations.

• Animal source foods of a wide variety providerich sources of complete protein, energy, andan array of micronutrients that are oftenlimiting in the diet.

• Maternal intake of animal source foods duringpregnancy is positively associated with infantgrowth beginning in utero.

• In Kenya, overall maternal energy intake and intakeof animal protein during pregnancy were majorfactors that predicted pregnancy weight gain, birthweight, and birth length.

• Also in the Kenyan toddlers, intake of animalprotein was further associated with a higher level ofverbalization and more symbolic play, which are feltto be predictive of future cognitive performance.

"There have been sufficient studies clearlyshowing that when women avoid all animalfoods, their babies are born small, they growvery slowly and they are developmentallyretarded, possibly permanently,"

• Growth• Cognitive development• Depression

• Less understanding about food production

• Concerns about food and feed safety

18

• Many consumers in urban/city locations

– less connected to food production.

– have never produced any food themselves.

• Limited understanding of issues related to…

– Food production and farms

– Food transport and delivery

from farm to table

19

• More consumer concerns about food safety

– Food industry in the U.S. and much of the world have been concerned about food safety.

• All participants in the food production chains

– Active in producing a safe food

– Active in communicating to the consumer that they are active in safe food production

20

• Safe food starts with safe feed

• AFIA - American Feed Industry Association

(www.safefeedsafefood.org)

• FEFANA - Feed Additives and Premixtures Association

(www.fefana.org)

• CVM within FDA - Center for Veterinary Medicine

(the Animal Feed Safety System)

• ISO - International Organization for Standardization

21







• One-third to one-half of the weight of food production

animals is not consumed by humans.

• Primary products: Meat and bone meal, meat meal, poultry

meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, blood meal, fish meal, and

animal fats.

• The primary products of rendering are feed ingredients for

livestock, poultry, aquaculture, and pet-food industries.

• Good source of digestible amino acids.

• Good source of phosphorous and is highly

available.

• Source for metabolizable energy

• Can reduce cost in diet formulation.

• Can improve foot pad quality in meat birds.

• Least cost formulation (LCF) constraints– Energy– Selected amino acids– Ca, P

• Further considerations of LCF:– Digestibility of amino acids– Digestibility of phosphorus / phytase– Mins/maxs of nutrients and ingredients

Protein Source Millions Metric Tons Percent

Soybean meal 114.9 67

Cottonseed meal 11.2 6

Rapeseed meal 21.4 12

Sunflower meal 9.6 5

Copra meal 1.8 1

Palm kernel meal 3.6 2

Peanut meal 5.4 3

Fish meal 6.1 4

Total 173.9 100

Soy Stats (2001)

Component Soybean meal

Meat and bone meal Meat meal Blood meal

(Spray dried)Plasma meal (Spray dried)

DM 89.98 95.16 96.12 93.23 91.97

Protein 47.73 50.05 56.40 88.65 77.84

Lysine 2.96 2.59 3.20 8.60 6.90

Threonine 1.86 1.63 0.40 4.36 4.47

Methionine 0.66 0.69 0.83 1.18 0.79

Cysteine 0.70 0.46 0.56 1.26 2.60

Tryptophan 0.66 0.30 1.89 1.34 1.41

Isoleucine 2.14 1.47 1.82 0.97 2.69

Valine 2.23 2.19 2.61 7.96 5.12

Calcium 0.33 10.94 6.37 0.05 0.13

Phosphorus 0.71 5.26 3.16 0.21 1.28

NRC (2012)



Total Tract Digestibility

IlealDigestibility

Amino acid 1984 1989 1990 1992 2001

Lysine, % 65 70 78 84 87

Threonine, % 62 64 72 83 86

Tryptophan, % – 54 65 83 88

Methionine, % 82 – 86 85 88

Meeker and Meisinger (2015)

31Meeker and Hamilton, 2006.

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

LowTemp

HighTemp

LowTemp

HighTemp

LowTemp

HighTemp

0.84 0.810.89 0.87

0.810.77

Lysine Methionine Threonine

Wang and Parsons (1998) from Dozier (2015)

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

0.679

0.822

0.919

0.758

0.8670.919

Low Avg High

Lysine

Low Avg High

Methionine

Wang and Parsons (1998) from Dozier (2015)

32 Commercial Meat and Bone Meal Samples

Amino acid Soybean meal

Meat and bone meal Meat meal Blood meal

(Spray dried)Plasma meal (Spray dried)

Lysine 89 73 78 93 87

Threonine 85 69 74 87 80

Methionine 90 84 82 88 84

Cysteine 84 56 62 86 85

Tryptophan 91 62 76 91 92

Isoleucine 89 73 78 73 85

Valine 87 76 76 92 82

NRC (2012)



0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Corn SBM Wheat PBM

0.20

0.40

0.24

0.000.08

0.220.13

1.70

%

Phytate

nPP

• All plant and animal feed ingredients have phosphorus

– Non-phytate phosphorus (nPP)

– Phytate phosphorus

NRC 1994

From Dozier (2015)



Executive Summary

• Presence of animal proteins is in keeping with chickens’

natural behaviour

• MBM contributes important functional nutrients that are

present at only low levels in vegetable protein meals

• All-vegetable protein diets result in significantly worse

welfare outcomes for broilers in the form of pododermatitis

• Removing MBM from Australian broiler diets, even at the

historically low levels currently used, could cost the industry

over AUS$7.5 million annually.

Kenneth Bruerton

39

40

• Sweet• Sour• Salty• Bitter• Savory (umami; described

as brothy or meaty)

• By-product of meat packing industry• Improve growth performance of weanling pigs

• High concentrations of lysine, tryptophan, and threonine• Enhance dietary palatability• Maintain intestinal health through immunoglobulin

• Expensive

Item Daily gain Daily feed intake Feed/gain

No. of experiments 79 79 79

No. of experiments with positive response 70 70 42

% of experiments with positive response 89 89 53

% of overall response 25 21 4

(Coffey and Cromwell, 2001)

• Summary of 79 experiments (8,448 pigs) weaned at an average of 19.7 days of age and averaging 5.8 kg.• Average test period was 15 days. Average level of plasma in diets was 7%.

ΔA

DF

I, g

/d

1 w k p o s tw e an in g 2 w k p o s tw e an in g0

2 0

4 0

6 0

1 0 t o 1 7 d 1 8 t o 2 4 d 2 5 t o 3 2 d

Weaning age

30

57

17

22

4642

*ΔADFI: ADFI improvement of SPDD diets over control dietsData from 75 trials involving over 12,000 piglets

*

(Torrallardona, 2010)

AD

FI,

kg

/d

P a r ity 1 P a r ity 2 > P a r ity 24 .0

4 .5

5 .0

5 .5

6 .0

6 .5

La

cta

tio

n A

DF

I, k

g/d

≤ P a r ity 3 > P a r ity 35 .0

5 .5

6 .0

6 .5

7 .0

C o n tro l 0 .5 % S D P P

4.50

5.03

5.30

5.68

5.985.79

6.11

5.45

6.18

6.58

*

*

*(Crenshaw, 2007) (Frugé, 2009)

Control diet: Sorghum-Corn-SBM diet Control diet: Corn-SBM diet

AD

FI,

g

d 0 to 1 4 d 1 4 to 2 8 d 0 to 2 82 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

AD

FI,

g

d 0 to 1 4 d 1 4 to 3 5 d 0 to 3 5

2 0 0

4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

(Bregendahl et al., 1999)(Jones et al., 2010)

• Weaned at d 21 • Weaned at d 11 to 14

• DPS is a by-product of the heparin extraction from pig intestines

• Control pigs were fed corn-SBM-dried whey based diets without DPS

245

831749

581 554

222

366

720 723

525 554

331

C o n t r o l 3 .5 % D P S C o n tr o l 5 .0 % D P S

*

• Preference test• Two feeders per pen, rotate feeder location 3x/week

Per

cen

tag

e co

nsu

mp

tio

n,

%

d 1 to 3 d 4 to 7 d 8 to 1 4 d 1 5 to 2 10

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

47.652.4

26.2

73.8

18.6

81.081.4

19.0

* * *

Per

cen

tag

e co

nsu

mp

tio

n,

%

d 1 to 3 d 4 to 7 d 8 to 1 4 d 1 5 to 2 10

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

49.1 50.945.5

54.561.4

34.238.6

65.8

* *

C o n tr o l 2 .5 % D P S

(Cho et al., 2010)

2 .5 % D P S 5 .0 % D P S

• Potential alternative to SDPPP

erce

nta

ge

con

sum

pti

on

, %

d 1 to 3 d 4 to 7 d 8 to 1 4 d 1 5 to 2 1 d 2 2 to 2 70

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

32.8

67.2

43.9

56.1

39.8

68.4

60.2

31.6

26.5

73.5

5 .0 % S D P P 2 .5 % S D P P + 2 .5 % D P S

(Cho et al., 2010)

**

AD

FI,

kg/

d

d 0 to 9 d 1 0 to 1 8 d 0 to w e a n in g (2 1 d )4 .0

5 .0

6 .0

7 .0

8 .0

C o n tr o l 1 .5 % D P S 3 .0 % D P S

5.3

5.8

5.4

6.7

7.2

6.53

7.0

6.036.30

Linear, P < 0.10

Linear, P < 0.10

• Control diet is corn-SBM based lactation diet

(Johnston et al., 2003)

AD

FI,

g/d

C o n tr o l 2 .5 5 .0 7 .5 2 .5 5 .0 7 .53 1 0

3 2 0

3 3 0

3 4 0

3 5 0

3 6 0

C o n tro l

2 .5

5 .0

7 .5

2 .5

5 .0

7 .5

SDBM SDBC

• From 6.6 to 9.9 kg (14 days)• Corn-SBM based diets

340

354 356

350353

323

328

SDBM vs. SDBC, P = 0.09

(DeRouchey et al., 2002)

AD

FI,

g/d

C o n tr o l 1 .5 % S D P P 2 .0 % D P S 1 .5 % E F M9 0 0

9 5 0

1 0 0 0

1 0 5 0

1 1 0 0

• Feather accounts for up to 50 to 70 g/kg of mature chicken• High crude protein level: 80 to 90%• Processed to enhance nutrient bioavailability

• Steam- or enzymatic-hydrolyzation

Effects of enzymatic feather meal (EFM) on feed intake of weanling pigs

946

1082

950

1010

b

a

b

ab C o n tro l

1 .5 % S D P P

2 .0 % D P S

1 .5 % E F M

(Pan et al., 2016)

H F M in c lu s io n ra te , %

Gro

we

r p

ha

se

(2

3 t

o 7

0 k

g)

AD

FI,

kg

/d

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

1 .7 5

1 .8 0

1 .8 5

1 .9 0

H F M in c lu s io n ra te , %

Fin

ish

er

ph

as

e (

70

to

12

0 k

g)

AD

FI,

kg

/d0 2 4 6 8 1 0

2 .3

2 .4

2 .5

2 .6

2 .7

2 .8

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

1.82

1.77

1.83

1.78

1.73 1.73

2.652.59

2.66

2.592.62

2.43

bbc

b

bcb

c

(van Heugten et al., 2002)

• Basal diet is corn-SBM based diet

M B M in c lu s io n ra te , %

Gro

win

g-F

inis

hin

g p

ha

se

(5

0 t

o 1

22

kg

)A

DF

I, k

g/d

0 .0 2 .5 5 .0 7 .5 1 0 .0 1 2 .52 .8

2 .9

3 .0

3 .1

3 .2

0 .0

2 .5

5 .0

7 .5

1 0 .0

1 2 .5

• Source of amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus• Variation in composition and nutritional quality

3.02

3.11

3.05

2.93 2.93 2.93

Linear, P = 0.02

(Gottlob et al., 2004)

A growing population –

that desires animal protein!

Animal protein is an important part of diets that contribute to individual and societal wellbeing!

A strong and growing animal industry supplies product to, and a market for, the rendering industry!

Merlin D. Lindemann · 2018-02-21 · Sunflower meal 9.6 5 Copra meal 1.8 1 Palm kernel meal 3.6 2 Peanut meal 5.4 3 Fish meal 6.1 4 Total 173.9 100 Soy Stats (2001) Component Soybean

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